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    Lesson6 - Phase Diagram - 2023 24 S

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    clementinedump0625
    The document discusses phase diagrams and compares the phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. It explains that a phase diagram shows the physical states of a substance under different temperature and pressure conditions, plotting pressure versus temperature. Key features include the solid, liquid, and gas regions separated by melting, vaporization, and sublimation curves that represent phase change points. The triple point and critical point are also important points on the diagram. While water's melting point curve slopes forward, carbon dioxide's slopes backward due to differences in their crystal structures. Freezing takes the longest of the three main phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling) for water.

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    Lesson6 - Phase Diagram - 2023 24 S

    Uploaded by

    clementinedump0625
    13 views35 pages
    The document discusses phase diagrams and compares the phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. It explains that a phase diagram shows the physical states of a substance under different temperature and pressure conditions, plotting pressure versus temperature. Key features include the solid, liquid, and gas regions separated by melting, vaporization, and sublimation curves that represent phase change points. The triple point and critical point are also important points on the diagram. While water's melting point curve slopes forward, carbon dioxide's slopes backward due to differences in their crystal structures. Freezing takes the longest of the three main phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling) for water.

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    The document discusses phase diagrams and compares the phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. It explains that a phase diagram shows the physical states of a substance under different temperature and pressure conditions, plotting pressure versus temperature. Key features include the solid, liquid, and gas regions separated by melting, vaporization, and sublimation curves that represent phase change points. The triple point and critical point are also important points on the diagram. While water's melting point curve slopes forward, carbon dioxide's slopes backward due to differences in their crystal structures. Freezing takes the longest of the three main phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling) for water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views35 pages

    Lesson6 - Phase Diagram - 2023 24 S

    Uploaded by

    clementinedump0625
    The document discusses phase diagrams and compares the phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide. It explains that a phase diagram shows the physical states of a substance under different temperature and pressure conditions, plotting pressure versus temperature. Key features include the solid, liquid, and gas regions separated by melting, vaporization, and sublimation curves that represent phase change points. The triple point and critical point are also important points on the diagram. While water's melting point curve slopes forward, carbon dioxide's slopes backward due to differences in their crystal structures. Freezing takes the longest of the three main phase changes (melting, freezing, boiling) for water.

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    • Lesson 6:

    Phase Diagram of
    Water and Carbon
    Dioxide
    • A phase diagram
    - is a graphical representation of the
    physical states of a substance under
    different conditions of temperature and
    pressure.

    - is a plot of pressure (usually in


    atmospheres) versus temperature (usually
    in degrees Celsius or Kelvin).
    Features of the Phase Diagram
    • Three areas: solid, liquid and gaseous states.
    The boundary between the liquid and gaseous
    regions stop at point C, the critical temperature
    for the substance.
    FEATURES OF THE PHASE DIAGRAM

    THE THREE LINES (CURVES)


    THE THREE LINES (CURVES)
    The lines that serve as boundaries
    between physical states represent
    the combinations of pressures
    and temperatures at which two
    phases can exist in equilibrium. In
    other words, these lines define
    phase change points.
    Melting (or freezing) curve – the curve on a phase diagram
    which represents the transition between liquid and solid
    states. It shows the effect of pressure on the melting point of
    the solid. Anywhere on this line, there is equilibrium between
    the solid and the liquid.

    The Melting or Freezing Curve Diagram


    Vaporization (or condensation) curve – the curve on a phase
    diagram which represents the transition between gaseous and
    liquid states. It shows the effect of pressure on the boiling point of
    the liquid. Anywhere along this line, there will be equilibrium
    between the liquid and the vapor.

    Vaporization or Condensation Curve Diagram


    Sublimation (or deposition) curve – the curve on a phase
    diagram which represents the transition between gaseous
    and solid states. It represents the effect of increased
    temperature on a solid at a very low constant pressure,
    lower than the triple point.

