The document discusses number systems and their representations using logic gates. It covers decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. Conversion between these number systems is demonstrated through examples of changing the base and using weighted place values. Basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction are also illustrated for different number systems. Logic gates are introduced as a way to represent binary logic operations.
The document discusses number systems and their representations using logic gates. It covers decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. Conversion between these number systems is demonstrated through examples of changing the base and using weighted place values. Basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction are also illustrated for different number systems. Logic gates are introduced as a way to represent binary logic operations.
The document discusses number systems and their representations using logic gates. It covers decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. Conversion between these number systems is demonstrated through examples of changing the base and using weighted place values. Basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction are also illustrated for different number systems. Logic gates are introduced as a way to represent binary logic operations.
The document discusses number systems and their representations using logic gates. It covers decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. Conversion between these number systems is demonstrated through examples of changing the base and using weighted place values. Basic arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction are also illustrated for different number systems. Logic gates are introduced as a way to represent binary logic operations.
September 5, 2015 Summary • Various number systems suitable for representing information in digital systems. – Decimal number system – Binary number system – Octal and Hexadecimal number systems – Codes (Grey code, BCD etc) • Basic arithmatic operations (e.g. addition and subtraction of signed numbers) as well as logic operations (e.g. NOT, AND, OR etc.) and their representation using logic gates • Conversion between number systems • Exercises Number Systems • Number System Concepts – Digits – Strings – Radix or Base – Operations • Addition and Subtraction • Multiplication and Division • Binary numbers: Logic operations (AND, OR, NOT) Decimal Number System • Base = 10; Digits = 0, 1, 2, …., 9; Count resets after 9, and an additional digit added to the left. • Weightage (place of the digits in a string): For a random example of a decimal number, (XYZ.ABC)10, where X, Y, Z, A, B, C are any decimal numbers 0 to 9: X x 102 + Y x 101 + Z x 100 + A x 10-1 +B x 10-2 + C x 10-3 Other Number System • Binary number system; Base = 2, Digits = 0,1 • Octal number system; Base = 8, Digits = 0, 1, 2, …, 7 • Hexadecimal number system; Base = 16, Digits = 0, 1, 2, …., 9, A, B, C, D, E Weightage for any Number System For a generic string in a number system with base = n, if the number is: ar...a2a1a0 . a-1a-2a-2…..a-p Then conversion it into decimal equivalent using weightage is: ar-1 x nr-1 + …. + a2 x n2 + a1 x n1 + a0 x n0 + a-1 x n-1 + a-2 x n-2 + … + a-p x n-p Examples Decimal Number: Weightage of (53.64)10: Base = 10, r = 2, p = 2
Weightage:
5 x 101 + 3 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 + 4 x 10-2
Examples Binary Number: Convert (11010.0001)2 into Decimal: Base = 2, r = 5, p = 4
Weightage:
1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 0 x 2-1 + 0 x 2-2 + 0 x 2-3 + 1 x 2-4 = 16 + 8 + 2 + 1/16 = (26.0625)10 Examples Octal Number: Convert (27.301)8 into Decimal: Base = 8, r = 2, p = 3
Weightage:
