52 ELECTRICAL S YSTEMS D ESIGN

3.7.3 Colour rendering

Colour rendering is the general exp ression for the effect of a light of a lio-ht s
. C olour rendenng . requirements
. . h applications. ource
appearance of o b3ect. vary wit b
It i on the. col. 0 ur
areas like hosp itals, art galleries, textile showrooms, inspecting areas etc in offi s very critical U\
good colour rendering is called for to creat e a good visual appearance,, over
·, and ce b
environm t
en ; a
meeting the requirements of visual tasks. Most industrial environs require onl a ove ~~e purpose
discrimination between colours. H owever there are areas where o-ood colour rey rdec~gm~on of a.t1d
b ecause of the products or the p roces~ ~f manufacture. The colour n enno- 1s requir
_ed
b
renderino- abilit b .
system is determined by the charactenshcs of the lamps used. b Y of a lighting

3.7.4 Colour appearance

The colour appearance of a la1np is not necessarily related to its colour rende · . .
• fl .
true particularly for uorescents and discharge lamps. Colour appearance ofrmg 1
properties. This is
b
from their. amps can e assessed
correlated colour ten1perature (CCT).
The correlated. . colour temperature of light source is the absolute tempera tu re of a bl ac kb ody
w h ose ch romahc1ty most nearly resen1bles that of the light source A compl t l d . t·
b · e e y ra ia mg source
w ould e re~ ~ta temperature of 800-900 K, yellow at 3000 K, white (n atural) at about 5000 Kand
cool p ale blu1sn at 8000- 10000 K.

3.8 DESIGN PROCEDURES

Th~ _be~t opti?n av ailable for lighting design is the u se of standard ligh ting software. If no such
faohty 1s available, any on e of th e following techniques can be used for the d esign.
• Short hand method
• Long hand method
• Simplified method.

3.8.1 Short hand method

In this method it is assumed tha t the average m aintained quantity of lumens arriving on the work
plane w ill be h alf the quantity of the to tal new lam p lumens. This method assumes "normal" sized
rooms, "normal" su rface reflectance and "n ormal" dirt conditions. A normal sized room is the
one in w hich th e mounting h eight (distance from the luminaire bottom to the work plane) is less
than h alf the sm allest room dimension. It is also assumed that conventional fixtures are used. A
high bay fixture is used when the mountin g height is over 6 m . Otherwise low bay fixtures are
recommended. The total number of fixtures (lu minaires) to be used is then calculated as follows:

Step-1: Obtain the required level of illumination in lux.

Step-2: Choose a particular lamp and obtain the lamp lumens from the lamp data.
5tep-3: Delivered maintained lamp lu men (DMLL) = 0.5 x Rated lamp lumens.

Step-4.. N umber of fixtures

. . . Room area x Lux
(lum1naires) = - - - -- - - ·
DMLL
Select the nearest round figure.
Step-5: Area per fixture == Room area
Number of fixtures
Step-6: Spacing between fixtures = ✓Area per fixture
 PR I NCIPLES O F LIGHTI N G DESIGN 53

Spacing should not be more than the mountin g height (M!""f) for high ba_Y fi~tures and 1.5 times
the mounting height for low bay fixtu res. Check fo r conformity. If the spacing 1s too large, go back
to stcp-2 and start again w ith a lower lamp rating.

3.8.2 Long hand method

This is a more accurate and effective method of estimating the number of light fixtures (luminaires)
and their spacing, because it takes into account the differences in photometric performan ce caused
b~· room geometry and system lumen depreciation. The core idea of this method is the d etermination
of coefficient of utilisation (CU) on the cqncept that the area to be lighted has three cavities or spaces
that have effective reflectances with respect to each other and the work plane. The given space to
be lighted is divided into three cavities that is shown in Figure 3.24. The space between the ceiling
and the bottom of the \uminaire is known as ceiling cavity (CC) and the distance is hcc, or the height
of ceiling cavity. The space between the work plane and the bottom of luminaire is room cavity
(RC) and the distance is hrc or the height of room cavity. The space between the work plane and the
floor is Floor Cavity and the height is htc or the height of floor cavity. The room cavities are shown
in Figure 3.24.

Ceiling cavity
hcc
Fixture Fixture

h Room cavity
l"C

j Work plane
- ---------------------------------

Floor cavity P1

Figure 3.24 Details of room cavities

The cavity ratios represent the geometric properties of the ceiling, room and floor cavities and
can be found using the formula,
. . 2.5 x height of cavity (h) x perimeter
Cavity ratio = - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - = - - - -
Area
Where, h = hcc, for ceiling cavity ratio (CCR)
= hrc, fo r room cavity ratio (RCR)
= hfc for fl oor ca vity ratio (FCR).

