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Lecture 1 (11 - 06 - 20)

1. Simulation is defined as the imitation of the operation of real-world processes over time. It allows experimentation with complex systems without implementing real changes. 2. Key applications of simulation include studying the effects of changes on complex systems, training, and visualizing how systems operate through animation. 3. There are several types of simulation including Monte Carlo simulation, trace-driven simulation, and discrete event simulation. Monte Carlo uses random numbers to model probabilistic phenomena while discrete event focuses on discrete changes to system state variables over time.

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36 views5 pages

Lecture 1 (11 - 06 - 20)

1. Simulation is defined as the imitation of the operation of real-world processes over time. It allows experimentation with complex systems without implementing real changes. 2. Key applications of simulation include studying the effects of changes on complex systems, training, and visualizing how systems operate through animation. 3. There are several types of simulation including Monte Carlo simulation, trace-driven simulation, and discrete event simulation. Monte Carlo uses random numbers to model probabilistic phenomena while discrete event focuses on discrete changes to system state variables over time.

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SUNIT ANAND
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Simulation and Modelling (CSE - 409)

Unit 1

Introduction:

1. Introduction: Definition of Simulation


A Simulation is the imitation of the operation of the real world. World processor system
overtime simulation involves generation of artificial history of a system and draw inference from
it.

When Simulation is an Appropriate?

1. Simulation enables the study and experimentation with internal interaction of a complex
system or a subsystem with a complex system.

2. Informational Organisational

Environmental changes can be simulated and effect of that alteration model behaviour can be
observe.

3. By changing simulation inputs and observing the resulting outputs valuable inside may be
obtain into which variables are most important and how variables are interact.

4. Simulation can be used to experiment in which to new design or policies prior to


implementation. So as to prepare for what may happen.

5. Simulation models design for training learning without the cost and disruption the job where
learning.

6. Animation shows how simulated systems operate.

2. Simulation Terminologies

 Accuracy: The closeness of a measured or modeled/computed value to its “true” value. The
“true” value is the value it would have if we had perfect information. We will talk later about
various ways to measure accuracy.

 Algorithm: A set of rules for solving some problem. On a computer, an algorithm is a set of
rules in computer code that solve a problem.
 Calibration: The process of adjusting model parameters within physically defensible ranges
until the resulting predictions gives the best possible fit to the observed data.

 Conceptual Model: A hypothesis regarding the important factors that govern the behavior of an
object or process of interest. This can be an interpretation or working description of the
characteristics and dynamics of a physical system.

 Deterministic Model: A model that provides a single solution for the variables being modeled.
Because this type of model does not explicitly simulate the effects of data uncertainty or
variability, changes in model outputs are solely due to changes in model components.

 Statistical Models: Models obtained by fitting observational data to a mathematical function.


 Stochastic Model: A model that includes variability in model parameters. This variability is a
function of:
o changing environmental conditions,
o spatial and temporal aggregation within the model framework,
o random variability.
 Variable: A measured or estimated quantity which describes an object or can be observed in a
system and which is subject to change.

 Validation: Answers the questions “Is the science valid and does the model use current methods
and techniques? Is the numerical model adequate to convey the science principles at the level of
the question being asked? Is the model arriving at an acceptably accurate representation of the
phenomenon being modeled?”

 Verification: Does the code for the model run correctly and provide a mathematically correct
answer? Do the algorithms being used accurately represent the mathematical function on the
computer?

3. Application areas

The applications of simulation are vast. The winter simulation conference (WSC) is an
excellent way to learn more about the latest in simulation application and theory. Some
presentations, by area, from recent WSC are listed here:

1. Manufacturing Applications.
2. Semiconductor Manufacturing
3. Construction Engineering and Project Management
4. Military Application
5. Logistics, Supply Chain and Distribution Application
6. Transportation modes and traffic
7. Business Process and Simulation
8. Health Care and Many More
4. Types of simulation

Emulation: Using hardware or firmware E.g., Terminal emulator, processor emulator


Mostly hardware design issues
2. Monte Carlo Simulation
3. Trace-Driven Simulation
4. Discrete Event Simulation

MONTE CARLO SIMULATION


Monte Carlo method [Origin: after Count Montgomery de Carlo, Italian gambler and random-
number generator (1792-1838).] A method of jazzing up the action in certain statistical and
number-analytic environments by setting up a book and inviting bets on the outcome of a
computation.

 Static simulation (No time axis) ‰


 To model probabilistic phenomenon ‰
 Need pseudorandom numbers ‰
 Used for evaluating non-probabilistic expressions using probabilistic methods.

Density Function iff


TRACE DRIVEN SIMULATION
 Trace = Time ordered record of events on a system ‰
 Trace-driven simulation = Trace input ‰
 Used in analyzing or tuning resource management algorithms Paging, cache analysis,
CPU scheduling, deadlock prevention dynamic storage allocation
 ‰Example: Trace = Page reference patterns
 ‰Should be independent of the system under study

E.g., trace of pages fetched depends upon the working set size and page replacement policy

 Not good for studying other page replacement policies


 Better to use pages referenced

ADVANTAGES OF TRACE DRIVEN SIMULATION


1. Credibility
2. Easy Validation: Compare simulation with measured
3. Accurate Workload: Models correlation and interference
4. Detailed Trade-Offs: Detailed workload ⇒ Can study small changes in algorithms
5. Less Randomness: Trace ⇒ deterministic input ⇒ Fewer repetitions
6. Fair Comparison: Better than random input
7. Similarity to the Actual Implementation: Trace-driven model is similar to the system
8. Can understand complexity of implementation

DISADVANTAGES OF TRACE DRIVEN SIMULATION


1. Complexity: More detailed
2. Representativeness: Workload changes with time, equipment
3. Finiteness: Few minutes fill up a disk
4. Single Point of Validation: One trace = one point
5. Detail
6. Trade-Off: Difficult to change workload
DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATIONS
 Concentration of a chemical substance ⇒ Continuous event simulations
 Number of jobs ⇒ Discrete event
 Discrete state ≠ discrete time

COMPONENTS OF DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATIONS

1. Event Scheduler
(a) Schedule event X at time T.
(b) Hold event X for a time interval dt.
(c) Cancel a previously scheduled event X.
(d) Hold event X indefinitely
(e) Schedule an indefinitely held event.

2. Simulation Clock and a Time Advancing Mechanism


(a) Unit-time approach
(b) Event-driven approach

3. System State Variables


Global = Number of jobs
Local = CPU time required for a job

4. Event Routines: One per event.


E.g., job arrivals, job scheduling, and job departure

5. Input Routines: Get model parameters Very parameters in a range.

6. Report Generator

7. Initialization Routines: Set the initial state. Initialize seeds.

8. Trace Routines: On/off feature

9. Dynamic Memory Management: Garbage collection

10. Main Program

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