The BLOOD and HEMATOPOIETIC

SYSTEM

WEEK 12 TOPIC
MC NUR 106 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MAY 15-20, 2023
St. Paul University Philippines - College of Nursing School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences - 2nd
Semester 2023-2022
Learning Objectives

 On completion of the week’s activity, the students should be able to:

• discuss the functions of blood
• describe the components of blood
• describe the origin and production of formed elements
• discuss the structure, function, and life history of red blood cells
• compare the structures and functions of the five types of white blood cells
• discuss the origin and structure of platelets
• explain the formation and function of platelet plugs and blood clots
• describe the process of hemostasis and clot formation
• explain the basis of ABO and Rh incompatibilities
• predict the outcomes of blood and blood-related disorders
THE HUMAN BLOOD

• “fluid of life”
• makes up 7-8% of the body’s weight
• mainly consists of plasma and formed
cells
• provides the body with a constant supply
of oxygen and nutrients

• 5-7 liters is circulated per minute

• filtered 300 times a day (by the kidneys)
THE HUMAN BLOOD

 Functions

• transport gases, nutrients and waste products

• transport of processed molecules
• transport of regulatory molecules
• regulation of pH and osmosis
• maintenance of body temperature
• protection against foreign substances
• clot formation
  Components
THE HUMAN • plasma – liquid part that is pale yellow

BLOOD •

•
makes up 55% of the blood
colloid – contains substances that do not settle in a
solution
• 91% water
• 9% - proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products and
regulatory
substances
• formed elements – erythrocytes (RBCs),
leukocytes (WBCs) and
thrombocytes (platelets)
THE HUMAN BLOOD

PLASMA

FORMED
ELEMENTS
  Within it are ….
THE • suspended substances of which mostly are
PROTEINS
PLASMA • ALBUMIN – principal protein (makes up 58%)
• regulates the movement of water between tissues and
blood (colloid osmotic pressure)
• GLOBULIN – make up 38%
• part of the immune system and provides protection
against microorganisms
• FIBRINOGEN – makes up 4%
• responsible for the formation of blood clots and
coagulation process
THE HUMAN BLOOD
THE PLASMA
 the volume remains relatively
CONSTANT

 … this is due to the intake and

output balance
THE PLASMA
 THE FORMED
ELEMENTS
 makes up 45% of the blood
• 3 types:
• RBCs – 95%

• WBCs
5%
• Platelets

 formed through the process of HEMATOPOIESIS

 formed through the process of HEMATOPOIESIS

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HEMATOPOIESIS

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ture/c/5926/35966
THE FORMED ELEMENTS
THE ERYTHROCYTES

➢ most abundant of the formed elements

➢ bi-concave in shape
➢ oxygen rich

FUNCTIONS:
✓ transport O2 from the lungs to the various parts of the
body/tissues
✓ transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
THE ERYTHROCYTES

COMPONENTS:

• Hemoglobin – main component which is a pigmented protein

• oxygen rich component (oxyhemoglobin)
• 98% of O2 are transported with it
• 23% of CO2 are combined with it (from tissues)
• Lipids, ATP and carbonic anhydrase (enzyme)

NORMAL VALUES:

• RBC: males - 4.6 – 6.2 million/uL females – 4.2 – 5.4 million/uL

• Hemoglobin: males – 14 – 16 grams/dL (140 – 160 mg/L)

females – 12 – 14 grams/dL (120 – 140 mg/L)

 THE
ERYTHROCYTES
HEMOGLOBIN – consists of four (4)
polypeptide chains (GLOBIN)
and four (4) heme (IRON) group

➢ 3 types: embryonic
fetal
adult: 60-90% are present at
birth
 ➢ the process of producing “new” RBCs
➢ 2.5 million RBCs are destroyed every second
➢ HOMEOSTASIS – plays a role in replacement
➢ 1% of RBCs are replaced everyday
ERYTHROPOIESIS
➢ 4 days – average time required to produce a
single new
RBC
➢ cell division requires: folate and
cyanocobalamin (B vitamins)
necessary for DNA synthesis
iron
➢ RBC lifespan: 110 – 120 days
 ERYTHROPOIESIS
➢ it is activated by the amount of circulating OXYGEN in the
body
NORMAL BREAKDOWN of RBCs
THE LEUKOCYTES

➢ the “soldier cells” of the body

➢ function with the immune system
➢ form a thin layer of cells between
the plasma and RBCs (buffy coat)
➢ lack hemoglobin but has nucleus

➢ named according to their appearance

in stained preparations
➢ granulocytes
➢ agranulocytes
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
TYPES of LEUKOCYTES
THE THROMBOCYTES

➢ also called PLATELETS

➢ minute fragments of cells consisting
of small cytoplasm surrounded by a
plasma membrane
➢ glycoproteins and proteins on their
surfaces attach to other molecules

➢ play important role in BLOOD

CLOTTING and PREVENTING
blood loss
THE THROMBOCYTES

➢ live for 5 – 9 days

➢ produced within the red marrow and
are derived from megakaryocytes
➢ prevent blood loss by:
➢ forming platelet plugs that seal holes
in small vessels
➢ promoting the formation and contraction
of clots that help seal off larger wounds
in the vessels
HEMOSTASIS and CLOT
FORMATION

