WHAT EMPLOYERS OWE EMPLOYEES

THE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS

In a business context, the definition of this responsibility includes providing a safe workplace,
compensating workers fairly, and treating them with a sense of dignity and equality while
respecting at least a minimum of their privacy.

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES TO EMPLOYEES

• Managers should be ethical leaders who serve as role models and mentors for all
employees. A manager’s job, perhaps the most important one, is to give people a reason
to come back to work tomorrow. Good managers model ethical behavior. If a corporation
expects its employees to act ethically, that behavior must start at the top, where
managers hold themselves to a high standard of conduct and can rightly say, “Follow my
lead, do as I do.” At a minimum, leaders model ethical behavior by not violating the law
or company policy.
• Another responsibility business owes the workforce is transparency. This duty begins
during the hiring process, when the company communicates to potential employees
exactly what is expected of them. Once hired, employees should receive training on the
company rules and expectations. Management should explain how an employee’s work
contributes to the achievement of company-wide goals. In other words, a company owes
it to its employees to keep them in the loop about significant matters that affect them and
their job, whether good or bad, formal, or informal. A more complete understanding of all
relevant information usually results in a better working relationship.
That said, some occasions do arise when full transparency may not be warranted. If
a company is in the midst of confidential negotiations to acquire, or be acquired by,
another firm, this information must be kept secret until a deal has been completed (or
abandoned). Regulatory statutes and criminal law may require this. Similarly, any
internal personnel performance issues or employee criminal investigations should
normally be kept confidential within the ranks of management.
Transparency can be especially important to workers in circumstances that involve
major changes, such as layoffs, reductions in the workforce, plant closings, and other
consequential events. These kinds of events typically have a psychological and financial
impact on the entire workforce. However, some businesses fail to show leadership at the
most crucial times. A leader who is honest and open with the employees should be able
to say, “This is a very difficult decision, but one that I made and will stand behind and
accept responsibility for it.” To workers, euphemisms such as “right sizing” to describe
layoffs and job loss only sounds like corporate doublespeak designed to help managers
justify, and thereby feel better (and minimize guilt), about their (or the company’s)
decisions. An ethical company will give workers advance notice, a severance package,
and assistance with the employment search, without being forced to do so by law.
Proactive rather than reactive behavior is the ethical and just thing to do.
• Employers have an ethical and a legal duty to provide a workplace free of harassment
of all types. This includes harassment based on sex, race, religion, national origin, and
 any other protected status, including disability. Employees should not be expected to
work in an atmosphere where they feel harassed, prejudiced against, or disadvantaged.
• A Satisfied Workforce. Most people spend at least one-third and possibly as much as
one-half of their waking hours at work. Management, therefore, should make work a
place where people can thrive, that fosters an atmosphere in which they can be engaged
and productive. Workers are happier when they like where they work and when they do
not have to worry about childcare, health insurance, or being able to leave early on
occasion to attend a child’s school play, for example.
Happy employees are more productive and more focused, which enhances their
performance and leads to better customer treatment, fewer sick days, fewer on-thejob
accidents, and less stress and burnout. They are more focused on their work, more
creative, and better team players, and they are more likely to help others and
demonstrate more leadership qualities.
Fostering teamwork by treating people fairly and acknowledging their strengths is
also an important responsibility of management. Ethical managers, therefore,
demonstrate most, if not all, of the following qualities: cultural awareness, positive
attitude, warmth and empathy, authenticity, emotional intelligence, patience,
competence, accountability, respectful, and honesty.

WHAT CONSTITUTES A FAIR WAGE?

A wage that is perceived to be “fair” is one whose financial reward is proportional to an

individual’s input.
The concept of a fair wage has a greater significance than simply one worker’s pay or one
company’s policy. It is an economic concept critical to the nation as a whole in an economic
system like capitalism, in which individuals pay for most of what they need in life rather than
receiving government benefits funded by taxes. The ethical issues for the business community
and for society at large are to identify democratic systems that can effectively eradicate the
financial suffering of the poorest citizens and to generate sufficient wages to support the
economic sustainability of all workers.

