Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb BDwbU

Chemistry in our Life

12
f~wgKv (Introduction)

Avgiv Rxeb avi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZw`b wewfbœ KvR K‡i _vwK| GmKj Kv‡R wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© I †KŠkj
e¨envi K‡i _vwK| †hgb- cÖwZw`b Lvevi ˆZix‡Z R¡vjvwb e¨envi KiwQ, Lvevi ˆZix‡Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_©
e¨envi KiwQ| Gfv‡e cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e, K…wl‡Z mvi I KxUbvkK wn‡m‡e, ¯^v¯’¨ iÿvq RxevYybvkK Ges †mŠ›`h©
e„wׇZ cÖmvabx e¨envi KiwQ| GmKj Kv‡R e¨eüZ mKj c`v_©B imvq‡bi Ae`vb| G Aa¨v‡q †h mKj
ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨envi KiwQ ZvB wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Salt

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 12.1 : M„n¯’vwji imvqb
cvV - 12.2 : cwi®‹viK mvgMÖx
cvV - 12.3 : RxevYy gy³KiY
cvV - 12.4 : gvwUi De©iZv e„wׇZ imvqb
cvV - 12.5 : K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvKiY I msiÿ‡Y imvqb
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.1 M„n¯’vwji imvqb

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 M„‡n e¨eüZ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK mvgMÖxi e¨envi I ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †ewKs cvDWvi I †ewKs †mvWvi Kvh©cÖYvjx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Lv`¨ jeY I wf‡bMv‡ii ag© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kvgj cvbxq wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Avgv‡`i †`‡k mvaviY R¡vjvwbi ag© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
KvV, Kqjv I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Lv`¨ jeY ev †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, †ewKs †mvWv,
gyL¨ kã B÷, †ewKs cvDWvi I (GwmwUK GwmW) wf‡bMvi

mvaviY R¡vjvwb - KvV, Kqjv I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm t Avgv‡`i †`‡k ivbœvi Kv‡R mvaviYZ KvV, Kqjv ev
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq| GmKj e¯‘ `nb K‡i Avgiv Zvc cvB hv w`‡q ivbœv K‡i _vwK| `nb
ej‡Z Ggb ivmvqwbK wewµqv †evSvq †hLv‡b †Kvb c`v_© Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ ¯^Z:ù~Z© wewµqv K‡i Zvc I Av‡jv
†`q| Kv‡Vi Dcv`vb †mjy‡jvR hvi g~j Dcv`vb Kve©b| `n‡bi d‡j KvV Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cÖavbZ
CO2, Zvc I Av‡jv †`q|
KvV + O2  Zvc + CO2+ Av‡jv
GKBfv‡e Kqjv I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †cvov‡jI Zvc Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I Av‡jv cvIqv hvq|
C (Kqjv) + O2  Zvc + CO2 + Av‡jv
CH4 (wg‡_b) + O2  Zvc + CO2 + H2O + Av‡jv
(cÖvK…wZK M¨vm)
Lv`¨ jeY ev †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW(NaCl)
Avgiv †h jeY Lvev‡ii Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kwi Zv n‡”Q †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW (NaCl)| mvM‡ii cvwb‡Z cÖPzi
cwigvY NaCl `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ZvQvov f~M‡f© LwbRiƒ‡cI NaCl cvIqv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k DcK~jxq
A‡j jeY PvlxMY mgy‡`ªi cvwb m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z ïwK‡q jeY Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e G c×wZ‡Z AvnwiZ je‡Y
wKQz cwigvY CaCl2I MgCl2 wgwkªZ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b wkí KviLvbvq wbgœPv‡c mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡K ev®úxfe‡bi
gva¨‡g weï× NaCl Drcbœ Kiv nq|

GKwU cv‡Î Lvevi je‡Yi m¤ú„³ `ªeY ˆZwi Kiæb| Zvici GKwU †Uª ev eo †cø‡U wKQz cwigvY cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Mvp
`ªe‡Yi wKQz Ask †X‡j w`b| †Uª ev cvÎwU‡K mvivw`b †iv‡` ïKv‡Z w`b| ciw`b GB †Uª ev cvÎwU‡Z AviI
wKQzUv je‡Yi `ªeY †X‡j mvivw`b ïKv‡Z w`b| Gfv‡e GK mßvn ev †h ch©šÍ `ªeY cy‡ivcywi bv ïKvq ZZw`b
†i‡L w`b Ges ch©‡eÿY Kiæb|
 ch©‡eÿY †_‡K DcK~‡ji jeY Pvlx‡`i jeY Avni‡Yi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
 m¤¢e n‡j AZkx KuvP w`‡q je‡Yi `vbv ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges `vbvi AvKvi I e‡Y©i weeiY wjwce× Kiæb|

†ewKs †mvWv (Baking Soda) t †ewKs †mvWv (NaHCO3)| wewfbœ Lvevi ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| †ewKs †mvWv
e¨envi K‡i Lvevi ˆZwii †ejvq Lvev‡ii Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wf‡bMvi ev †jeyi im ev UK `B A_ev Ab¨ Ggb †Kvb

250 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

Dcv`vb _v‡K hv A¤øagx©| G‡ÿ‡Î NaHCO3 Lvev‡ii A¤ø Dcv`v‡bi (†hgb- wf‡bMvi) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
H2CO3 GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| H2CO3 mn‡RB we‡qvwRZ nq Ges CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i hv iæwU‡K dzj‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i|