Step-1: Study the site plan and eleva tion of the installation. Determine the lighting needs in
consultation w ith standards and the end user.
S~ep-2: Select the light sources and luminairc, appropriate to the installation geometry, nature of
visual task and energy criteri a.
54 ELECTRI CAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

a e 3.3 find ~
Step-3: Calcula te the ceiling, room and floor cavity· · d . T bl
ratios an usmg out the eff .
· re fl ec t ance.
ceiling and floor cavity ecti.vi
.. . . .
Step-4: Use the given chart for coefficient of_~tihsahon:l~hetieffechve ceiling and floor reflectan
,
and RCR find out the value of effective coefficient of uh isa . on. c~ i
Step-5: Select the light loss factor (LLF), this factor was previou sly referred to as maintenance facto
(MF). General ly accepte d values are,

A/C rooms, clean rooms, etc. O.S

Industri al environ ment o. 7
Dusty areas 0 -6 ·

Step-6: Use the formula to arrive at the quantit y of luminai res ({ixtures)

Area x Illumin ation

Numbe r of luminai res = CU x LLF x Lumen output of luminai re

Step-7: Arrange the luminai res symmet rically giving due conside rations to spacing criterion
~
1
achieve uniform ity of illumina tion.

Room area
Area per luminai re (fixture )= N
umb er o ff1xtu res
Therefore fixture spacing = ✓Area per fixture

Spacing should not be more than the mounti ng height (MH) for high bay fixtures and 1.5 times
the mountin g height for low bay fixtures. Check for conform ity. If the spacing is too large, go bacK
to step-2 and start again with a lower lamp rating.

3.8.3 Simpli fied design procedure

A simplifi ed design procedu re for lighting design by lumen method for a simple interior is given
below (assump tion: COU chart based on room index is availabl e).

Step-1: Study the site plan and elevatio n of the installa tion. Determ ine the lighting needs iJ
1
consulta tion with standar ds and the end user. .
S~ep-Z: Select the light sources and luminai re, appropr iate to the installat ion geometry, natureol
visual task and energy criteria.
Step-3: Calculate the room index (RI) using the formula ,

Room Index (RI)= . Length X Breadth

(Length +breadt h) x Mounti ng height
Step-4: Base? o_n this, coefficient of utilisati on value can be obtaine d from the COU table
selected lumma1re. These values are general ly based th RI d
for:
face reflectance wh J
are genera11y 70010/ f or 1•1ght coloure d soo/4 fo 011 e an rOOm SUr
ll d 50% 3oo/10 aJlU
10% for correspo nding ceilings . ' o r average and 30% for dark wa s an , r
Step-5: Select the light loss factor (LLF) thi f . ance facto
(MF) . Genera 11y accepted values are, ' s actor was previou sly referred to as mainten
A/C rooms, clean rooms, etc. 0.8
Industri al environ ment
0.7
Dusty areas
0.6
 PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTING D ESIGN 55

Step-6: Use the formula to arrive at the quantity of luminaires

. . Area x Illuminat ion

Number of lumma1res = . .
CU X LLF x Lumen output of lumma1re
Step-7: Arrange the luminaire s symmetri cally giving due considera tions to spacing criterion to
achieve uniformit y of illuminati on.
Room area
A reaper luminaire (fixtu re)=- ------
Number of fixtures
Therefore fixture spacing = ✓Area per fixture

If this spacing is too wide, repeat the process with a fixture with lower wattage of lamps.
Normally spacing should not be more than the mounting height for high bay fixtures and 1.5 times
the mounting height for low bay fixtures.

3.9 ARRAN GEMEN T OF FIXTURES

Fixtures shall be arranged from the middle of the room to the outside. A square array is the best
option but rectangul ar array also will work satisfactorily as long as the spacing to mounting height
ratio is not violated. With an odd quantity of fixture rows or columns, there will be a fixture line on
the centre line. With even quantities of rows or columns, the locations are half the spacing of the
centre line. The closest fixture to a wall·shou ld be one half the spacing or less.

EXAMPLE 3.2
A classroom measurin g 6.5 m x 8 mis to be provided with an illuminat ion level of 300 lux. The
height of the ceiling is 4.5 m. The height of the ceiling is 4.5 m. The height of the working plane is
1.0 m above floor level. The ceiling/wall/floor reflectances are 70/50/20.
Design a lighting scheme for the classroom using general purpose 2 x 40 W fluoresce nt fixtures
whose coefficient of utilisatio n chart is given below. Assume that the luminaire s are suspende d
from the ceiling at 1.0 m below the ceiling level. The light loss factor (LLF) may be taken as 0.70.
Spacing of lamps shall not exceed the mounting height. Initial lamp lumens = 4000.