2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 3 x 8-1 + 0 x 8-2 + 1 x 8-3
= 16 + 7 + 0.375 + 0.001953125 = (23.376953125)10 Examples Hexadecimal Number: Convert (AF0.2B)16 into Decimal: Base = 16, r = 3, p = 2
Weightage:
A(=10) x 162 + F(=15) x 161 + 0 x 160 + 2 x 16-1 + B(=11)
x 16-2 = 2560 + 240 + 0.125 + 0.04296875 = (2800.16796875)10 Reverse Conversion • In a similar way, a decimal number can be converted into any number system by successive division (whole number part) and multiplication (fractional part) with the base of the number, and considering the raminder and carry-over, respectively. • This can be better understood by examples. Examples Decimal to binary conversion: Convert (53.25)10 into Binary. First take whole number Then take the fractional part: part:
Answer = (110101.01)2 Examples Decimal to octal conversion: Convert (53.25)10 into Octal. First take whole number Then take the fractional part: part:
Answer = (64.2)8 Examples Decimal to hexadecimal conversion: Convert (53.25)10 into Hexadecimal. First take whole number Then take the fractional part: part:
Answer = (45.4)16 Examples Hexadecimal to binary conversion: (AF0.2B)16 → (?)2 1. Convert (AF0.2B)16 into decimal using weighted conversion. 2. Convert the result into binary using successive division/ multiplication by 2. Examples Dec Hex Bin
Hexadecimal to binary 0 1 0 1 0000 0001
conversion: 2 2 0010 3 3 0011
(AF0.2B)16 → (?)2 4 5 4 5 0100 0101 6 6 0110 7 7 0111 8 8 1000 (1010) (1111) (0000) . (0010) (1011) 9 9 1001 10 A 1010 = (1010 1111 0000 . 0010 1011) 2 11 B 1011 12 C 1100 13 D 1101 14 E 1110 15 F 1111 Examples Dec Hex Bin
----- 7 7 0111 8 8 1000 9 9 1001 10 A 1010 18F 11 B 1011 12 C 1100 - B3F 13 D 1101
----- 14 E 1110 15 F 1111 Radix and Diminished Radix Complement String = N; Base = n Number of digits = r
(n - 1)’s complement of N , or Diminished Radix
Complement: (nr - 1) – N
n ’s complement of N , or Radix Complement:
(nr - 1) – N + 1 Subtraction using Radix Complement Dec Hex Bin • Subtraction 0 0 0000 B3F 1 1 0001 - 18F ----- 2 2 0010 3 3 0011 n = 16 4 4 0100 r=3 5 5 0101 6 6 0110 16’s complement of 0x18F: 7 7 0111 (163-1)- 18F + 1 = FFF – 18F + 1 = E71 8 8 1000 9 9 1001 B3F 10 A 1010 + E71 11 B 1011 ----- 1)9B0 Answer = 9B0 12 C 1100 13 D 1101 If no carry-over, then take 10’s complement of 14 E 1110 the result, and put a minus sign besides it. 15 F 1111 Subtraction using 2’s Complement Dec Hex Bin • Subtract using 2’s complement 1011010 0 0 0000 - 1100110 1 1 0001 ---------- 2 2 0010
n=2 3 3 0011 r=7 4 4 0100 5 5 0101 2’s complement of 1100110: 6 6 0110 (27-1)- 1100110 + 1 = 1111111 – 1100110 + 1 = 0011010 7 7 0111 Easier way to calculate: Flip all bits and add 1 to result. 8 8 1000 9 9 1001 1011010 + 0011010 10 A 1010 ---------- 11 B 1011 0)1110100 Result = 1110100 12 C 1100
Since no carry-over, then take 2’s complement of the 13 D 1101
result again, and put a minus sign besides it: 14 E 1110 Answer = - 0001100 15 F 1111 (Bitwise) Logic Operations (Binary number system only)
• Operands (inputs) and result (output) can have
either 0 or 1 value. Also referred to as logic 0/logic 1, ‘0’/’1’, and false/true. • Basic Operations: – AND – OR – NOT • Derived Operations – NAND – NOR – XOR – XNOR (Bitwise) Logic Operations (Binary number system only)
• AND operation: Output is logic ‘1’ if all inputs are ‘1’. Even if a single input is ‘0’, the output is ‘0’. INPUT OUTPUT A B Q = A AND B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 (Bitwise) Logic Operations (Binary number system only)
• OR operation: Output is logic ‘1’ if any of the inputs is ‘1’. The output is ‘0’ if all inputs are ‘0’ INPUT OUTPUT A B Q = A OR B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 (Bitwise) Logic Operations (Binary number system only)
• OR operation: Unary operator; Output is logic ‘1’ if input is ‘0’, and vice versa.
