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Kunal Biswal conducted an experiment to investigate how the angle of deviation of a light ray changes with the angle of incidence when passing through a hollow glass prism filled with different transparent fluids. He measured the angle of deviation for varying angles of incidence using benzaldehyde, water, and dilute sulfuric acid. The experimental refractive indices calculated from the observations were close to the actual values, with percent errors between 0.29-2.71%. Kunal concluded that the angle of deviation reaches a minimum at a particular angle of incidence before increasing again with further increases in the angle of incidence.

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Amarendra Tripathy
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53 views17 pages

Index

Kunal Biswal conducted an experiment to investigate how the angle of deviation of a light ray changes with the angle of incidence when passing through a hollow glass prism filled with different transparent fluids. He measured the angle of deviation for varying angles of incidence using benzaldehyde, water, and dilute sulfuric acid. The experimental refractive indices calculated from the observations were close to the actual values, with percent errors between 0.29-2.71%. Kunal concluded that the angle of deviation reaches a minimum at a particular angle of incidence before increasing again with further increases in the angle of incidence.

Uploaded by

Amarendra Tripathy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PROJECT ON

“TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF ANGLE


OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE,
WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS”

FOR PRACTICAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF


AISSCE (2023-2024)

DEMONSTRATION MULTIPURPOSE SCHOOL

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : SUBMITTED BY :


MR . JYOTIPRAKASH PRAHARAJ NAME - KUNAL BISWAL
(PGT Physics) CLASS - XII
SEC - A
ROLL NO -
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report on “To


investigate the dependence of angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a
hollow prism filled one by one, with different
transparent fluids” prepared and submitted
by Kunal Biswal of class XII-A on the subject
of physics for AISSCE Examination, 2023-24 is
done under my supervision and guidance.

Signature of internal Signature of external


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to


my Physics teacher Mr. Jyotiprakash Praharaj of
department of physics, D M School for his vital
support,guidance and encouragement without
which this project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my gratitude to lab
assistant Mr. P.M Tarai for his support during
carrying out experiment of this project. I would
also like thank my family for supporting me
mentally and financially.
INDEX

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
REQUIREMENTS
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat, polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact
angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is that
of a triangular prism with a triangular base and
rectangular sides, and in daily use “prism” usually
refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are
not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms
can be made from any material that is transparent to
the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can
be used to break light up into its constituent spectral
colors (the colors of the rainbow).Prisms can also be
used to reflect light, or to split light into components
with different polarizations.

Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light


was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the
color. Newton’s experiments demonstrated that all
the colors already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles”
(particles) of light were fanned out.
Because particles with different colors travelled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later
that Young and Fresnel combined Newton’s particle
theory with Huygens’ wave theory to show that color
is the visible manifestation of light’s wavelength.
Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through second prism and found
the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the
colors must already be present in the incoming light
and white light consists of a collection of colors. As
the white light passes through the triangular prism,
the light separates into the collection of colors: red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This
collection of colors formed by the prism is called the
spectrum. The separation of white light into its
spectrum is known as dispersion.

Dispersion occurs because each color travels through


the prism at different speeds. Violet travels the
slowest through the prism; hence we can see it
refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its angle of
refraction less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.
OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to investigate


the dependence of the angle of deviation on
the angle of incidence using a hollow prism
filled with different transparent fluids.
REQUIREMENTS

DRAWING SHEET
DRAWING BOARD
PINS
PENCIL
HOLLOW GLASS PRISM
BENZALDEHYDE
WATER
DIL SULPHURIC ACID
PROTRACTOR
RULER
THEORY
REFRACTION - The phenomenon of bending of light from its straight
line path on the surface of separation of two optical media is known
as refraction of light.

LAW OF REFRACTION (SNELL’S LAW) - The ratio of the sine of the


angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for a
given pair of media and for a given colour of light.

REFRACTIVE INDEX - The refractive index is the measure of bending


of a light ray when passing from one medium to another. It can also
be defined as the ratio of the velocity of a light ray in an empty
space to the velocity of light in a substance. Refractive index is
usually represented by the symbol (μ).