Table of coefficient of utilisatio n

(20% effective floor cavity reflectance)

Effective ceiling cavity reflectance 80% · 50%

Wall reflectance 50 30 10 50 30 10

RCR
0.33 0.26 0.22 0.31 0.26 0.22
10
0.43 0.35 0.27 0.40 0.35 0.29
9
0.58 0.42 0.35 0.48 0.42 0.36
8
0.58 0.50 0.42 0.55 0.48 0.42
7
0.64 0.57 0.49 0.61 0.54 0.47
6
0.72 0.65 0.59 0.65 0.60 0.56
5
0.77 0.71 0.64 0.71 0.65 0.60
4
0.82 0.76 0.70 0.74 0.69 0.63
3
0.87 0.82 0.77 0.78 0.74 0.70
2
1 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.75
 Solutio n:
Step-1: Ceiling cavity height lrcc == l .O rn
Floor cavity height lr fc == J .O rn
· l1e1g
Room cavity '. lt/
1 i,c -- zSin
· · ter
penine
CCR) -
~tep-2: Ceiling cavity ra tio ( - 2 ·5 hcc X
area
(6.5 + 8)2
= 2.5 X 1.0 X X B
65
= 1.40
Similarly,
Floor cavity ratio (FCR) = 1.40
(6.5 + 8)2
Room cavity ratio (RCR) = 2.5 X 2.5 X _ X
65 8
= 3.48 (say 3.50)
Step-3: By referrin g to Table 3.3
I
Corres pondin g to ceiling /wall reflect ance of 70%/50% and CCR of 1.4, the effectiv
e ceiling cavi~·
reflectance is 55%. Similar ly, with a floor/w all reflecta nce of 20%/50 % and FCR of
1.4, the effective
floor reflecta nce is 18% which can be rounde d to 20%.
Step-4: From the Coeffic ient of Utilisa tion table of the light fixture , corres pondin
g to a RCR of 4
and 3 we get the CU values as shown below.

RCR CU value CU value

80%/50%/20% 50%/50%/20%
4 0.77 0.71
3 0.82 0.74

We have to calcula te the require d CU value for an effectiv e ceiling .reflect ance of
55% and an
RCR = 3.5. For RCR = 3.0, the CU value for 55% effective ceiling reflect ance can be
calcula ted as, 1

cu = 0.82 - 0.74 S
X + 0 .74
30
0.753
Similarly, for RCR = 4.0 and effective ceiling reflect ance = 55%,
0.77 - 0.71
cu = X 5 + 0.71
30
= 0.720
Theref ore, we have the CU values as,

RCR Ceiling /wall/fl oor reflectance

55%/50%/20%
4 0.72
3 0.753

H ence, the value of CU for an RCR = 3.5 can be interpo lated from the above table
as,
l
 PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT IN G DESIG N 57

cu = 0.753 - (0.753 - 0.720) 0.5

= 0.7365
Area x Lux
Step-5: The number of luminaircs required =
CU x LLF X Lumens
6.5 X 8 X 300
=
0.7365 X 0.7 X 4000
= 7.564 (say 8 nos.)

. .
A reaper 1urnma1re . Room area
(fixture) =-------
Number of fixtures
6.5 X 8
= 8
= 6.5 m 2
Therefore,
Spacing between fixtures = fil = 2.55 m
For low bay fixtures (mounting height below 6 rn), spacing can be upto 1.5 times the mounting
height. In this case, mounting height is equal to 2.5 rn and therefore the spacing should be below
1.5 x2.5 = 3.75 m. Hence the design is satisfactory.
A typical layout of the lamps is shown below.

Sm

T
1.75 m

t3m
I I I I
6 .Sm

t
1 .7 5 m

_L
I I I I
~lm~ Zm ., I• Zm L m ~ l m..j

Figure 3.25
"'"'

EXAMPLE 3.3
An industrial workshop measuring 12 m x 6 m is to be provided with an illumination level of 200
lux. Design the lighting layout giving due consideration for spacing. The following data pertains
to the work shop.

1. Wall reflectance = 50%1

2. Ceiling reflectance = 70°/41
3. Floor reflectance = 10(¼,
4. Height of floor cavity = l.Om
5. Height of ceiling cavity = 2.5 m
6. Height of room cavity = 4.0m
 Use 2 x 40 W ind ust ria l fluorescent
fixture wi th vit reo us ena me l reflec
utilisation cha rt is giv en below. tors whose coefficient of

Lamp rat ing - 2x 40 W

Initial lam p lum ens - 4500
Ma xim um rat io of spa cin g to mo unt .
ing hei gh t - 1.5