UNFAIR WAGES: THE GENDER PAY GAP

Even after all possible qualifiers have been added, it remains true that women earn less than
men. Managers sometimes offer multiple excuses to justify pay inequities between women and
men, such as, “Women take time off for having babies” or “Women have less experience,” but
these usually do not explain away the differences. The data show that a woman with the same
education, experience, and skills, doing the same job as a man, is still likely to earn less, at all
levels from bottom to top.
According to a study by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, even women in top
positions such as CEO, vice president, and general counsel often earn only about 80 percent of
what men with the same job titles earn.
AN ORGANIZED WORKFORCE

Unions act as the agent/lawyer/negotiator for employees during collective bargaining, a

negotiation process aimed at getting management’s agreement to a fair employment contract
for members of the union. Everyone wants to be successful in any important negotiation, and
people often turn to professionals to help them in such a situation.
A labor union is an organization formed by workers in a particular trade, industry, or
company for the purpose of improving pay, benefits, and working conditions.
A labor union represents the collective interests of workers, bargaining with employers over
such concerns as wages and working conditions.
Labor unions have a democratic structure, holding elections to choose officers who are
charged with making decisions that are beneficial to the members. Employees pay dues to the
union, and, in return, the labor union acts as an advocate on the employees’ behalf.

Pros of Unions Cons of Unions

• Unions negotiate increased pay and • Unions can make it harder to fast-
benefits for workers. track promotions for high-performing
workers and/ or get rid of low-
performing ones
• Unions create a formal dispute • Workers are required to pay union
resolution process for workers. dues/fees that some might rather not
pay.
• Unions act as an organized lobbying • Unions sometimes lead to a closed
group for worker right culture that makes it harder to
diversify the workforce.
• Collective bargaining agreements • Collective bargaining contracts can
often set norms for employment for an drive up costs for employers and lead
entire industry—benefiting all workers, to an adversarial relationship between
including those who are not at a union management and workers.
company.

PRIVACY IN THE WORKPLACE

Magnifying ethical and legal questions in the area of privacy is the availability of new
technology that lets employers track all employee Internet, e-mail, social media, and telephone
use.

Workplace privacy is related with various ways of accessing, controlling, and monitoring
employees’ information in a working environment. Employees typically must relinquish some of
their privacy while in the workplace, but how much they must do can be contentious issue. The
debate rages on as to whether it is moral, ethical, and legal for employers to monitor the actions
of their employees.
• Employers are justifiably concerned about threats to and in the workplace, such as theft
of property, breaches of data security, identity theft, viewing of pornography,
inappropriate and/or offensive behavior, violence, drug use, and others.
 • Employers might also be concerned about the productivity loss resulting from employees
using office technology for personal matters while on the job.

WHAT EMPLOYEES OWE EMPLOYERS

LOYALTY TO THE COMPANY

A Duty of Loyalty
In general terms, the duty of loyalty means an employee is obligated to render “loyal and
faithful” service to the employer, to act with “good faith,” and not to compete with but rather to
advance the employer’s interests. The employee must not act in a way that benefits him- or
herself (or any other third party), especially when doing so would create a conflict of interest
with the employer. The common law of most states holds as a general rule that, without asking
for and receiving the employer’s consent, an employee cannot hold a second job if it would
compete or conflict with the first job.
Differing Concepts of Loyalty
There is no generally agreed-upon definition of an employee’s duty of loyalty to his or her
employer. One indicator that our understanding of the term is changing is that millennials are
three times more likely than older generations to change jobs, according to a Forbes Human
Resources Council survey.

