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Lecture - 1 Introduction

The document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in data communication including terminologies, the internet, switching techniques, layered network architecture, internetworking devices, and network standards. It discusses topics such as communication networks, computer networks, the internet, evolution of the internet, switching technologies including circuit switching and packet switching, and layered network models including OSI and Internet models.

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Abraham Gadissa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Lecture - 1 Introduction

The document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in data communication including terminologies, the internet, switching techniques, layered network architecture, internetworking devices, and network standards. It discusses topics such as communication networks, computer networks, the internet, evolution of the internet, switching technologies including circuit switching and packet switching, and layered network models including OSI and Internet models.

Uploaded by

Abraham Gadissa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture -1

Introduction to Fundamental
concepts on Data communication
Content
• Introduction
– Terminologies in Communication Network
– Introduction to Internet
– Switching techniques
– Layered Network Architecture
– Internetworking devices
– Network Standards
1.1 Communication Network
• The term telecommunication means
communication at a distance. The word data
refers to information presented in whatever form
is agreed upon by the parties creating and using
the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable or
wireless.
– Delivery → Correct destination
– Accuracy → Accurate data
– Timelines → Real-time transmission
– Jitter → Uneven delay
Con…
• Public Telecommunication Networks
(Telephone System, Public Switched
Telephone Networks)
• Computer Networks (Data Communication
Networks)
• Narrowband-Integrated Services Data
Networks (N-ISDN)
• Broadband-Integrated Services Data Networks
(B-ISDN)
Con..
Components
• Five components of data communication

Figure: Five components of data communication


1.2 Computer Networking: Basic
concepts
• A network is a set of devices (nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can
be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.
• Computer Networks (Data Communication
Networks)
– A communication system for connecting
computer/hosts
Con…

Types of Computer Networks

• Local Area Networks(LANs)

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

• Wide Area Networks(WANs)


Con…

• Interconnection
of Networks:
internet

A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs


1.3 Internet
• Internet is the network formed by the
cooperative interconnection of a large
number of computer networks
– Network of networks
– No one owns the internet
• Every person who makes connection owns a
slice of the internet
• There is no central administration to
internet
Cont.

Figure: Key Elements of the Internet


Figure: A Networking Configuration
1.4 Evolution of Internet
• 1950’s
– The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET)
• 1970
– ARPANET creates precursors to transmission control
protocol
• 1971
– Universities added to net
– Telnet and FTP
• 1972
– First electronic mail sent
• 1973
– ARPANET connected to England and Norway
Con…
• 1974
– TCP starts being used for communication across a
system of networks
• 1982
– US DoD starts building defense data networks based
on ARPANET technology
• 1983
– ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET
• 1983
– Internet now in place
– TCP/IP standardized
Con..
• 1986
– National Science foundation (NSF) implements NSFNET; a
system of regional network of routers connected over a backbone
network
• 1991
– Archie and Gopher released

• 1992
– Internet links more than 17,000 networks in 33 counties, 3
million hosts
• 1993
– World wide web is launched
• 1995
– About 30 million users
1. 5 Switching technologies

• Two different switching technologies


–Circuit switching
–Packet switching
1.5.1 Circuit switching
• Dedicated communication path is required between
two stations
• The path follow a fixed sequences of intermediate
links
• A logical channel get defined on each physical link
• Dedicated to the connection Must have switching
capacity and channel capacity to establish connection
• Must have intelligence to work out routing
Con..
• In circuit switching, three phases are required
for communication
– Connection Establish:
• Before data transmission
– Data Transfer
• Can proceed at maximum speed
– Disconnect (connection termination)
• Required after data transmission is over
• For de-allocation of network resources
Con…
Con….
• Drawbacks
– Limited transfer rate: Channel capacity gets
dedicated during the entire duration of
communication
• Acceptable for voice communication
• Very inefficient for bursty traffic
– There is an initial delay
• For connection establishment
• Delay between entering address (dialing) and
connection
1.5.2 Packet switching
Con…
• Data transmitted in small packets
– Typically 1000 octets
– Longer messages split into series of packets
– Each packet contains a portion of user data plus some
control info
• Modern form of long distance data communication
– Network resources are not dedicated
– A link can be shared
• The basic technology has evolved over time
– Basic concept has remained the same
– Widely used for long distance data communication
Con…
• Data are transmitted in short packets (-Kbytes)
• A longer message is broken up into smaller
chunks
• The chunks are called packets
• Every packet contains a header
– Relevant information for routing etc.
Con….
• Packet switching is based on store and
forward concept
– Each intermediate network node receives a whole
packet
– Decides the route
– Forwards the packet along the selected route
Con….
• Advantages
– Links can be shared: so link utilization is better
– Suitable for computer generated traffic
• Typically bursty nature
– Buffering and data rate conversion can be
performed easily
– Some packets may be given priority over others, if
desired
Con….
• How are the packets transmitted
– Two alternative approaches
• Virtual circuits
• Datagram
• The abstract network model