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE - The angle formed between the normal and


the incident ray at the point of incidence is called the angle of
incidence.

ANGLE OF DEVIATION - The angle between the direction of incident


ray and the emergent ray, is called the angle of deviation.

MINIMUM DEVIATION - A prism is said to be in minimum deviation


position when the angle of incidence at the 1st surface is equal to
the angle of emergence at the second surface. In such a condition,
the rays travel parallel to the base inside the prism.

DISPERSION - It is the phenomena of the splitting white light into its


seven constituent colors. When passed through the prism is known
as dispersion. All the colors travel at the same speed when they
travel in Vacuum.
PRISM - A prism is a homogeneous, solid, transparent, refracting
medium bounded by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle. The
commonly used prism has two triangular faces that are parallel to
each other and three rectangular surfaces. They are made from
glass or other transparent material cut with precise angles.

The refractive index of the liquid is given by the formula :

U = sin i/sin r = Sin[(a+d)/2]/Sin(a/2)

Where :

U = refractive index of the liquid.


a = angle of minimum deviation
d = angle of prism
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of refraction
PROCEDURE
Fix the sheet of white paper on the drawing board with drawing pin.

Place the prism filled with liquid on the paper and trace its
boundary ‘ABC’.

Mark a point “O” on one of the refracting surfaces and draw a


normal to the surface at this point.

Draw a straight line “PQ” corresponding to incident ray drawn at a


suitable angle with the normal.

Fix two pins ‘P’ and ‘Q’ about 5cm apart on the the incident ray line
and view its image with one eye closed from the side “AC” of the
prism. Fix two pins ‘R’ and ‘S’ such that the tips of these pins and the
tips of images of the incident ray pin ‘P’,‘Q’ lie in the same straight
line.

Encircle the pin pricks on the paper remove the pins ‘P’,‘Q’ and also
encircle their pin pricks.

Join points ‘S’ and ‘R’ and produce it backwards to meet the incident
ray “PQ” produced. Thus “RS” is the emergent ray corresponding to
the incident ray (PQ). Draw arrow heads to show the direction of the
rays.

Measure the angle of deviation “δ” with a protractor and measure


prism angle.
OBSERVATIONS

BENZALDEHYDE :

S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 45°


02 60° 35° 42°
03 60° 37.5° 40°
04 60° 39° 42°

μ = Sin((60+40/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.504

WATER :
S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 25°


02 60° 35° 22°
03 60° 40° 20°
04 60° 45° 30°

μ = Sin((60+22/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.306

DIL SULPHURIC ACID :

S.no ANGLE OF PRISM (a°) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION (d)

01 60° 30° 24°


02 60° 40° 23°
03 60° 50° 20°
04 60° 60° 27°

μ = Sin((60+25/2) / sin(30°)
= 1.351
CONCLUSION
BENZALDEHYDE

Actual = 1.546

Experimental = 1.504

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured value)/actual value] × 100 %
= [(1.546 - 1.504)/1.546] × 100 %
= 2.71%

WATER

Actual = 1.33

Experimental = 1.306

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured value)/actual value] × 100 %
= [(1.33 - 1.306)/1.33] × 100 %
= 1.8%

DIL SULPHURIC ACID

Actual = 1.355

Experimental = 1.351

Percentage Error = [(actual value of refractive index - measured value)/actual value] × 100 %
= [(1.355 - 1.351)/1.355] × 100 %
= 0.29%
RESULT

The angle of deviation first decreases with


increase in angle of incidence attains a
minimum value and the increases with further
increase in angle of incidence.
SOURCES OF ERROR

Pin pricks may be thick.

Measurement of angles may be wrong.

The pins may not be fixed vertical.

The distance between two pins maybe less

than 10mm.
PRECAUTIONS

Pin pricks should be thin.

Measurement of angles should be correct.

The pins should be fixed vertical.

The distance between two pins should be less

than 10mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Physics textbook of class-XII

Physics Lab Manual

Wikipedia

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