Co effi cie nt of uti lisa tio n chart

Ro om reflectance Ro om ind ex
Flo or Cei ling Wall 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.50 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0
50 0.36 0.46 0.51 0.5 7 0.61 0.66 0.70 0.72 0.75
10 70 30 0.51 0.4 0 0.47 0.77
0.5 2 0.56 0.62 0.66 0.68
10 0.28 0.72 0.74
0.3 6 0.42 0.48 0.52 0.58
10 50 0.62 0.65 0.70 0.72
50 0.35 0.45 0.50 0 .56 0.60 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.73
30 0.31 0.40 0.75
0.46 0.5 2 0.55 0.61 0.64
10 0.67 0.71 0.73
0.28 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.52
10 0.58 0.62 0.64 0.68 0.71
30 30 0.3 1 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.69
10 0.28 0.71
0.3 6 0.42 0.47 0.51 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.68 0.70
Solution
Step-1 and Step-2 are no t req uir ed as
simplifie d des ign pro ced ure is use d.
Step-3:

Room ind ex - RI = len gth x bre adt h

(le ngt h+ bre adt h) mo un tin g hei.gh t
6 X 12
=
(6 + 12)4
=1 .0
Step-4: Fro m the Table for coeffic
ient of utilisa tion, cor res po nd ing
ceiling/wall/floor reflectance's of 70% a val ue of RI = 1.0 and
/50%/10%, the val ue of coefficient of
obt ain ed as, CU = 0.51. utilisation (CU) can be
Step-5: Since the lig hti ng is for an
ind ust ria l area, the lig ht loss factor
The lig ht loss factor (LLF) = 0.70 ma y be ass umed to be 7o%.
Step-6:

Nu mb er of lum ina ire s req uir ed

- - -Ar-ea-x -
lux
--
cu x LLF x lum ens
6 X 12 X
= - - - -200
--
0.51 X 0.70 X 4500
= 8.963 say 9 nu mb ers
Ar ea per fixture (Luminaire) _ 6 X 12 =8 m2
9
Therefore, spa cin g bet we en fixtures
= Y8
= 2.828 m say 3 m.
 PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTING DESIGN 59

12 m

T
lm

t 2m

t
2m
6m

+lm
_L

~3m
•I• 3m ► I• 3 m ► I• 3m ~
Figure 3.26

In this case the spacing can be 1.5 times the mounting height. i.e., 1.5 x 3.0 = 4.5 m. H ence the
design is satisfactory. Typical layout of the lamps is shown below.
EXAMPL E3.4
It is proposed to p rovide lighting to a room of size 15 m long, 10 m wide and 3 m high. The
work plane may be considere d to be 0.75 m above floor level. The ceiling/w all/floor reflectance are
80%/50% /20%. Use 2 x 40 W luminaire s with acrylic prismatic lens. Find the values of coefficien t
of utilisatio n if, 1) The luminaire s are suspende d 0.48 m below the ceiling and 2) The luminaire s are
ceiling mounted . The CU table for the luminaire is given below.

Table of Coefficient of Utilisation

Effective floor cavity reflectance = 20%

RC 80 50 30 10 0
RW 70 50 30 10 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 50 30 10 0
RCR
1 72 69 67 65 70 68 66 64 65 63 62 63 61 60 60 59 58 57
2 67 62 58 55 65 61 58 55 59 56 53 57 54 52 55 53 51 50
3 62 56 51 48 60 55 51 47 53 49 47 51 48 , /;
-t : ) 50 47 45 44
4 57 50 45 42 56 49 45 41 48 44 41 46 43 -!O 45 42 40 38
5 53 45 40 36 51 44 39 36 43 39 35 42 38 35 41 37 35 33
6 49 41 36 32 48 40 35 32 39 35 31 38 34 31 37 34 31 3G
7 45 37 32 28 44 36 31 28 35 31 28 35 30 27 34 30 27 26
8 42 33 28 24 41 33 28 24 32 27 24 31 27 24 30 27 24 23
9 38 30 25 21 37 29 25 21 29 24 21 28 24 21 27 24 21 20
10 36 27 22 19 35 27 22 19 26 22 19 26 22 19 25 21 19 17

Solution:
Case-I: Luminaire suspended 0.48 m below the ceiling.
 60 Er,1:,CT R ICA L S YSTE MS D ES IGN

S tep-1:
Ceiling cavity height = 0.4S m
lice =
I I(c = Floor cavity height = o.75 m
= Room cavity height = 3.0 - (0.48 + 0.75)
ft re
= 1.77 m

Step-2:
Detcrm.ination of CCR, RCR and FCR
perimeter
CCR = 2.5 X hcc X
area
2.5 X 0.48 (15 + 10)2
= = 0.4
15 X 10
2.5 X 1.77 (15 + 10)2
RCR =
15 X 10
= 1.475
2.5 X 0.75 (15 + 10)2
FCR = 15 X 10
= 0.625

Step-3: Determination of effective reflectance's of ceiling and floor cavities. Referring to theTaLI
3.3. Corresponding to a ceiling reflectance= 80%, wall reflectance= 50% and CCR = 0.4, theeffecb
ceiling cavity reflectance is found to be 74%.
Similarly, for a floor reflectance of 20%, wall reflectance of 50% and FCR = 0.625, the effecb"
floor reflectance is given as 19%, which can be rounded to 20%.

