> FRST GENERAON COMPOTERS (92-1955))

The first generation computers used thousands of vacuum tubes. A vacuum tube was a fragile
glass device, which used filaments as a source of electronics and could control and amplify
electronic signals. It was the only high-speed electronics and could control and amplify
electronics signals. It was the only high-speed electronic switching device available in those
days. These vacuum tube computers could perform computations in milliseconds and were
referred to as first-generation computers.
The memory of these computers used electromagnetic relays, and all data and instructions were
fed into the system from punched cards. The instructions were written in machine and assembly
language. Since machine and assembly languages are very difficult to work with, only a few
specialists understood how to program these early computers.
CHARACTERISTICS:
They were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
They were too bulky in size, requiring large rooms for installation.
They used thousands of vacuum tubes that emitted large amount of heat and burnt out
frequently .
Power consumption of these computers was high.
Vacuum tubes used filaments and thus had limited life.
These computers required constant maintenance.
Commercial production of these computers was difficult and costly because
thousands of individual components were assembled manually by hand into electronic
circuits.
They had limited commercial use because they were difficult to program and use.

SECOND GENERATON COMPOYERS 1955-198H)

The second generation computers were manufactured using transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Due to the se of transistors these conmputers were more powerful, more reliable, less expensive,
Smaller and cooler to operate than the first generation computers. They had magnetic cores for
main memory and magnetic disk and tape as secondary storage media. Punched cards were still
popular and widely used for preparing and feeding programs and data to these computers. High
level programming languages emerged during second generation. High-level languages were
easier for people to understand and work with. The first generation computers were mainly used
for scientific computations. However, the second generation computers were increasingly used in
business and industry for commercial data processing applications like payroll, inventory
control, marketing and production planning.
CHARACTERISTICS:
They were more than ten times faster than the first generation computers.
They were smaller than the first generation computers and required small space.
They consumed less power and dissipated less heat than the first generation
computers.
They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures than the first generation
computers.
They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage than first generation
computers.
They had wider commercial use because they were easier to use and program.
Commercial production of these computers was difficult and costly because
thousands of individual transistors were assembled manually by hand into electronic
circuits.
 > THRD GENERAYON COMPOIERS (I964-1976)
Computers built using integrated circuits characterized the third generation computers. IC's were
smaller, less expensive to produce, more rugged and reliable, faster in operation, dissipated less
heat and consumed less power than circuits built by wiring electronic components manually.
Hence, third generation computers were more powerful, more reliable, less expensive, smaller
and cooler to operate the second generation computers. Parallel advancement in technologies
allowed construction of larger magnetic core based random access memory as well as larger
capacity magnetic disks and tapes. Standardization of high-level programming languages
happened during third generation. FORTAN and COBOL were the most popular languages in
those days. Development and introduction of mini-computers also took place during the third
generation period.
CHARACTERISTICS:
 They were more powerful than second generation computers. They were capable of
performing I million instructions per second.
They were smaller than second generation computers.
They consumed less power and dissipated less heat than the second generation
computers.

They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures requiring lower
maintenance cost.

They had faster and larger primary and secondary memory.

They were general purpose machines suitable for both scientific and commercial
applications.
Commercial production of these systems was easier and cheaper because their
manufacturing did not require manual assembly of individual components into
electronic circuits.
Standardization of programming languages allowed programs written for one
computer to be easily ported and executed on another computer.
Minicomputers of third generation made computers affordable even by smaller
companies.

> FOORTH GKNERAYON COMPOTERS (975-1989)

During fourth generation micro-processors were used. A micro-processor contains all circuits
needed to perform arithmetic logic and control functions, the core activities of all computers, on
a single chip. Hence, it became possible to build a computer with a micro-processor, a few
additional primary storage chips and other support circuitry. It started a new social revolution
Personal computer(PC) revolution. Overnight computers became compact, inexpensive to make
and suddenly it became possible for anyone to own a computer. During fourth generation,
semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories resulting in large random access
memories with very fast access time, on the other hand, hard disks became cheaper, smaller and
larger in capacity. In addition to magnetic tapes, floppy disks became very popular as a portable
medium for porting programs and data from one computer to another. Another significant
development was the spread of high-speed computer networking enabling interconnection of
computers to enable them to communicate and share data. C programming language became very
popular.

3 CHARACTERISTICS:
PC's were smaller and cheaper.
They consumed less power than third generation computers.
 They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures than third generation
computers. Requiring negligible maintenance cost.
They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage as compared to third
generation computers.
They were general purpose machines.
Commercial production of these systems was easier and cheaper because their
manufacturing did not require manual assembly of individual components into
electronic circuits.
PC- based applications made PC's a powerful tool for both office.
PC's made computers affordable even by individuals for their personal use at home.

> EH GENERAYON COMPOTKRS (1989-PRESEN)

The trend of further miniaturization of electronic components, dramatic increase in power of

microprocessor chips and incrcase in capacity of main memory and hard disk continued during
fifth generation resulting in production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components. In fact, the speed of microprocessors and the size of main memory and hard disk
doubled almost every eighteen months. As, a result, many features found in the PC's of third and
fourth generation became part of microprocessor architecture in fifth generation. This ultimately
resulted in availability of very powerful and compact computers becoming available at cheaper
rates andthe death of traditional large mainframe computers. Due to this fast pace of
advancement in computer technology more competent and more powerful computers are being
introduced almost every year at more or less the same price or even cheaper. Notable among
these are portable notebook computers that give power of a PC to their users even while
travelling, powerful desktop PC's and workstations, powerful servers and very powerful
supercomputers. During this generation optical disks emerged as powerful portable mass storage
media such as CD-ROM.

CHARACTERISTICS:
Portable PC's are much smaller and handy than PC's of fourth generation.
PC's are several times more powerful than PC's of fourth generation.
They consume less power than their predecessors do.
They are more reliable and less prone to hardware failures than their predecessors
were, requiring negligible maintenance cost.
They have faster and larger primary and secondary storage as compared to their
predecessors.
They are general-purpose machines.