†ewKs cvDWvi t †ewKs cvDWvi n‡”Q NaHCO3 I cUvwkqvg evB-UviUv‡i‡Ui A_ev †mvwWqvg A¨vjywgwbqvg
mvj‡dU Gi wgkªY| DËß Ki‡j †ewKs cvDWvi †_‡K CO2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv †KK ev iæwU‡K dzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
NaHCO3 + KHC4H4O6  K/NaC4H4O6 + H2O + CO2
3NaHCO3 + NaAl(SO4)2  Al(OH)3 + 2Na2SO4 + 3CO2

B÷ t evwo‡Z ev †eKvwi‡Z cvDiæwU †dvjv‡bvi Rb¨ B÷ e¨envi Kiv nq| B÷ GK cÖKvi QÎvK hv Kve©nvB‡WªW I
Aw·‡R‡bi Dci wµqv K‡i CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| Gfv‡e Drcbœ CO2 M¨vm cvDiæwU †dvjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cvDiæwU cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY †dvjvi ci I‡f‡b †ewKs Kiv nq| DËv‡c B÷ g‡i hvq Ges CO2 Drcbœ nIqvI eÜ
n‡q hvq| d‡j iæwU †dvjvI eÜ n‡q hvq|
wmiKv ev wf‡bMvi t GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi (CH3COOH) 5Ñ6% Rjxq `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi ev wmiKv ejv nq| GwmwUK
GwmW GKwU `ye©j GwmW GRb¨ GwU Lye Aí cwigvY H+ Drcbœ K‡i| Gi pH gvb 7 Gi wKQzUv Kg|

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H2O+

Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wf‡bMvi ev wmiKv e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Lv`¨ c‡P hvIqvi Rb¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv `vqx| wf‡bMv‡ii
H+ Avqb e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †cÖvwUb I d¨vU‡K Av`ª©we‡køwlZ K‡i †d‡j| d‡j e¨vK‡Uwiqv g‡i hvq| G‡Z K‡i Lv‡`¨i
cPb wµqv eÜ n‡q hvq| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î gvQ gvsm ivbœvi mgqI wf‡bMvi e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡Z mn‡R gvQ I gvsm
big n‡q hvq|
B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi cÖ¯‘wZ (GwmwUK GwmW)
cixÿvMv‡i B_vbj‡K H2SO4 I cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ K‡i B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ Kiv nq|
[O]
CH3CH2OH CH3COOH + H2O

wkí Drcv`b
B_vBb M¨vm‡K 60 †m. ZvcgvÎvq 2% HgSO4I 20% H2SO4 `ªe‡Yi wfZi w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vb¨vj
Drcbœ nq|
20% H2SO4
HCCH 0 CH3CHO + H2O
2% HgSO4, 60 C

AZ:ci Drcbœ B_vb¨vj‡K g¨vsMvbvm Gwm‡UW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 60 †m. ZvcgvÎvq evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi Øviv
RvwiZ K‡i B_vbwqK GwmW Drcbœ Kiv nq|
2+
Mn [0]
CH3CHO CH3COOH
600 C

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 251

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†Kvgj cvbxq t Avgiv wewfbœ Abyôvb †hgb C`, we‡q BZ¨vw`‡Z DbœZ Lvevi †cvjvI, wewiqvbx LvIqvi ci VvÛv
†Kvgj cvbxq cvb K‡i _vwK| †Kvgj cvbxq cvb Kivi mgq G †_‡K GKwU M¨vm ey` ey` AvKv‡i †ei n‡Z †`wL|
G M¨vm n‡”Q CO2 hv D”P Pv‡c I VvÛv Ae¯’vq `ªexf~Z Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †Kvgj cvbx‡qi †evZ‡ji wQwc †Lvjvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvc K‡g hvq d‡j H M¨vm ey` ey` AvKv‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m| CO2 cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q Kve©wbK GwmW
Drcbœ K‡i|

CO2(g) + H2O  [H2CO3]

Kve©wbK GwmW GKwU g„`y GwmW, hv cvwb‡Z LyeB Aí cwigv‡Y we‡qvwRZ nq| GwU Avgv‡`i cwicvKZ‡š¿i
GbRvB‡gi wµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
mvi-ms‡¶c :

 Avgiv cÖwZw`b ivbœvi Kv‡R R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, KvV, Kqjv BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Avevi
Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Lvevi †mvWv, †ewKs cvDWvi, Lvevi jeY, B÷ BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| G¸‡jv mK‡jB
ivmvqwbK c`v_©| Avgiv †h mKj †Kvgj cvbxq cvb K‡i _vwK Zv‡Z †h M¨vm `ªexf~Z _v‡K Zv n‡”Q CO2
Ges Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y †h wf‡bMvi e¨envi K‡i _vwK Zv n‡”Q GwmwUK GwmW| G¸‡jvI ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv wkí
KviLvbvq cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| ivbœvq e¨eüZ cÖK…wZK M¨v‡mi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ?
K) CH4 M) CO2
L) HCCH N) H2CO3
2| KvV, Kqjv I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †cvov‡j †Kvb M¨vm Drcbœ nq ?
K) Kve©b WvB A·vBW M) mvjdvi WvB A·vBW
L) wg‡_b M¨vm N) ev‡qv M¨vm
3| †ewKs cvDWvi I †ewKs †mvWvi mvaviY Dcv`vb †KvbwU ?
K) H2CO3 M) NaHCO3
L) CH3COOH N) Na2CO3
4| B÷ e¨envi Ki‡j cvDiæwU dz‡j D‡V †Kb ?
K) B÷ Kv‡e©vwbK GwmW Dcbœ K‡i e‡j M) B÷ Kve©b WvB A·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i e‡j
L) B÷ wg‡_b M¨vm Dcbœ K‡i e‡j N) B÷ Kve©b g‡bv A·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i e‡j
5| B_vbj‡K H2SO4 I cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU w`‡q RvwiZ Ki‡j Kx Drcbœ nq?
K) H2CO3 M) CH3CH2COOH
L) HCCH N) CH3COOH