B D F

C E G H
1.5.2.1 Virtual circuit Approach
• Similar in concept to circuit switching
• A route is established before packet
transmission starts
• All packets follow the same path
• The links comprising the path are not
dedicated
• Different from circuit switching in this respect
Working principles
• Route is established a prior
• Packet forwarded from one node to the next
using store-and-forward scheme
• Only the virtual circuit number need to be carried
by a packet
– Each intermediate node maintains a table
– Created during route establishment
– Used for packet forwarding
• No dynamic routing decision is taken by the
intermediate nodes
1.5.2.2 Datagram
• Each packet treated independently
• Packets can take any practical route
• Every intermediate node has to take routing
decisions dynamically
• Makes use of a routing table
• Every packet must contain source and destination
addresses Packets may arrive out of order
• Packets may go missing
• Up to receiver to re-order packets and recover
from missing packets
Con….
Con…
• Advantages
– Faster than virtual circuit for smaller number of
packets
– No route establishment and termination
– More flexible
– Packets between two hosts may follow different paths
– Can handle congestion/failed link
• Problems
– Packets may be delivered out of order
– If a node crashes momentarily, all of tis queued
packets are lost
– Duplicate packet may also be generated
Virtual Circuits v Datagram
• Virtual circuits
– Network can provide sequencing and error control
– Packets are forwarded more quickly
• No routing decisions to make
– Less reliable
• Loss of a node looses all circuits through that node
• Datagram
– No call setup phase
• Better if few packets
– More flexible
• Routing can be used to avoid congested parts of the
network
Comparative performance study
• Three types of delays must be considered
• Propagation delay
– Time taken by a data signal to propagate from one
node to the next
• Transmission time
– Time taken to send out a packet by transmitter
• Processing delay
– Time taken by a node to process a packet
Virtual circuit packet Datagram packet
switching switching
• Call request packet sent from • No initial delay
source to destination • The packets are sent out
• Call accept packet returns independently
back
• May follow different
• Packets sent sequentially in a paths
pipelined fashion
– Store-and-forward approach • Follow store-and-
forward approach
1.6 Layered Network Architecture
• The process of transferring a message between
sender and receiver is more easily
implemented by breaking it down into simpler
components.
• Instead of a single layer, a group of layers are
used, dividing up the tasks required for
network communications.
• The two most important such network models
are the OSI and Internet models.
Con…
• Open systems interconnections (OSI) reference
model
– Seven layered model
– Communication functions are partitioned into a
hierarchical set of layers
• Objective
– Systematic approach to design
– Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers
Con…
Con…
• Physical layer
– Transmit raw bit stream over physical medium
• Data link
– Reliable transfer of frames over a point-to-pint link (follow
control, error control)
• Network layer
– Establishing, maintaining and terminating connections
– Routs packets through point-to-point links
– responsible for making routing decisions
• Transport layer
– End-to-end reliable data transfer, with error recovery and follow
control
– deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for
network transport, and maintaining the logical connections
between sender and receiver
Con….
• Session
– Manages sessions
– responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating each
logical session between sender and receiver
• Presentation
– Provides data independence
– formats data for presentation to the user, provides data
interfaces, data compression and translation between
different data formats
• Application
– Interface pint for user application
Con…
How data follows?
Con…

Figure: Network Models


1.7 Internetworking devices

• NIC Card • Hub


• Repeater – extends the span of a single
LAN
• Hub
• Bridge/layer-2 switch
• Switch
– connects two or more LANs
• Bridge together/works at data link
• Router layer level
• Gateway • Router/layer-3 switch
• Firewall – Connects any combination of
LANs and WANs
– Works at network layer level
1.8 Network Standards
Why Standards?
• Standards provide a fixed way for hardware
and/or software systems to communicate.
• For example, USB enables two pieces of
equipment to interface even though they are
manufactured by different companies.
• By allowing hardware and software from
different companies to interconnect, standards
help promote competition.
Types of Standards
• There are two main types of standards:
• Formal: a standard developed by an industry
or government standards-making body
• De facto: standards that emerge in the
marketplace and are widely used, but lack
official backing by a standards-making body
Some Major Standards Making Bodies
• ISO: International Organization for
Standardization (www.iso.ch)
• ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union
–Telecom Group (www.itu.int)
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
(www.ansi.org)
• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (see standards.ieee.org)
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
(www.ietf.org
Thanks

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