1. What is PROLOG, and how does it differ from other programming languages?

Answer:

PROLOG (Programming in Logic) is a declarative programming language designed for symbolic

reasoning and manipulation. It differs from other programming languages, such as procedural or
object-oriented languages, by focusing on expressing relationships and rules rather than explicit
control flow.

2. Can you explain the basic components of knowledge representation in PROLOG?

Answer:

The basic components of knowledge representation in PROLOG include facts, rules, and queries.
Facts represent information, rules define relationships, and queries retrieve information based on
the defined rules.

3. Describe the working strategy of PROLOG programming.

Answer:

PROLOG follows a logic-based paradigm, employing a resolution-based inference engine. It uses a

backward-chaining approach, starting with a goal and working backward through rules and facts to
find a solution.

4. How does the PROLOG Integrated Development Environment (IDE) facilitate programming in
PROLOG?

Answer:

The PROLOG IDE provides features like syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging tools,
making it easier for developers to write, test, and debug PROLOG programs.

5. Demonstrate the implementation of an arithmetic expression in PROLOG.

Answer:
% Addition example
add(X, Y, Z) :- Z is X + Y.

% Usage: add(3, 5, Result). % Result = 8

6. How does PROLOG handle boolean expressions?

Answer:

In PROLOG, boolean expressions are represented through logical predicates. For example:
% AND example
logical_and(X, Y) :- X, Y.
% OR example
logical_or(X, _) :- X.
logical_or(_, Y) :- Y.
7. Discuss decision-making strategies in PROLOG with examples.

Answer:

Decision-making in PROLOG is often done through conditional rules. For instance:

% Decision-making example
is_adult(Age) :- Age >= 18, write('Adult') ; write('Minor').
8. Provide an example where decision-making strategies are crucial in an AI application.

Answer:

In an AI application, decision-making is crucial when determining the next move in a game or

selecting the best path in a search algorithm.

9. Explain the concept of recursion and its significance in PROLOG programming.

Answer:

Recursion in PROLOG involves a predicate calling itself. It's significant for solving problems that can
be broken down into simpler instances of the same problem.

10. Provide an example of implementing recursion in PROLOG.

Answer:
% Factorial example using recursion
factorial(0, 1).
factorial(N, Result) :- N > 0, N1 is N - 1, factorial(N1, SubResult), Result is N *
SubResult.
11. How does looping through recursion differ from traditional looping in other languages?

Answer:

PROLOG doesn't have traditional loops like those in other languages. Instead, recursion is used for
repetitive tasks, and the recursion itself acts as a form of looping.
12. Discuss the utility of lists in PROLOG and how they solve various problems.

Answer:

Lists in PROLOG are versatile and can represent sequences of elements. They are used for pattern
matching, storing data, and solving problems that involve collections.

13. Provide an example of using lists to solve a specific problem in PROLOG.

Answer:
% Sum of elements in a list
sum_list([], 0).
sum_list([Head | Tail], Sum) :- sum_list(Tail, SubSum), Sum is Head + SubSum.
14. Explain the concepts of Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS).

Answer:

BFS explores nodes level by level, while DFS explores as far as possible along each branch before
backtracking.

15. Implement BFS and DFS algorithms for goal searching in PROLOG, using an example puzzle.

16. Discuss the A* search algorithm and its advantages over blind search techniques.

Answer:

A* is an informed search algorithm that uses heuristics to estimate the cost of reaching the goal. It is
more efficient than blind search techniques because it considers both the cost to reach the current
state and the estimated cost to reach the goal.

17. Implement A* search algorithm in PROLOG for solving a puzzle.

18. Define Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) and their significance in AI.

Answer:

CSP involves finding a solution that satisfies a set of constraints. It is significant in AI for modeling
and solving problems where variables must satisfy certain conditions.

19. Implement a backtracking strategy in PROLOG to solve a specific CSP.

1. What is PROLOG, and how does it differ from other programming languages?

2. Can you explain the basic components of knowledge representation in PROLOG?

3. Describe the working strategy of PROLOG programming.

4. How does the PROLOG Integrated Development Environment (IDE) facilitate programming in
PROLOG?

5. Demonstrate the implementation of an arithmetic expression in PROLOG.

6. How does PROLOG handle boolean expressions?

7. Discuss decision-making strategies in PROLOG with examples.

8. Provide an example where decision-making strategies are crucial in an AI application.

9. Explain the concept of recursion and its significance in PROLOG programming.

10. Provide an example of implementing recursion in PROLOG.

11. How does looping through recursion differ from traditional looping in other languages?

12. Discuss the utility of lists in PROLOG and how they solve various problems.

13. Provide an example of using lists to solve a specific problem in PROLOG.

14. Explain the concepts of Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS).

15. Implement BFS and DFS algorithms for goal searching in PROLOG, using an example puzzle.

16. Discuss the A* search algorithm and its advantages over blind search techniques.

17. Implement A* search algorithm in PROLOG for solving a puzzle.

18. Define Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) and their significance in AI.

19. Implement a backtracking strategy in PROLOG to solve a specific CSP.

20. Explain the concept of Adversarial Search in the context of game playing.

21. Demonstrate the implementation of the alpha-beta pruning strategy in PROLOG for game
playing.