252 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

cvV-12.2 cwi®‹viK mvgMÖx

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 evwo‡Z e¨eüZ cwi¯‹viK mvgMÖxi e¨envi ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evwo‡Z e¨eüZ cwi¯‹viK mvgMÖxi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ ev MVb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwi®‹viK mvgMÖxi KvR Kivi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Kvco KuvPvi †mvWv , Uq‡jU I jwÛª mvevb , wWUvi‡R›U I weøP ev weiÄK

Kvco KvPvi †mvWv (Na2CO3) t Avgiv Kvco cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ †h †mvWv e¨envi Kwi Zv n‡”Q
†mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU (Na2CO3)| †mvwWqvg evB-Kve©‡bU‡K DËv‡c we‡qvwRZ Ki‡j †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU ev
†mvWv A¨vm Drcbœ nq|

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Kvco KvPvi †mvWv cvwb‡Z AZ¨šÍ `ªeYxq| Gi Rjxq `ªeY ÿviagx©| KviY Rjxq `ªe‡Y GwU NaOH I H2CO3
G cwiYZ nq| Rjxq `ªe‡Y Drcbœ NaOH m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c we‡qvwRZ n‡q Na+ Avqb I OH Avqb Drcbœ K‡i wKš‘
H2CO3 g„`y GwmW e‡j mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y we‡qvwRZ nq|

Na2CO3(s)+2H2O(l)  2Na+(aq) +2OH(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

Uq‡jU I jwÛª mvevb
Kvco KvPv I †Mvmj Kivi mgq Avgiv mvevb e¨envi K‡i _vwK| mvevb Avgv‡`i AwZ cwiwPZ GKwU cwi®‹viK
mvgMÖx| cÖvq 2500 eQi c~‡e© MÖxK I †ivgvbiv mvevb e¨envi KiZ| †ivgvbiv cïi Pwe©, Pvgov Ges nvo BZ¨vw`i
QvB‡qi mv‡_ cvwb dzwU‡q mvevb ˆZwi KiZ| cÖvPxb Kv‡j Miæ, gwnl I DU BZ¨vw` cïi Pwe© †_‡K wgkixqiv mvevb
ˆZwi KiZ| cieZx©‡Z ga¨hy‡M cïi Pwe©i mv‡_ Kw÷K †mvWv‡K DËß K‡i mvevb ˆZwii †KŠkj Avwe®‹…Z nq|
1890 mv‡j evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ mvevb Drcv`b ïiæ nq| GB mgq mvevb ˆZwii Dcv`vb Kw÷K †mvWvi Drcv`bI
e¨vcKfv‡e ïiæ nq|
Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxR †Zj ev Pwe©‡K NaOH ev KOH Øviv Av`ª©we‡kølY K‡i mvevb ˆZwi Kiv nq| mvevb ˆZwii GB
cÖwµqv‡K mvevbvqb ejv nq|
CH2-COOR O CH2-OH

CH-COOR + 3NaOH 3R C ONa + CH-OH

CH2-COOR CH2-OH

GLv‡b, R=CnH2n+1 (mvevb) (wMømvwib ev wMømvij)

n=1218

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 253

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

†Zj ev Pwe©‡K mvevbvqb wewµqvi ci wewµqv wgkª‡Y Lv`¨ jeY (NaCl) †hvM Kiv nq| d‡j mvevb wgkª‡Yi
DcwiZ‡j †f‡m D‡V| Drcbœ mvev‡b wKQz cwigvY NaCl I NaOH Ac`ªe¨ wn‡m‡e wgwkªZ _v‡K| AZ:ci
A‡kvwaZ mvevb‡K cvwb †hv‡M dzUv‡j NaCl I NaOH cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q hvq| GB wgkªYwU kxZj K‡i cvwb
†d‡j w`‡q cybivq cvwb †hvM K‡i dzwU‡q Ac`ªe¨mg~n `~i Kiv nq| d‡j weï× mvevb cvIqv hvq| AZ:ci Drcbœ
mvev‡b is, myMwÜ, RxevYybvkK I Z¡‡Ki †KvgjZv iÿvKvix Dcv`vb †hvM K‡i Ges Quv‡P †d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq AvKvi
†`Iqv nq| me‡k‡l KvM‡Ri †gvo‡K Ave„Z K‡i evRviRvZ Kiv nq|

wWUvi‡R›U
wWUvi‡R‡›Ui Drcv`b I e¨envi mvev‡bi b¨vq cÖvPxb bq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci †c‡Uªvwjqvg DcRvZ †_‡K
wWUvi‡R›U Drcv`b ïiæ nq| wWUvi‡R›U I mvevb Df‡qiB gqjv cwi®‹vi Kivi †KŠkj GKB iKg n‡jI
wWUvi‡R›U AYyi MVb mvev‡bi AYy †_‡K wfbœ cÖK…wZi| ZvQvov wWUvi‡R›U Li cvwb‡ZI mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
Li cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwmqvg Avq‡bi mv‡_ mvevb wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg I
g¨vM‡bwmqvg jeY Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ A`ªeYxq jeY cvwbi Dci fvm‡Z _v‡K Ges Kvc‡o †j‡M Kvc‡oi
D¾jZv bó K‡i †`q| Acic‡ÿ wWUvi‡R›U Ca2+ I Mg2+ Gi `ªeYxq jeY Drcbœ K‡i| d‡j wWUvi‡R›U w`‡q
Li cvwb‡ZI Kvco KvP‡Z †Kvb Amyweav nq bv|