Step-4: Now we have to find the coefficient of utilisation corresponding to an effective ceil:
reflectance of 74%, wall reflectance of 50% and floor reflectance of 20%. From the given tableof(
corr, sponding to a ceiling/wall/floor reflectance of 80/50/20 and 70/50/20 percent, the coefficien:·
utilisation for an RCR value of 1 and 2 are given as

RCR 80/50/20% 70/50/20%

1 0.69 0.68
2 0.62 0.61

h 1r l< C R = 1, the value of CU for an eff~ctive ceiling/wall/floor reflectance of 74/50/20% canbe

inte qx >l a lt~d JS
cu (0.69 - 0.68)
= lQ X4 + 0.68
= 0.684
Sim il a rl y, fo r RC R = 2 an d a n e ffective ce iling/wall/ flo . fl t , f 0/4 the value
' IJ . or r e ec a nce o 74150120 o,
0fC-· 1~
cu (0.69 - 0.68)
= l0 X4 + 0.61
= 0.614
 PRINC IPLES O F LIGHT IN G D ESIGN 61

Now, we have the CU value s for RCR = 1 and 2 as

RCR 74/50/20
1 0.684
2 0.614

given by,
Therefore, the inter polat ed value of CU for an RCR = 1.475 is
cu = 0.684 - (0.684 - 0.614)0.475
= 0.6508

_ Case-2: The luminaire mounted on-the ceiling directly.

Step-1:

hcc = 0.0 m
hrc = 3.0 - 0.75
= 2.25 rn
hfc 0.75 rn

Step-2:
2.5 X hcc X perim eter
CCR = area
= 0.0
since hcc= 0.0
2.5 X 2.25 X 2 (15 + 10)
RCR = 15 X 10
= 1.875
2.5 X 0.75 X 2 (15 + 10)
FCR = 15 X 10
= 0.625
of 80%, wall reflectance of 50°/41 .1nd
Step-3: Refe rring to Table 3.2, with a ceiling reflectance
CCR = 0.0, the effective ceilin g cavit y reflectance -= 80%.
Table 3.3 LED colou r chara cteris tics

Typic al LED Characteristics

Semi cond uctor
Mate rial Wave lengt h Colou r VF 20mA
I

GaAs 850-9 40run Infra- Red 1.2 V

630-660 run Red 1.8 V

GaAs P
605-620 nm Ambe r 2.0 , .
GaAs P
-
585-595 nm Yellow 2.2 V
GaAs P:N
~
550-570 nm Green 3.5 V
A!Ga P
430-505 nm Blue 3.6 V
SiC
450n m White 4.0 V
Gilin N
62 ELECTRI CAL S YSTI•: MS 0ESIC N - -- ~
. . . . fl t of 2o'¼>, wnll reflecta nce of 50% and FCR = 0.625, th
Similorl y, with .-1 1'1001 re cc a ncc d d t 20"1 eeffec1.:
floor cav ity rdlcctan cc = -1901 I · h can be roun e o
10 w 11 c '
10. ,w~
4
Slep- : T ,_ 1 f . ,ff' . , t of utilisation, corresp onding to ceiling/ wall/flo or refl
From tlw ,,w c 01 coc i cH.: 11
0ll/50/20"n, the ,•,1lucs of Cu for (-,Cl< - l an d 2 are given
. b l
e ow. ectance of
' - ·

RCR 80/50/20%
1 0.69
2 0.62

The ,·c1lue of CU corresp onding to an RCR = 1.875 can be interpo lated from the above table as

cu = 0.69 - (0.69 - 0.62) 0.875

= 0.629
From the above results it can be inferred that when the lumina ire is suspen ded below the ceilir,:
the ,·alue of CU is higher compar ed to a situatio n where the lumina ire is fixed on the ceiling.
~