    Sublimation or Deposition Curve Diagram


    FEATURES OF THE PHASE DIAGRAM

    THE TWO IMPORTANT POINTS


    TRIPLE POINT
    - is the combination of pressure and
    temperature at which all three phases of
    matter are at equilibrium.
    - is the point on a phase diagram at
    which the three states of matter coexist.
    The lines that represent the conditions of
    solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor
    equilibrium meet at the triple point.
    It is a unique combination of temperature
    and pressure where all three phases are in
    equilibrium together.
    CRITICAL POINT

    - terminates the liquid/gas


    phase line.
    It is the set of temperature
    and pressure on a phase
    diagram where the liquid and
    gaseous phases of a
    substance merge together into
    a single phase.
    The temperature and
    pressure corresponding to
    this are known as
    the critical temperature
    and critical pressure.
    Q2: What happens to a gas (vapor) when
    pressure is increased at lower
    temperature? If the pressure on a gas
    (vapor) is increased at a
    temperature lower than the
    critical temperature, the
    liquid vapor equilibrium line
    will eventually be crossed and
    the vapor will condense to
    The Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure
    Diagram give a liquid.
    Beyond the
    temperature of the
    critical point, the
    merged single phase
    is known as
    A supercritical fluid (SCF) is a material that can
    be either liquid or gas, used in a state above
    a supercritical fluid.
    the critical temperature and critical pressure
    where gases and liquids can coexist.
    The Critical Temperature and Critical
    Pressure Diagram
    LOCATING THE NORMAL MELTING
    AND BOILING POINTS IN THE
    PHASE DIAGRAM
    The normal melting
    and boiling points can
    be found from the
    phase diagram by
    drawing a line across
    pressure at 1 atm.

    Phase Diagram of Water


    Phase Diagram:
    Water versus Carbon Dioxide
    The Phase Diagram for Water
    For water, the melting point gets lower
    at higher pressures. This is because
    solid ice is less dense than liquid water.
    This phenomenon is caused by the
    crystal structure of the solid phase. In the
    solid forms of water and some other
    substances, the molecules crystallize in a
    lattice with greater average space
    between molecules, thus resulting in a
    solid occupying a larger volume and
    consequently with a lower density than
    the liquid. When it melts, the liquid water
    formed occupies a smaller volume.
    ice ⇋ water
    An increase in pressure will move the
    above equilibrium to the side with the
    smaller volume. Liquid water is
    produced. To make the liquid water
    freeze again at this higher pressure, the
    temperature should be reduced. Higher
    pressures mean lower melting (freezing)
    point.

    ice ⇋ water
    The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide

    At 1 atm pressure, carbon dioxide


    will sublime at a temperature of
    197.5 K (-75.5 °C). This is the reason
    why solid carbon dioxide is often
    known as "dry ice." There is no liquid
    carbon dioxide under normal
    conditions - only the solid or the
    vapor.

    Phase Diagram of Carbon


    Dioxide
    dry ice ⇋ gas

    Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide


    Phase Diagram:
    Water versus Carbon Dioxide
    Let’s compare!
    Let’s compare!
    One of the differences between the phase diagram for
    water and carbon dioxide:

    The solid-liquid
    equilibrium line
    (the melting
    point curve)
    slopes
    backwards
    rather than
    forwards.
    Another difference is the positioning of the triple point
    For phase diagram of carbon dioxide:
    For water, which process takes the
    longest to occur?
    A.Melting
    B.Freezing
    C.Boiling
    Which process takes the longest to
    occur?
    A.Melting
    B.Freezing
    C.Boiling
    Why does phase change
    occur?
    Why does phase change
    occur?
    It occurs when energy
    (usually in the form of
    heat) is added or
    removed from a
    substance.
    • Some substances cannot exist in a
    certain phases hence there are two
    scientific concepts needed to enable
    these substances to undergo phase
    changes. What are these two?
    Temperature and
    Pressure

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