wWUvi‡R›U cÖ¯‘wZ
wWUvi‡R›U n‡”Q `xN© wkKj wewkó mvj‡dvwbK Gwm‡Wi A_ev `xN© wkKj wewkó A¨vjKvBj-†ebwRb-mvj‡dvwbK
Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY|
jivBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ H2SO4 Gi wewµqvq jivBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq| c‡i Gi mv‡_ NaOH
†hvM K‡i †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU Drcbœ Kiv nq| Drcbœ †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU GKwU wWUvi‡R›U|
CH3(CH2)10CH2OH + H2SO4  CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H + H2O
jivBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H + NaOH  CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3Na + H2O
†mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU

weøP ev weiÄK
Kvc‡o †Kvb `vM †j‡M †M‡j A‡bK mgq mvevb ev wWUvi‡R›U w`‡q Zv `~i Kiv hvq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î weiÄb wµqvi
gva¨‡g Zv `~i Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †h ivmvqwbK c`v_© w`‡q weiÄb Kiv nq Zv‡K weiÄK ev weøP ejv nq| me‡P‡q
cwiwPZ weøP nj weøwPs cvDWvi [Ca(OCl)Cl]| 400 †m. ZvcgvÎvq Ca(OH)2 Gi wfZi w`‡q Cl2 M¨vm Pvjbv
Ki‡j weøwPs cvDWvi Drcbœ nq|
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O

weøwPs cvDWv‡ii `vM DVv‡bvi †KŠkj

weøwPs cvDWvi, CO2 I cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm GwmW
ZvrÿwYK we‡qvwRZ n‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ K‡i| GB Rvqgvb Aw·‡R‡bi RviY wµqvq Kvc‡oi `vM `~i
nq|
Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O+ CO2  CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO
2HClO  HCl + [O]
`vMhy³ Kvco + [O]  `vMgy³ Kvco

254 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

AbywgZ cÖKí: †Zj ev Pwe©‡K ÿv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j mvevb Drcbœ
wkÿv_©xi KvR nq Ges Drcbœ mvev‡bi pH gvb 7 Gi †ewk _v‡K| wb‡P D‡jøwLZ DcKiY I
hš¿cvwZ w`‡q Kvh©c×wZ Abymv‡i cixÿYwU m¤úbœ Kiæb|
hš¿cvwZ DcKiY
 eyb‡mb evb©vi / w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú / †K‡ivwmb KzKvi  bvi‡Kj †Zj
 400 mL gv‡ci 2wU weKvi  Kw÷K †mvWv
 2wU †U÷ wUDe I 1wU gvc †PvO (10 ml)  NaCl Gi m¤ú„³ `ªeY
 1wU eo †cvwm©wjb evwU  evRv‡ii mvevb
 1wU bvovwb KvwV 1wU †¯ú Pzjv  †K‡ivwmb †Zj
 1wU dv‡bj I K‡qKwU wdëvi †ccvi
wbivcËvg~jK mZK©Zv:
†mvwWqvg nvBWª·vBW AZ¨šÍ Zxeª ÿqKviK c`v_© hv kix‡i ÿZ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs GwU hv‡Z kix‡i bv
c‡o †m e¨vcv‡i mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Drcbœ mvev‡b wKQz ÿvi †_‡K hv‡e GRb¨ GwU nv‡Z ev Muv‡q e¨envi hv‡e
bv|
Kvh© c×wZ:
1. GKwU w÷g ev‡_ GKwU †cvwm©wjb evwU ¯’vcb Kiæb|
2. †cvwm©wjb evwU‡Z 10 ml bvi‡Kj †Zj ev 10 g Pwe© Ges 50 mL †mvwWqvg nvBWª·vBW `ªeY wbb|
3. wgkªYwU‡K w÷g ev‡_ dzUv‡Z _vKzb Ges wKQzÿY cici GKwU bvovwb KvwV Øviv bvo‡Z _vKyb hZÿY bv
†Zj ev Pwe© m¤ú~Y© `~ixf~Z n‡q AvVv‡jv c`v_© m„wó nq| Gmgq gv‡S gv‡S cvwb †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cvwb
evw®úf~Z `ªeY ïwK‡q bv hvq|
4. Gevi Zvc †`Iqv eÜ K‡i wgkªYwU‡K w¯’i Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`b Ges VvÛv n‡j wgkª‡Y 60 mL NaCl Gi
m¤ú„³ `ªeY †hvM K‡i mviv ivZ †i‡L w`b|
5. GK w`b ci wgkªYwU‡K GKwU wdëvi †ccv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †Qu‡K mvevb‡K c„_K K‡i ï‡Kv‡Z w`b|
Drcbœ mvev‡bi cixÿv:
1. GKwU †U÷ wUD‡e wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM cvwb I Drcbœ mvev‡bi mvgvb¨ Ask wbb| Gevi †U÷ wUD‡ei gyL
eÜ K‡i fvjfv‡e SuvKvb Ges jÿ¨ Kiæb †dbv Drcbœ nq wK bv?
2. Gevi D³ †U÷wUD‡e K‡qK †duvUv †K‡ivwmb †hvM K‡i fvjfv‡e SuvKvb Ges ch©‡eÿY Kiæb Kx N‡U?
3. pH †ccv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mvev‡bi pH gvb wbY©q Kiæb|
4. AZci †Kbv mvevb wb‡q Dc‡iv³ cixÿv wZbwU m¤úbœ Kiæb|
5. Gevi †Kbv mvevb Ges Avcbvi ˆZwi mvev‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b wkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`b|