Loyal employees- “being committed to the success of the organization. They believe that
working for this organization is their best option . . . and loyal employees do not actively search
for alternative employment and are not responsive to offers.”
- Loyalty Research Center
Confidentiality
Proprietary (private) information, the details of patents and copyrights, employee records and
salary histories, and customer-related data are valued company assets that must remain in-
house, not in the hands of competitors, trade publications, or the news media.
 Employers are well within their rights to expect employees to honor their duty of
confidentiality and maintain the secrecy of such proprietary material. Sometimes the duty of
confidentiality originates specifically from an employment contract, if there is one, and if not, the
duty still exists in most situations under the common law of agency.
Employers also want to protect their trade secrets, that is, information that has economic
value because it is not generally known to the public and is kept secret by reasonable means.
Trade secrets might include technical or design information, advertising and marketing plans,
and research and development data that would be useful to competitors. Often nondisclosure
agreements are used to protect against the theft of all such information, most of which is
normally protected only by the company’s requirement of secrecy.

LOYALTY TO THE BRAND AND TO CUSTOMERS

Respecting the Brand

The term “brand” encompasses an image, reputation, logo, tagline, or specific color scheme
that is trademarked, meaning the company owns it and must give permission to others who
would legally use it (such as Tiffany’s unique shade of blue).
Branding—creating, differentiating, and maintaining a brand’s image or reputation—is an
important way to build company value, sell products and services, and expand corporate
goodwill.
Internal marketing
The process of getting employees to believe in the product, to commit to the idea that the
company is selling something worth buying, and even to think about buying it.
Internal marketing is an important part of the solution to the problem of employees who act as if
they do not care about the company. It helps employees make a personal connection to the
products and services the business sells, without which they might be more likely to undermine
the company’s expectations.
Obligations to Customers
As the public’s first point of contact with a company, employees are obliged to assist the firm
in forming a positive relationship with customers. How well or poorly they do so contribute a
great deal to customers’ impression of the company. And customers’ perceptions affect not only
the company but all the employees who depend on its success for their livelihood.
The ethical obligations of an employee also extend to interactions with customers, whom they
should treat with respect.
Employers can encourage positive behavior toward customers by empowering employees to
use their best judgment when working with them. It may take only one bad customer interaction
with a less-than-engaged or committed employee to sour brand loyalty, no matter how hard a
company has worked to build it. In the same way, just one good experience can build up good
will.
CONTRIBUTING TO A POSITIVE WORK ATMOSPHERE

Getting Along with Coworkers

Here are the things you can do at work:
1. Keep an open mind.
2. Remember to be kind.
3. Avoid doing things that might offend others.
4. Make an effort to get along with everyone, even difficult people.
5. Do no use social media to gossip.
Understanding Personalities
Understanding the various personalities at work can be a complex task, but it is a vital one
for developing a sense of collegiality. One technique that may be helpful is to develop your own
emotional intelligence, which is the capacity to recognize other people’s emotions and also to
know and manage your own. One aspect of using emotional intelligence is showing empathy,
the willingness to step into someone else’s shoes.
Codes of Conduct

CRITICISMS OF THE COMPANY AND WHISTLEBLOWING

Whistleblowing: Risks and Rewards

 The act of whistleblowing—going to an official government agency and disclosing an
employer’s violation of the law—is different from everyday criticism. In fact, whistleblowing is
largely viewed as a public service because it helps society reduce bad workplace behavior.
Being a whistleblower is not easy, however, and someone inclined to act as one should expect
many hurdles. If a whistleblower’s identity becomes known, his or her revelations may amount
to career suicide. Even if they keep their job, whistleblowers often are not promoted, and they
may face resentment not only from management but also from rank-and-file workers who fear
the loss of their own jobs. Whistleblowers may also be blacklisted, making it difficult for them to
get a job at a different firm, and all as a result of doing what is ethical.

RECOGNIZING AND RESPECTING THE RIGHTS OF ALL

DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION IN THE WORKFORCE

Diversity is an approach to business that unites ethical management and high performance.
Business leaders recognize the benefits of a diverse workforce and see it as an organizational
strength, not as a mere slogan or a form of regulatory compliance with the law. They recognize
that diversity can enhance performance and drive innovation; conversely, adhering to the
traditional business practices of the past can cost them talented employees and loyal
customers.
“Attracting, retaining and developing a diverse group of professionals stirs innovation and
drives growth.” - Mike Dillon, Chief Diversity, and Inclusion Officer for PwC in San Francisco

Labor Code of the Philippines

Art. 3. Declaration of basic policy. The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full
employment, ensure equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race or creed and regulate the
relations between workers and employers. The State shall assure the rights of workers to self-
organization, collective bargaining security of tenure, and just and humane conditions of work
Art. 4. Construction in favor of labor. All doubts in the implementation and interpretation of
the provisions of this Code, including its implementing rules and regulations, shall be resolved in
favor of labor.