3.10 QUES TION S

1. Briefly describ e the operati on of incande scent, fluoresc ent, mercur y vapour and high pressure
sodium vapo ur lamps.
2. Explain the two method s of lighting design.
3. What is meant by coeffici ent of utilisati on, explain.
4. What is light loss and what are the parame ters that contrib ute to light loss?
5. A point source has 3000 cd in the directio n of interest . Determ ine the illumina tion at a distance
of (a) 5 m and (b) 7.5 m form the source. .
6. Determ ine the CCR, RCR and FCR for an office space 15m by 10m, with a ceiling heightc~
3.6 m. The work plane is 0 .9 m above the floor. Assum e that the lamps are mounted on ~1'
ceiling.
7. Determm . e t h e number o f 1·1gh t fi xtures require · 1evel Of 300 lu,l'
d to provide an illumin ation
2
for an office space of 60 m . The coeffici ent of utilisat ion and light loss factor may be taken_;
0.7 and 0.85 respecti vely. The light fixture contain s two lamps each produci ng 2500 lu~11\
If th e room is lO m x 6 m in size, determ in~ a suitable layout of the lamps. The maxinllU -·
spacing to mounti ng height may be taken as 1.5. . ,.. I,!'
8. An office floor 30 m x 15 m in size is to be provide d with an illumina tion ot Z:i0 r
- h t O f th 118
Th c hcig e cei·1mg
· . is
· 3.9 m.
The height of the work plane is 0.75 m from the ,ii'~
le\·cl. The ceiling/ wall/flo or reflecten ces are 70%/50% /20%. Design a lighting sch~n::~~e.1:
genera l purpobe 2 x 40 W fluoresc ent fixtures whose coeffici ent of utilisati on chart is l J1" .11
that g iven in Exam~l_<.! 3.2~ Assume that the light fixtures are suspend ed from t~e_c_e\ \.1~1f·
0.6 m bel ow the ce ilin g. fh c li <~ht loss factc)r
lumens = 4500 lum en~. n may b e assume d to b e 0 .7• The initt<'I
•'t'
Y. An i ndu'>tria l work shop m cai:; uring 16 x
10 n . t b . :i. d . h •numinatiofl_o~-,1,
l u x. The height of the work plane is 1.0 m } , is oth eflprovlll e .1 wT1th an _1ling height
'l'h ·1· g/ 11 154011
e CCl tn :)' wa /floor reflecten ce a re 70 x;socx
1
wm
; ·1001
e
D '
oor eve
' . .
e ce1 zi-
h rne using' i1i1''1
.
· d t - I O O
es1gn a hghtmg sc e
. . · n char t 1s o
10 •
in us na p urpose fluoresc ent li ght fixtLi , .
b e Iow. res w h ose coeff1c1 . .
ent of utihsati o
Table 3.2 Per Cent Effective Ceiling or Flore Reflectance for Various Reflectance Combinations (Reprinted from the IES Ligh ting H andbook, 1981,
Reference Volume )

EFFECTIVE CAVITY REFLECTANCE

BASE REFLECTA NCE PER CENT 90 80 70 60 50
WALL REFLECTANCE PER CENT 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IU 0 90\80 10 60 50 40 30 20 10 o 90 80 70 60 5() 40 30 20 I O 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 IO 0
ROOM CAVITY RATIO
02 89 88 88 87 85 85 85 84 84 82 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 74 72 70 69 68 68 67. 67 66 66 65 64 60 59 59 59 58 57 56 56 55 53 50 50 49 49 48 48 47 46 46 44
0.4 88 87 86 85 84 83 81 80 79 76 79 77 76 75 74 73 72 7 1 70 68 69 68 67 66 6~ 64 63 62 61 58 60 59 59 58 57 55 54 53 52 50 50 49 48 48 47 46 45 45 44 42
0.6 87 86 84 82 80 79 77 76 74 73 78 76 75 7:1_ 7J ,70 68 66 65 63 69 67 65 64 63 61 59 58 57 54 60 58 57 56 55 53 51 51 50 46 50 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 48
- >--
0.8 87 85 82 80 77 75 73 71 69 67 78 75 73 7 1 69 lfJ7 65 63 61 57 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 55 53 50 59 57 56 55 54 51 48 47 46 43 50 48 47 45 44 42 40 38 38 36
I.() 86 83 80 77 75 72 69 66 64 62 77 74 72 69 67 65 62 60 57 55 68 65 62 60 58 55 53 52 50 47 59 57 55 53 51 48 45 44 43 4 1 50 48 46 44 43 40 38 37 36 34