mvi-ms‡¶c :

 cÖwZw`b Avgiv †Mvmj Kivi mgq kixi cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ mvevb Ges Kvco †avqvi Rb¨ †mvWv, mvevb,
wWUvi‡R›U BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| ZvQvov Kvco †_‡K `vM DVv‡bvi Rb¨ weøwPs cvDWvi e¨envi K‡i
_vwK| GM‡jv mK‡jB wkí KviLvbvq cÖ¯‘Z ivmvqwbK c`v_©| mvevb Li cvwb‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ myweavRbK
bq| Z‡e wWUvi‡R›U Li cvwb‡ZI fvj Kvh©Ki KviY wWUvi‡R›U mvev‡bi b¨vq Li cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z Ca2+ I
Mg2+ Avq‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv|

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 255

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1) wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_©wU cwi®‹viK mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ?
K) NaHCO3 M) Ca(OH)2
L) Na2CO3 N) Ca(OCl)Cl
2) wWUvi‡R‡›Ui ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ?
K) CH3(CH2)10OSO3Na M) (CH3(CH2)10OSO3)2CCl
L) Ca(OCl)Cl N) CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3Na
3) mvevbvqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ?
K) †Zj ev Pwe©‡K NaOH ev KOH Øviv Av`ª©we‡kølY Kiv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j
L) †Zj ev Pwe©‡K GwmW Øviv Av`ª©we‡kølY Kiv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j
M) jivBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ H2SO4 Gi wewµqv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j
N) jivBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ Na2CO3 Gi wewµqv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j
4) weiÄK wn‡m‡e Kx e¨eüZ nq ?
K) K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW M) K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vi nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW
L) †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU N) †mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU
5) weøwPs cvDWv‡ii mv‡_ cvwb I CO2 Gi wewµqvq Kx Drcbœ nq?
K) †K¬vwib M) Aw·‡Rb
L) Rvqgvb †K¬vwib N) Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb

256 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

cvV-12.3 RxevYy gy³KiY

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 cvwb RxevYy gy³KiY e¨eüZ †hŠ‡Mi bvg I ms‡KZ wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwb RxevYy gy³KiY c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Uq‡jU I b`©gv RxevYy gy³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RxevYy gy³Ki‡Yi e¨eüZ †hŠ‡Mi bvg I ms‡KZ wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã weøwPs cvDWvi, wdUwKwi, Kw÷K †mvWv I Zwor we‡kølY

cvwb RxevYy gy³KiY t cvwb‡K 10/15 wgwbU dzUv‡j cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z mKj RxevYy g‡i hvq| cvwb‡K
dzwU‡q RxevYy gy³KiY AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡jI G c×wZ mKj †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq bv, we‡kl
K‡i eb¨v ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq hLb R¡vjvwbi Afv‡e cvwb dzUv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| cvwb‡K weøwPs
cvDWvi w`‡q †K¬vwi‡b‡UW K‡i ev wdUwKwi w`‡q RxevYy gy³KiY Kiv hvq|
1) weøwPs cvDWvi cvwb I CO2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Cl2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ Cl2 M¨‡mi wµqvq RxevYy
aŸsk n‡q hvq| d‡j cvwb RxevYyg³ y n‡q cv‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ nq| cÖwZ M¨vjb cvwb‡Z 10 †dvUv weøwPs
cvDWvi `ªeY †hvM K‡i Avav N›Uv †i‡L w`‡j cvwb RxevYyg³y n‡q cv‡bi Dchy³ nq| Z‡e GB cvwb
K‡qK N›Uv †i‡L w`‡j Cl2 M¨vm gy³ n‡q hvq d‡j G‡Z †Kvb MÜ _v‡K bv|
2) cvwb‡Z wdUwKwi †hvM K‡i cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z A`ªeYxq fvmgvb aywjKYv `~i Kiv hvq Ges RxevYygy³ Kiv
hvq| wdUwKwi n‡”Q cUvwkqvg I G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi GKwU wØjeY hvi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O| mvaviYZ mvgvb¨ cwigvY wdUwKwi cvwb‡Z †hvM K‡i wKQzÿY †i‡L w`‡j
cvwb RxevYygy³ nq| mg AvYweK cwigvY K2SO4 I Al2(SO4)3 cvwb‡Z †hvM K‡i AZci ax‡i ax‡i
Zvc w`‡q ev¯úxfeb Ki‡j wdUwKwii †Kjvm cvIqv hvq|
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Cl2 M¨vm
Uq‡jU cwi®‹vi I RxevYy gy³KiY
A¨v‡bvW (+)
Uq‡jU cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †h mKj `ªe¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi
g~j Dcv`vb Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH)| Kw÷K †mvWvi `ªeY
m¤ú„³ NaCl NaCl
ÿqKvix ‰ewkó¨ Av‡Q| d‡j GwU Uq‡j‡Ui g‡a¨ R‡g `ªeY
_vKv AYyRxe I k¨vIjv ÿqK‡i cwi®‹vi K‡i †d‡j|
Lvevi jeY (NaCl) Gi Nb `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY K‡i
Kw÷K †mvWv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| Lvevi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y Na+, gviKvix K¨v‡_vW (-)
H+, I Cl-, OH- Avqb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ Na+ H2 M¨vm wW-K‡¤úvRvi
I H+, K¨vUvqb Ges Cl- I OH- A¨vbvqb |
NaOH `ªeY
cwi‡ek RxevYy gy³KiY
cvwb
†K¬vwib M¨v‡m RxevYy aŸsk n‡q hvq| weøwPs cvDWvi †K¬vwib Drcv`b
[Ca(OCl)Cl] cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †K¬vwib M¨vm gviKvix
wPÎ 1: gviKvix †m‡j †K¬vwib Drcv`b
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 257
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Drcbœ K‡i| GRb¨ Uq‡jU ev b`©gv BZ¨vw`‡Z weøwPs cvDWvi wQwU‡q w`‡q mn‡RB RxevYyg³ y Kiv hvq| Avgv‡`i
†`‡k †Kvievbx C‡`i ci iv¯Ív NvU cïi i³ I Ab¨vb¨ e‡R©¨i cP‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek `~lY nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
GRb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb †Kvievbx C‡`i ci iv¯Ív Nv‡U weøwPs cvDWvi wQwU‡q w`‡q cwi‡ek RxevYyg³
y K‡i _v‡K|

