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B Cell Development, Activation and Effector Functions - ScienceDirect

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B Cell Development, Activation and Effector Functions - ScienceDirect

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Primer to the Immune Response (Second Edition)


2014, Pages 111-142

Chapter 5 - B Cell Development, Activation and Effector


Functions

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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385245-8.00005-4 Get rights and content

Abstract
B cells mature from bone marrow HSCs through several developmental stages that are
independent of antigen. During this process, negative selection removes potentially
autoreactive B cells, establishing central B cell tolerance. Once activated by antigen in
secondary lymphoid tissues, B cells generate memory B cells and antibody-secreting
plasma cells. Ti antigens activate B cells without T cell help. In contrast, B cell activation
by a Td antigen requires the following: signal 1, antigen binding to BCRs; signal 2,
costimulation supplied by an activated Th cell specific for the same antigen; and signal 3,
Th cell-derived cytokines. After B cell activation, somatic hypermutation, affinity
maturation and isotype switching occur in germinal centers to diversify antibodies.
Once secreted by plasma B cells, antibody effector functions include neutralization,
classical complement activation, opsonization and ADCC. Many effector functions are
isotype-dependent due the required interaction of the antibody with Fc receptors on
leukocytes; and as a result, IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE have distinct biological roles. An
effective physiological antibody response is polyclonal; however, the mixed specificity
and cross-reactivity of such antibodies are less useful for experimental or clinical use. In
such cases, laboratory-produced monoclonal antibodies are of single specificity and are
therefore used more commonly. In addition, they are often “humanized” before use as
diagnostic tools or immunotherapeutics.

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Keywords
B cell; somatic hypermutation; affinity maturation; isotype switching; effector
function; monoclonal antibody; IgM; IgD; IgG; IgE; IgA

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