What is Mathematics involving man’s logical and critical

thinking skills. Because of this, people

- It is a formal system of thought for are asking, “How did these concepts
recognizing, classifying, and exploiting evolve? Does each of these principles
of have basis? Is Mathematics
- patterns. It is composed of numbers, discovered or invented?”
symbols, notations, operations,
equations, and functions. It involves Mathematicians say that several patterns
process and thingification of
processes. - Patterns are regular, repeated or
recurring forms or designs. It is an
What is it for? arrangement which helps observers
anticipate what might see or what
- Its purpose is to help us unravel the happen next.
puzzle of nature, a useful way to think
about nature. It organizes patterns Patterns in Nature
and regularities as well as
irregularities. It 1. Spiral
- helps us control weather and - Spirals of a snail. This special spiral is
epidemics. It provides new questions exactly that of the nautilus shell and
to think about. of certain snails. This can also be seen
in various types of nature such as
How is it done? flowers and webs.
2. Honeycomb or Hexagonal
- With Curiosity - the honeycomb is too worn out, the
- With eagerness for seeking patterns wax can be reused in a number of
and generalizations ways, including making sheets of
- With desire to know the truth foundation comb with hexagonal
- With trial and error pattern. Another example of
- Without fear of facing more questions hexagonal pattern is a snowflake.
and problems 3. Stripes
Who uses it? - Stripes of a fish. Like other animals,
fish stripes and spots attest to
- Mathematicians: pure and applied mathematical regularities in biological
- Scientist: natural and social growth and form.
- Practically EVERYONE - These evolutionary and functional
arguments explain why these animals
Why is it important to learn or know?
need their patterns, but it is not
- It puts order in disorder. explained how patterns are formed.
- It helps us become better persons 4. Ripple
- It helps us make the world a better - water dropped with ripple. Just like
place to live on. intricate waves across the ocean, sand
dunes on the deserts, and formation
Mathematics of typhoon, they serve as clues to the
rules that govern the flow of water,
- a difficultsubject. It covers so many
sand and air. These are just some of
principles, theories and concepts
 the patterns that we can see among as diverse as astronomy (distances
nature. Patterns in nature are visible between planets and the sun, and the
regularities of form found in the shape of galactic spirals), botany
natural world and can also be seen in (growth patterns of plants and trees),
the universe. and financial markets (price
movements of securities).
Tessellations

- is created when a shape is repeated

over and over again covering a plane
without any gaps or overlaps.
Tessellations are iterative, repeating
patterns. They can be seen among
nature such as in turtle shells,
honeycombs, fish scales, and
pineapples.

Fractals
 It was believed that the concept of
- are infinitely complex patterns that Fibonacci sequence was
are self-similar across different scales.  derived from the story of the
They are created by repeating a reproduction of rabbits. It goes like this:
simple process over and over in an
ongoing feedback loop. Assumed the following statements to be true
about rabbits.
Symmetry
1. It takes a month before a rabbit
- seen everywhere. People, animals, becomes sexually matured.
plants, everything on the earth and 2. The gestation period of a rabbit is 1
outside is symmetrical. Symmetry is month.
nature's artwork that creates 3. When a female rabbit gives birth, it
harmony and balance. gives birth to 1 male and 1 female
- Objects like leaves, fruits, animals, rabbit.
insects, spider webs, flowers and so 4. Rabbits don’t die.
many more are good examples of
symmetrical images.  With these things considered, the
- There are also objects which are reproduction of rabbits is shown in the
nonsymmetrical like an arrow, coffee diagram at the right.
cup and rocks.  It would be noticed that the number of
pairs of rabbits is in the sequence 1, 1, 2,
Fibonacci Sequence
3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so on and so forth.
- Define Fibonacci number: an integer This sequence is called Fibonacci
in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, sequence. This is also observed in various
13, … of which the first two terms are patterns seen among nature.
1 and 1 and each succeeding…
- It displays unique mathematical
properties that make it useful in fields
Golden Ration

- also known as the Divine Proportion is

the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci
numbers. The quotient of these two
consecutive numbers are approaches
to the value of 1.61803398… as n
becomes larger. To find the nth term
in the Fibonacci sequence, we use the
formula:

Finding the Nth Term in a Fibonacci Sequence

Mathematical Language and Symbols Syntax Translate the following english
and Rules phrases/sentences into mathematical
expressions/equation
Language

- is a system of conventional spoken,

manual (signed), or written symbols
by means of which human beings, as
members of a social group and
participants in its culture, express
themselves. Below are some of the
symbols which are commonly used in
Mathematics:

Concepts of Set

1. Set – is a collection of common

objects, numbers, letters in the
alphabet, people, and any other sets.
Characteristics of Mathematical Language Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 2, 3,
4, . . .}
2. Element – is a member of a set. It is
denoted by ∈.
Examples: 1 ∈ A 12 ∈ B
3. Subset – is a set in which all of its
elements are found in another set.
Expressions vs Sentences Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of
A are found in B. B ⊄ A since there are
elements in B which are not found in
A.
4. Cardinality – refers to the number of
elements in a set. It is denoted by n( )
where the name of the set is written
inside the parenthesis symbol.
Example: n(A) = 4 or 𝐴 = 4 n(B) = ∞ or
𝐵=∞
Convention in the Mathematical Language
5. Universal Set – a set that contains all
elements found in the other given
set/s. It is denoted by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u} D = {j, k, l} U
= {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}
6. Null Set – a set with no element. It is
denoted by { }. This is also known as
null set, denoted by ∅.
 Note: An empty set is a subset of any 1. Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x,
set. Any set is subset of universal set. y).
7. Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the Examples: A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3,
same elements. 4)} B = {(STEM, Engineering), (ABM,
Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} F = {9, 7, 5, Business Economics), (HUMSS, AB
3, 1} Philosophy), (GAS, BS Education)}
Therefore, E = F. 2. Function – is a relation in which
8. Equivalent Sets – are sets with the repetition of any element of its
same cardinality. domain is not allowed.
Example: G = {w, x, y, z} H = {0, 10, Examples: C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2,
100, 1000} 4), (2, 4)} is a function. D = {(0, 0), (1, -
Therefore, G ~ H. 1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is not a fcn.

Union of Sets

- The UNION of two sets is a set

containing all elements that are in A
or in B (possibly both). For example, 1,
2, 3 ∪ 2, 3, 4 = 1, 2, 3, 4 . Note that
every A ∪ B is equal to B ∪ A.

Intersection of Sets

- The INTERSECTION of two given sets is

the set that contains all the elements
that are common to both sets. For
example, 1, 2, 3 ∩ 2, 3, 4 = 2, 3 . Like
union of sets, every A ∩ B is equal to
B ∩ A.

Concepts on Relations and Functions