mvims‡¶c :
 †K¬vwib M¨v‡m RxevYy aŸsk n‡q hvq| GRb¨ eb¨v ev cÖK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq hLb weï× cvwbi Afve †`Lv
†`q Ges cvwb dzwU‡q weï× Kivi myweav _v‡K bv, ZLb weøwPs cvDWvi ev wdUwKwi w`‡q cvwb weï× Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| ZvQvov Uq‡jU, iv¯Ív NvU, †Wªb ev b`©gv weøwPs cvDWvi w`‡q RxevYyg³y Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Uq‡jU
cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †h mKj `ªe¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi g~j Dcv`vb Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH)| Lvevi jeY ( NaCl)
Gi Nb `ªeY‡K Zwor we‡kølY K‡i Kw÷K †mvWv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| cvwb‡K mvaviYZ wKfv‡e RxevYyg³
y Kiv nq ?
K) weøwPs cvDWvi w`‡q M) wKQzÿY dzwU‡q
L) RxevYy bvkK w`‡q N) wdUwKwi w`‡q
2| cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi mgq cvwb‡K wKfv‡e RxevYyg³
y Kiv nq?
K) weøwPs cvDWvi ev wdUwKwi w`‡q M) RxevYy bvkK ev weøwPs cvDWvi w`‡q
L) RxevYy bvkK ev wdUwKwi w`‡q N) Aí cwigvY digvwjb w`‡q
3| wdUwKwii ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU?
K) Al2(SO4)3.KOH.24H2O M) KOH.Al2(SO4)3 24H2O
L) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O N) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.H2O
4| Uq‡jU cwi®‹v‡Ki g~j Dcv`vb Kx ?
K) Kw÷K cUvk M) †mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU
L) †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU N) Kw÷K †mvWv
5| iv¯Ív NvU ev b`©gv BZ¨vw`‡Z Kx wQwU‡q w`‡q mn‡RB Rxevbyg³
y Kiv hvq?
K) weøwPs cvDWvi M) Kw÷K cUvk
L) Kw÷K †mvWv N) KxUbvkK

258 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

cvV-12.4 gvwUi De©iZv e„wׇZ imvqb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_xiv-
 gvwUi De©iZv e„wׇZ e¨eüZ mv‡ii bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvwUi ÿviKZ¡ e„w×i c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvwUi A¤øZ¡ e„w×i c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BDwiqv mv‡ii ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã gvwUi pH, K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU, BDwiqv I A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU

K…wl Kv‡R gvwUi De©iZv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov dmj‡K
†cvKv gvK‡ii AvµgY †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg wKUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq| Avevi dmj
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ gvwUi pH gvb h‡_vchy³ ivLvI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gvwUi De©iZv e„w×, gvb wbqš¿Y I
dmj‡K †cvKv gvK‡ii AvµgY †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg ivmvqwbK c`v_© e¨envi Kiv nq| K…wl Kv‡R e¨eüZ
K‡qKwU ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i e¨envi wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv nj|
1) Pzbvcv_it Pzbvcv_i n‡”Q K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU (CaCO3)| GwU g„`y Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i GwmW‡K
cÖkwgZ K‡i| GRb¨ gvwU‡Z Pzbvcv_i wgwk‡q gvwUi pH gvb e„w× Kiv hvq| GwU gvwUi pH gvb e„w×i mv‡_
mv‡_ gvwU‡Z K¨vjwmqv‡gi cwigvYI e„w× K‡i|
CaCO3 + 2H+ CO2 + H2O + Ca2+
2) Kwj Pzb ev KzBK jvBgt gvwU‡Z KwjPzb ev KzBK jvBg wgwk‡q gvwUi pH e„w× Kiv hvq| Pzbvcv_i‡K D”P
ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j KzBK jvBg ev K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW (CaO) Drcbœ nq|
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

3) BDwiqv [(NH2)2C=O]t Dw™¢‡`i †gŠwjK cywó Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Dcv`vb| Rwg‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afve `~i Kivi Rb¨ BDwiqv mvi e¨envi Kiv nq| gvwU‡Z BDwi‡qR bvgK
GK cÖKvi GbRvBg BDwiqv‡K ax‡i ax‡i we‡qvwRZ K‡i G¨v‡gvwbqv I Kve©b WvB A·vB‡W cwiYZ K‡i|
Drcbœ G¨v‡gvwbqv gvwU‡Z Dcw¯’Z cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q G¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ K‡i| G¨v‡gvwbqvg
nvB‡WªvA·vBW cvwb‡Z AvswkK we‡qvwRZ n‡q I Avqb Drcbœ K‡i| Dw™¢` Avqb cywó Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e †kvlY
K‡i|