Workplace Diversity
According to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), organizational
diversity now includes more than just racial, gender, and religious differences. It also
encompasses different thinking styles and personality types, as well as other factors such as
physical and cognitive abilities and sexual orientation, all of which influence the way people
perceive the world.
Attracting workers who are not all alike is an important first step in the process of achieving
greater diversity. However, managers cannot stop there. Their goals must also encompass
inclusion, or the engagement of all employees in the corporate culture.
Adding Value through Diversity
Diversity need not be a financial drag on a company, measured as a cost of compliance with
no return on the investment. Additionally, it is not a concept that matters only for the rank-and-
file workforce; it makes a difference at all levels of an organization.
Resorting to the same approaches repeatedly is not likely to result in breakthrough solutions.
Diversity, however, provides usefully divergent perspectives on the business challenges
companies face. New ideas help solve old problems—another way diversity makes a positive
contribution to the bottom line.
The Challenges of a Diverse Workforce
Diversity is not always an instant success; it can sometimes introduce workplace tensions
and lead to significant challenges for a business to address. Some employees simply are slow
to come around to a greater appreciation of the value of diversity because they may never have
considered this perspective before. Others may be prejudiced and consequently attempt to
undermine the success of diversity initiatives in general.

ACCOMMODATING DIFFERENT ABILITIES

Protection for People with Disabilities

Access and accommodation for employees with physical or mental disabilities are good for
business because they expand the potential pool of good workers. It is also ethical to have
compassion for those who want to work and be contributing members of society. This principle
holds for customers as well as employees. Recognizing the need for protection in this area, the
national government has enacted several laws to provide it.
A key part of complying with the law is understanding and applying the concept of
reasonableness: “An employer is required to provide a reasonable accommodation to a qualified
applicant or employee with a disability unless the employer can show that the accommodation
would be an undue hardship—that is, that it would require significant difficulty or expense.”

SEXUAL IDENTIFICATION AND ORIENTATION

As society expands its understanding and appreciation of sexual orientation and identity,
companies and managers must adopt a more inclusive perspective that keeps pace with
evolving norms. Successful managers are those who willing to create a more welcoming work
environment for all employees, given the wide array of sexual orientations and identities evident
today.
Legal Protection
 Workplace discrimination in this area means treating someone differently solely because of
his or her sexual identification or sexual orientation, which can include, but is not limited to,
identification as gay or lesbian (homosexual), bisexual, transsexual, or straight (heterosexual).
Discrimination may also be based on an individual’s association with someone of a different
sexual orientation. Forms that such discrimination may take in the workplace include denial of
opportunities, termination, and sexual assault, as well as the use of offensive terms,
stereotyping, and other harassment.
Ethical Considerations
In the absence of a specific law, LGBTQ issues present a unique opportunity for ethical
leadership. Many companies choose to do the ethically and socially responsible thing and treat
all workers equally, for example, by extending the same benefits to same sex partners that
they extend to heterosexual spouses. Ethical leaders are also willing to listen and be
considerate when dealing with employees who may still be coming to an understanding of their
sexual identification.

ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS

The Ethics of What We Eat

The treatment of animals by everyone in the livestock chain (e.g., livestock farmers, dealers,
fish farmers, animal transporters, slaughterhouses) must be appropriate for a society with high
legal and ethical standards.
The food chain can be truly sustainable only when it safeguards the social welfare and living
environment of the people working in it. This means eliminating corruption, human rights
violations (including forced labor and child labor), and poor working conditions. We must also
encourage and empower consumers to make informed choices, which includes enforcing
labeling regulations and the posting of relevant and accurate dietary information.