➢ HEMOSTASIS – is the internal control or stoppage of bleeding

➢ excessive bleeding can result in:
➢ blood loss – hypovolemia
➢ positive-feedback mechanism – ever decreasing blood volume and
blood pressure

➢ Hemostatic mechanisms:
• Vascular spasm – immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel
• Platelet plug formation – accumulation of platelets at the site of injury
• COAGULATION – formation of blood clot and activation of clotting factors
 HEMOSTASIS and CLOT FORMATION
 For clotting factors, refer to TABLE 19.3 on your
Seeley’s text book.
HEMOSTASIS and CLOT FORMATION
HEMOSTASIS and CLOT FORMATION
HEMOSTASIS and CLOT FORMATION
HEMOSTASIS and CLOT FORMATION
NORMAL BLOOD VALUES to REMEMBER
BLOOD TRANSFUSION

➢ the process of administering blood and blood products

to replace loss from:
➢ surgery
➢ bleeding injuries
➢ clotting defects

➢ TRANSFUSION – the transfer of blood or blood

components from one individual to another
Goals: - prevent shock (hypovolemia)
- restore oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
BLOOD TYPING
and GROUPING
➢ RBCs – surfaces contain ANTIGENS
➢ Plasma – contain ANTIBODIES

➢ Combination of antigens and antibodies

produce:
➢ agglutination (clumping together)
➢ hemolysis (breakdown of RBCs)

➢ In case transfusion is needed –

CORRECT blood type
should be given
BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
• when mismatched blood is transfused, the recipient’s
agglutinins (plasma antibodies) clump the foreign RBCs

• the clumped cells are then lysed

• blood vessels may be blocked by clumped RBCs

• released hemoglobin may precipitate in the kidney tubules,

causing renal shutdown
 BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
• Rh FACTOR or GROUP
▪ people whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated Rh⁺ (Rh positive);
those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh⁻ (Rh negative)

▪ (see related slides) normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-Rh
antibodies:
▪ If a Rh⁻ person receives an Rh⁺ blood transfusion, however, the immune
starts to make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the blood.

▪ If a second transfusion of Rh⁺ blood is given later, the previously formed

anti-Rh antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs in the
donated blood, and a severe reaction may occur
BLOOD TYPING
and GROUPING
▪ hemolytic disease of
the newborn (HDN) is
the most common
problem with Rh
incompatibility that
may arise during
pregnancy
 BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
 RH FACTOR or GROUP
BLOOD TYPING and GROUPING
 Blood typing and cross matching – ABO and Rh factor
compatibility testing

Complete Blood Count (CBC) – analysis of blood

components
•Erythrocyte count
COMMON •Hemoglobin count
•Hematocrit count
•Leukocyte count (differential count)
DIAGNOSTIC •Neutrophils
•Basophils
BLOODTESTS •Eosinophils
•Monocytes
•Lymphocytes
•Clotting
•Platelet count
•Prothrombin time measurement
•Blood Chemistry – test levels of dissolved or suspended materials in the
plasma
 Post lecture questions: take note on
the question as this will be ask to
you on synthesis.
 Answer TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE, if it is
incorrect.
 _________1. Platelets are activated at the time of injury and aid in
coagulation or clotting.
 _________2. Mr. Hunk weighs 85 kg. His approximate blood
volume is 8.5 liters.
 _________3. A child’s neutrophil count is at 17,000/mm3. This
value is high and suggests parasitic infestation.
 _________4. If an individual is transfused with the wrong type of blood, the recipient’s
antibodies react with the donor’s antigens resulting to clumping and hemolysis of the
donated blood.
 _________5. The least numerous but largest of all agranulocytes are the basophils.
 _________6. Proteins are not normal components of the human blood.
 _________7. Folate, iron and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) are necessary for the
synthesis of erythrocytes.
 _________8. Antigens are found in the surface of erythrocytes while antibodies are
found in the plasma
 _________9. A type O blood agglutinates to both antigens A and B.
 _________10. When a person has anemia, the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels may be
low.
POST LECTURE QUESTIONS

 A young woman has been experiencing unusually heavy menstrual bleeding for
several years. She follows a strict vegan diet (no animal foods). She is at risk for
what disorder, and why?
 A patient has thalassemia, a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis
of globin proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes. This patient is
jaundiced and is found to have an excessive level of bilirubin in his blood. Explain
the connection.
 Following a motor vehicle accident, a patient is rushed to the emergency
department with multiple traumatic injuries, causing severe bleeding. The patient’s
condition is critical, and there is no time nor no way for determining his blood type.
What type of blood is to be transfused, and why?
  Vanputte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A.
(2019). Seeley’s Essentials of
Anatomy & Physiology (10th Ed.) New
York City, McGraw Hill Education.

Marieb, E.N. (2006). Essentials of

References:

Human Anatomy and Physiology.
San Francisco, Pearson.

 Tortora, G. J. (2006). Principles of

Anatomy and Physiology. (11th. Ed.).
New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.