(NH2)2C=O + H2O BDwi‡qR NH3 + CO2

NH3 + H2O NH4OH

NH4OH NH4+ + OH-

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 259

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4) A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU (NH4)2SO4t gvwUi ÿviKZ¡ hw` †ewk nq Z‡e A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Zv wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq `ªeY GwmW ag©x| d‡j Rwg‡Z GB mvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
Rwgi A¤øZ¡ e„w× cvq| GB mvi Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I mvjdvi Dfq Dcv`vbB mieivn
K‡i| A¨v‡gvwbqv I mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq|
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

wP‡Îi b¨vq hš¿ I DcKiY e¨envi K‡i A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i Gi ag©
wkÿv_©xi KvR cixÿv Kiæb|

A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm cÖ¯‘wZ I Gi ag© cixÿY

Kvh© c×wZt GKwU weKv‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW I KwjPzb 2 t 1 Abycv‡Z

wb‡q fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q wbb| Gevi GKwU wewµqvb‡ji A‡a©‡Ki Kg Ask
D³ wgkÖY w`‡q c~Y© Kiæb| wewµqv bjwU GKwU ÷¨v‡Û K¬v¤ú w`‡q Ggb fv‡e
¯’vcb Ki †hb m¤§yL fvM GKUz Xvjy Ae¯’vq _v‡K| (wewµqv bjwU Xvjy ivLvi
KviY Kx? DËi w`b)| Gevi GKwU wbM©g b‡ji GK cÖvšÍ GKwU wQwci mvnv‡h¨
evqy‡ivax K‡i wewµqvb‡ji mv‡_ hy³ Kiæb| wewµqvb‡ji Aci cÖv¯Í GKwU
÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ hy³ Dcyi Kiv ﮋ †U÷wUD‡ei wfZi ¯’vcb Kiæb| Gevi ax‡i
ax‡i Zvc w`b Ges †U÷wUD‡e Drcbœ A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm msMÖn K‡i wb¤œwjwLZ
cixÿv¸‡jv m¤úbœ Kiæb|

2NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(g)

1. GKwU KvPbj jNy HCl Gwm‡W wfwR‡q †U÷wUD‡ei †Lvjv gy‡L ai| hw` †U÷wUD‡ei gy‡L mv`v †auvqv m„wó
nq Zv n‡j eyS‡e †U÷wUDewU A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm Øviv c~Y© n‡q‡Q| Drcbœ NH3 M¨vm HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv
K‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vBW (NH4Cl) Gi mv`v †auvqv Drcbœ K‡i|
2. Gevi NH3 M¨vm c~Y© †U÷wUD‡ei gyL e„×v½yj w`‡q †P‡c a‡i cvwb‡Z Wyevb Ges †U÷wUD‡ei gyL †_‡K
Av½yj mwi‡q wbb| wK N‡U ch©‡eÿY Kiæb Ges Gi Kvib wK ?
3. Gevi NH3 M¨vm c~Y© †U÷wUD‡ei gy‡L †fRv jvj wjUgvm †ccvi ai| wK N‡U ch©‡eÿY Ki Ges Gi KviY
wK ?

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 gvwUi De©iZv e„wׇZ Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKvi mvi †hgbt bvB‡Uªv‡Rb e„w×i Rb¨ BDwiqv, A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU
BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Avevi gvwUi pH n«v‡mi Rb¨ Pzbv cv_i, K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW, K¨vjwmqvg
nvB‡WªvA·vBW BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Avevi gvwUi pH e„w×i Rb¨ A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU e¨envi K‡i
_vwK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4

260 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| gvwUi pH gvb e„w×i Rb¨ Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
K) Kw÷K †mvWv M) Kw÷K cUvk
L) Pzbvcv_i I Kwj Pzb N) †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW
2| Rwg‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afve `~i Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb mvi e¨envi Kiv nq?
K) wUGmwc M) BDwiqv
L) cUvk N) mycvi dm‡dU
3| gvwUi pH gvb n«v‡mi Rb¨ Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?
K) †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU M) A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU
L) A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW N) A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU
4| BDwiqvi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ?
K) (NH2)2C=O M) (NH2)2CO3
L) (NH2)KC=O N) (NH4)2C=O
5| cixÿvMv‡i A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq wKfv‡e?
K) A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW‡K Pzbvcv_‡ii mv‡_ DËß K‡i
L) A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW‡K Kw÷K †mvWvi mv‡_ DËß K‡i
M) A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW‡K Kw÷K cUv‡ki mv‡_ DËß K‡i
N) A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW I K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡WªvA·vB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß K‡i

cvV-12.5 K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvKiY I msiÿ‡Y imvqb