1.2 85 82 78 75 72 69 65 63 60 57 76 73 70 67 64 61 58 55 53 51 67 64 61 59 57 54 50 48 46 44 59 56 54 51 49 46 4,. 42 40 38 50 47 45 43 4 1 39 36 35 34 29
1.4 85 80 77 73 69 65 62 59 57 52 76 72 68 65 62 59 55 53 so 48 67 63 60 58 55 51 47 45 44 4 1 59 56 53 49 47 44 41 39 3 8 36 50 47 45 42 40 38 35 34 32 27
I.<, 84 78 75 7 1 67 63 59 56 53 SU 75 71 67 63 60 57 53 so 47 44 67 62 59 56 53 47 45 43 41 38 59 55 52 48 45 42 39 37 35 33 50 47 44 4 1 J9 36 33 32 30 2(,
1.8 83 78 73 69 64 60 56 53 50 48 75 70 66 62 58 54 50 47 44 4 1 66 61 58 54 51 46 42 40 38 35 58 55 51 -H 44 40 37 35 33 3 1 50 46 43 40 38 35 31 30 28 25
2.0 83 77 72 67 62 56 53 50 47 43 74 69 64 60 56 52 48 45 41 38 66 60 56 52 49 45 40 38 36 33 58 54 50 46 43 39 35 33 3 1 29 50 46 43 40 37 34 30 28 26 24

2.2 82 76 70 65 59 54 50 47 44 40 74 68 63 58 54 49 45 42 38 35 65 60 55 51 48 43 38 36 34 32 58 53 49 45 42 37 3-1 31 29 2~ 50 46 42 38 36 :n 2') 27 24 22

24 82 75 68 64 58 53 4X 45 4 1 37 73 67 61 56 52 47 43 40 36 33 65 60 54 so 46 41 37 35 32 30 58 5 3 -18 -14 -II 36 32 30 27 26 50 46 42 37 3."i .'I I 27 2.'i 23 21
2.6 8 1 74 67 62 56 5 1 46142 3g 35 73 66 60 55 50 45 4 1 38 .'l4 31 65 59 54 49 45 40 35 3] 30 28 58 53 -18 -r.1 39 35 31 28 2(, 2-1 50 46 41 17 34 30 26 2:1 21 20
2.8 81 73 <,fi 60 54 -19 44 140 36134 73 65 59 53 48 43 39 36 32 29 65 59 53 48 43 38 .'l .'l 30 28 26 58 53 47 -13 38 3-1 29 27 2-1 22 50 46 41 36 :n 29 25 22 20 19
3.0 KO 72 64 58 52 47 42 18 34 30 72 65 58 52 47 42 37 34 30 27 66 58 52 47 42 37 32 29 27 2-1 57 5 2 -16 -12 37
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Jl 28 25 _J 20 50 45 40 '.'l6 32 25 24 21 19 17
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3.2 78 71 63 56 50 45 -10 36 32 2x 72 65 37 51 45 40 35 33 28 25 64 58 51 -16 40 36 J I 18 2.5 2J 57 51 -15 -II 36 .\I 27 2J 22 IX 50 44 :\9 35 3 1 27 23 20 18 16
34 30 27 71 (,4 56 4<J -14 18 34 n 27 24 6--1 57 50 45 .\l) _,5 29 27 2-1 22
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3.4 78 70 62 5--1 48 43 38 57 5 1 45 -10 35 JO 26 2"\ 20 17 -
50 44 19 35 30 26 22 19 17 15
3.6 78 (, <) (, I 53 47 --1 2 36 32 28 25 7 1 6'l 54 48 4 3 1X 32 30 2) n 61 5(, -llJ 44 .\ 8 33 28 25 22 20 57 50 4-1 Jl) 3-1 29 25 22 19 J(, )0 44 39 34 29 25 21 IR 16 14
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O.:< -II 40 38 37 36 35 33 32 31 29 32 31 30 29 28 26 25 25 23 22 24 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 16 14 15 14 13 7
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1.-1 42 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 21 19 18 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 13 12 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 7 6 11 9 8 7 6 4 3 z
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1.6 42 39 37 35 32 30 27 25 23 22 34 33 29 27 25 23 22 20 18 17 26 24 22 20 18 17 16 15 13 11 19 17 15 14 12 11 9 8 7 6 12 10 9 7 6 5 3
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u, 42 39 36 34 31 29 26 24 22 21 35 33 29 27 25 23 2 1 19 17 16 27 25 23 20 18 17 15 14 12 IO 19 17 15 14 13 11 9 8 6 5 13 11 9 8 7 5 4 3 I 0
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2.2 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 22 19 18 36 32 29 26 24 22 19 17 15 13 28 25 23 20 I 8 16 14 12 IO 9 2 1 19 16 14 13 11 9 7 6 5 15 13 11 9 7 6 4 3 \ l o\
2 -1 43 39 35 33 29 27 24 2 1 18 17 36 32 29 26 24 22 19 16 14 12 29 26 23 20 I 8 16 14 12 JO 8 22 19 17 15 13 II 9 7 6 5 16 13 ()
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2.6 43 39 35 32 29 26 23 20 17 IS 36 32 29 25 23 21 18 16 14 12 29 26 23 20 !8 16 14 II 9 8 23 20 17 15 13 11 9 7 6 4 17 14 12 ]() 8 6 ) 3 2 l)
2.8 43 39 35 32 28 25 22 19 16 14 37 33 29 25 23 21 17 15 13 II 30 27 23 20 18 15 13 11 9 7 23 20 18 16 13 II 9 7 5 3 17 15 n 10 8 7 5 3 2 0
/ :io 43 39 35 31 27 24 21 18 16 13 37 33 29 25 22 20 17 15 12 10 30 27 23 20 17 15 13 11 9 7 24 21 18 16 i3 11 9 7 5 3 18 16 13 11 917 5 3 2 0

3.2 43 39 35 31 27 23 20 17 15 13 37 33 29 25 22 19 16 14 12 10 31 27 23 20 17 15 12 11 9 6 25 2 1 18 16 13 11 9 7 5 3 19 16 14 II 9 7 5 3 2 ll
J.4 43 39 34 30 26 23 20 17 14 12 37 33 29 25 22 19 16 14 II 9 31 27 23 20 17 15 12 10 8 6 26 22 18 16 13 11 9 7 5 3 20 17 14 12 9 7 s J 2 ()
3.6 44 39 34 30 26 22 19 16 14 11 38 33 29 24 21 18 15 13 IO 9 32 27 23 20 17 15 12 10 8 5 26 22 19 16 13 II 9 6 4 3 20 17 15 12 10 8 5 4 2 0
3.8 44 38 33 29 25 22 18 16 13 IO 38 33 28 24 2 1 18 15 13 10 8 32 28 23 20 17 15 12 10 7 5 27 23 19 17 14 11 9 6 4 2 ?. I J8 15 12 I0 8 5 -l 2 0
4.0 44 38 32 29 25 21 18 15 12 IO 38 33 28 24 21 I 8 14 12 9 7 33 28 22 20 17 14 II 9 7 5 27 23 20 17 14 II 9 6 4 2 22 18 15 13 IO 8 5 -I 2 ()

4.2 44 38 33 29 24 21 17 15 12 10 38 33 28 24 20 17 14 12 9 7 33 28 23 20 17 14 II 9 7 4 28 24 20 17 14 II 8 6 4 2 22 19 I()13 I 0 8 6 4 2 ()
4.4 46 38 33 28 24 20 17 14 11 9 39 33 28 24 20 17 14 11 9 6 34 28 24 20 17 14 II 9 7 4 28 24 20 17 14 11 8 6 4 2 23 19 Ir, J:l10 8 6 4 2 0
4.6 44 38 32 28 23 19 16 14 II 8 39 33 28 24 20 17 13 10 8 6 34 29 24 20 17 14 II 9 7 4 29 25 20 17 14 11 8 6 4 2 23 20 17 J:l I/ 8 6 4 2 ()
4.8 44 38 32 27 22 19 16 13 IO 8 39 33 28 24 20 17 13 IO 8 5 35 29 24 20 17 13 10 8 6 4 29 25 20 17 ,14 II I 8 V 4 2 24 20 17 I4 II 8 6 4 2 ()
5.0 45 38 3 1 27 22 19 . r-~
15 13 10 7 39 33 28 24 19 16 13 10 8 5 35 29 24 20 16 13 10 8 6 4 30 25 20 17 14 II 8 6 4 2 25 2 1 17 :4 II 8 6 4 2 ()

6.0 44 37 30 25 20 17 13 11 8 5 39 33 27 23 18 15 11 9 6 4 36 30 24 20 16 13 10 8 5 2 31 26 21 18 14 11 8 6 3 I 27 23 I 8 1 J-i 12 9 6 4 2 0
7.0 44 36 29 24 19 16 12 10 7 4 40 33 26 22 17 14 10 8 5 3 36 30 24 20 15 12 9 7 4 2 32 27 21 17 13 II 8 1-- 3 I 28 24 I CJ I.'i 12 9 6 4 2 0
8.0 ~ - 6 --
44 35 28 23 18 IS II 9 6 16 13 9 7 4 2 37 30 23 19 15 12 8 6 3 I 33 27 21 17
·' 40 33 26 21 13 10 7 5 3 l 30 25 20 l.'i 12 9 6 4 2 0
9 .0 44 35 26 2 1 16 I.I 10 8 5 2 40 33 25 20 15 12 9 7 4 2 37 29 23 19 14 II 8 6 3 I 34 28 2 1 17 13 10 7 .'i 2 I 1 l 25 20 15 12 9 6 4 2 ()
I \0.0 43 34 2S 20 15 12 8 7 5 2 40 32 -,4 19 14 11 8 6 3 I 37 29 23 I
18 13 10 7 5 3 34 2812 1 17 12 10.2._~ 2 l J 1j2.~ 20 15 12 9 6 4 J 2 J!.!LJ