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 261

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_xiv-

 K…wÎgfv‡e dj cvKv‡bvi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwµqvK…Z Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi e¨eüZ wcÖRvi‡fwUf mg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Bw_wjb, wcÖRvi‡fwUf, †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †eb‡RvwqK GwmW

dj cvKv‡Z imvqb t Avg, Kjv BZ¨vw` dj hLb cwic° nq ZLb GmKj d‡j cÖK…wZKfv‡eB
Bw_wjb M¨vm Drcbœ nq| GB Bw_wjb M¨v‡mi cÖfv‡eB dj cv‡K| hw` GmKj cwic° d‡j
K…wµgfv‡e Bw_wjb M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, Z‡e dj †c‡K hvq| GRb¨ GmKj dj GKwU cÖ‡Kv‡ó †i‡L Bw_wjb
M¨vm cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvKv‡bv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Kv‡ói evZv‡m 0.1% Bw_wjb M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| Gi †P‡q †ewk
M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¦v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ wbivc` bq| G‡ÿ‡Î Aek¨B wkí KviLvbvq m¦v¯’¨ m¤§Z Dcv‡q cÖ¯‘ZK…Z
wmwjÛviRvZ Bw_wjb M¨vm e¨venvi Ki‡Z nq| h_vh_ cÖwkÿYcÖvß e¨vw³ Ges KZ…©c‡ÿi Aby‡gv`b Qvov GB
c×wZ‡Z dj cvKv‡bv wb‡la| K…wÎgfv‡e dj cvKv‡bvi cÖ‡Kv‡ó †h mKj myweav _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jvt
 cÖ‡KvówU Aek¨B evqy‡ivax n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¨eüZ Bw_wjb M¨vm cwi‡e‡k Qwo‡q bv c‡o|
 cÖ‡Kv‡ói wfZi evqy cÖevngvb _vK‡e hv‡Z meLv‡b ZvcgvÎv mgvb _v‡K|
 cÖ‡Kv‡ói ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Yi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b ZvcgvÎv evov‡bv Kgv‡bv hvq|
Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y imvqb t
cÖwµqvRvZ Lv`¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÖfv‡e mn‡RB c‡P bó n‡q hvq| d‡j cÖwµqvK…Z Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wcÖRvi‡fwUf
cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖwZ‡iva Kivi ¸Y m¤úbœ Ges m¦v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi bq Giƒc ivmvqwbK c`v_©
wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †eb‡RvwqK GwmW wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq| KviY G¸‡jv e¨K‡Uwiqv, B÷ BZ¨vw` cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨I ÿwZKi bq|
U‡g‡Uv mm, APvi, PvbvPzi, wPcm&& BZ¨vw`‡Z 0.1% †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU wcÖRvi‡fwUf e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU UK
RvZxq Lv‡`¨ LyeB Kvh©Ki, KviY GwU pH gvb 4.5 Gi wb‡P AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK I DbœZ cÖhyw³-
m¤úbœ wkí KviLvbvq Drcbœ c¨v‡KURvZ ev †KŠUvRvZ k®‹ Lvevi msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_©
wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e wgkv‡bv nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î Lvev‡ii c¨v‡KU ev †KŠUv Aw·‡Rb gy³ K‡i k~b¨¯’vb weï×
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm Øviv c~Y© Kiv nq| d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi Afv‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Lv`¨I bó nq bv|

mvi-ms‡¶c :
 Avg, Kjv BZ¨vw` dj hLb cwic° nq ZLb GmKj d‡j cÖK…wZKfv‡eB Bw_wjb M¨vm Drcbœ nq| GRb¨
GmKj dj ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Zfv‡e cvKv‡Z n‡j GKwU cÖ‡Kv‡ó †i‡L evZv‡mi 0.1% Bw_wjb M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖwZ‡iva Kivi ¸Y m¤úbœ Ges m¦v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi bq Giƒc ivmvhwbK c`v_© †hgb t
†mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †eb‡RvwqK GwmW BZ¨w` wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| eZ©gv‡b DbœZ cÖhyw³i
wkí KviLvbvq Drcbœ Lvev‡ii c¨v‡KU ev †KŠUv Aw·‡Rb gy³ K‡i k~b¨ ¯’vb weï× bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm Øviv c~Y©
Kiv nq| d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi Afv‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv Ges Lv`¨I bó nq bv|

262 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 12

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| Lv`¨ je‡Yi imvqwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ?
K) Na2Cl
L) NaCl
M) NaCl2
N) Na2Cl2
2| †ewKs cvDWi Ges †ewKs †mvWvi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
K) K2CO3
L) Na2CO3
M) NaHCO3
N) KHCO3
3| weiÄb wµqvq Kx e¨eüZ nq?
K) mvevb
L) †mvWv
M) wWUvi‡R›U
N) weøwPs cvDWvi
4| mvevbvqb cÖwµqvq †Zj ev Pwe©‡K Av`ª©we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ nq-
i) NaOH
ii) KOH
iii) HCl
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) i, ii I iii N) i

Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b imvqb 263

I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Rvdi wb‡Ri Kvco wb‡RB mvevb w`‡q Kuv‡P| †m K‡qK gvm co †`L‡jv Zvi Kvco¸‡jv GKUz jvj‡P n‡q
c‡o‡Q| GRb¨ †m Kvco¸‡jv cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ GKUz weøwPs cvDWvi e¨envi Ki‡jv|
G‡Z †m †`L‡Z †c‡jv, Zvi mv`v Kvco¸‡jv aea‡e mv`v n‡q †M‡jv wKš‘ iw½b Kvco¸‡jvi iO d¨vKv‡m n‡q
†M‡jv|
K) mvevbvqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? 1
L) †ewKs cvDWvi e¨envi Ki‡j iæwU dz‡j D‡V †Kb ? 2
M) Rvd‡ii Kvco¸‡jv mvevb w`‡q A‡bK w`b †avqvi d‡j jvj‡P n‡q †Mj †Kb ? 3
N) weøwPs cvDWvi e¨envi Kivq iw½b Kvc‡oi iO d¨vKv‡m n‡q hvIqvi KviY we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1 : 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| M 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2 : 1| L 2| N 3| K 4| M 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3 : 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| N 5| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4 : 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5 : 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K

264 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq