MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Auto. Engine Model Answer Subject Code: 22308
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept

SUB MARKING
Q. N ANSWER
Q. N. SCHEME

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following. 10

a Define Clearance Volume and Swept Volume 02
Ans. Clearance Volume:
Clearance volume is a volume between the cylinder head and the piston top when the piston
is at top dead center (TDC).
OR
It can also be defined as the volume of cylinder that is not swept by the piston. 01
Swept Volume: Mark
The nominal volume swept by the working piston when travelling from one dead center to Each
the other is called as displacement volume or Swept volume It is expressed in terms of cubic
centimeter (cm3) and given by

b State any four specifications of LMV Engine. 02

Ans. Manufacturer: Hyundai India Ltd.
1) Type : 1.1 Ltr, 2) Nos. Of Valve: 4 Valve,
½
3) Nos. of Cylinder: 3 Cylinder, 4) Engine Cooling System: Water cooled,
Mark
5) Type of Fuel : Diesel 6) Cubic capacity: 1120 cc
Each
7) Brake Power: 70 bhp at 6000rpm 8) Torque: 160 N-m
(Any Other LMV or any other 4 Specifications should be given Similar Weightage)
c State the function of the following components. (i) Cam Shaft (ii) Crank Shaft 02
Ans. Camshaft:
The camshaft is a mechanical component of an internal combustion Engine. It opens and
closes the inlet and exhaust valves of the engine at the right time, with the exact stroke and in
01
a precisely defined sequence.
Mark
Crankshaft:
Each
To translate the linear reciprocating motion of a pistons into the rotational motion required by
the automobile.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
d List four functions of Carburettor. 02
Ans. 1. To keep the small reserve of fuel at a constant head
01
2. To vaporize the fuel to prepare a homogeneous air fuel mixture.
Mark
3. To supply correct amount of the air fuel mixture at the correct strength under all conditions
Each
of load and speed.
e List any four functions of exhaust system. 02
Ans. 1) The function of an exhaust is to expel the exhaust gases from the combustion chamber of
each cylinder out to the atmosphere through the exhaust pipe after combustion stroke is 01
completed. Mark
2) To keep back pressure minimum. Each

f State any two limitations of engine cooling system. 02

Ans. Limitations of Engine Cooling System:
1. This is a dependent system in which water circulation in the jackets is to be ensured.
01
2. Power absorbed by the water pump is more and it affects the output of the engine.
Mark
3. Cost of the system is considerably high.
Each
4. System requires considerable maintenance.
5. The failure of the system results in serious damage to the engine.
g Define volumetric efficiency. 02
Ans. Volumetric efficiency:
Volumetric efficiency is an indication of the breathing ability of the engine and is defined as
the ratio of the air actually induced at ambient condition to the swept volume of the engine. 02
Marks

2 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12

a Compare 2-stroke and 4 – stroke engine (Any 4 Points) 04
Ans. S. N. Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

1 One working stroke for every two One working stroke for each
revolutions of the crankshaft. revolutions of the crankshaft

2 Turning moment on the crankshaft Turning moment on the crankshaft is

is not even due to one working more even due to working stroke for
stroke for every two revolutions of each revolution of the crankshaft .hence
the crankshaft. Hence heavy lighter flywheel is required and engine
flywheel is required and engine runs balanced. Any
runs unbalanced Four
3 Engine is heavy Engine is Light 01
4 Engine design is complicated Engine design is Simple Mark
Each
5 More Cost Less Cost
6 Less mechanical efficiency due to More mechanical efficiency due to less
more friction on many parts. friction on few parts.
7 More output due to full fresh Less output due to mixing of fresh
charge intake and full burnt gases charge with burnt gases.
exhaust
8 Engine runs cooler Engine runs hotter.
9 Engine is water/air cooled Engine is air cooled
10 Engine requires more space. Engine requires less space.
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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b Explain the working of overhead valve arrangement with sketch. 04
Ans.

Expl.
02
Marks
&
Sketch
02
Marks

Figure: Overhead Valve Arrangement

Overhead Valve Arrangement:
Figure shows the valve mechanism to operate the valve when it is in the cylinder head (in I
and F head design). This type of mechanism requires two additional moving parts – the push
rod and rocker arm. As the cam rotates, it lifts the valve- tappet or the lifter which actuates
the push rod. The push rod rotates the rocker arm about a shaft- the rocker –arm shaft, or a
ball joint in some designs to cause one end to push down on the valve stem to open the valve,
thus connecting the valve port with the combustion chamber.
c Describe the working of fuel injector with sketch. 04
Ans.
Diesel Fuel Injector:
Working:
The injector assembly consists of - i) a
needle valve ii) a compression spring iii) a
nozzle iv) an injector body When the fuel is
supplied to lift the injection pump it exerts
sufficient force against the spring to lift the Expl.
nozzle valve, fuel is sprayed into the 02
combustion chamber in a finely atomized Marks
particles. After, fuel from the delivery pump &
gets exhausted; the spring pressure pushes Sketch
the nozzle valve back on its seat. For proper 02
lubrication between nozzle valve and its Marks
guide a small quantity of fuel is allowed to
leak through the clearance between them
and then drained back to fuel tank through
leak off connection. The spring tension and
Figure: Diesel Fuel Injector hence the valve opening pressure is
controlled by adjusting the screw provided
at the top.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
d Elaborate the working of dry sump lubrication system with sketch. 04
Ans. Dry Sump Lubrication:
Working of dry sump lubrication system:
In this system, the lubricating oil is not
stored in oil sump .The oil from the sump is
carried to a separate storage tank outside the Expl.
engine cylinder block. The oil from sump is
02
pumped by means of a scavenging pump
Marks
through filter to the storage tank. Oil from
&
storage tank. Oil from storage tank is
Sketch
pumped to the engine cylinder through oil
02
cooler. Oil pressure may vary from 3 to 8
Marks
bar. Dry sump lubrication system is
generally adopted for high capacity engines.
The pressure relief valves are used to
Figure: Dry Sump Lubrication maintain the predefined pressure value
inside the lubricating system
3 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12
a Describe working principle of 4 – Stroke Petrol (Engine) with sketch
Ans. Working of four stroke petrol engine:
1. Suction stroke: During this stroke, inlet valve is open and exhaust valve is closed. The
piston moves from TDC to BDC and crank shaft rotates through 180˚. The downward
movement of the piston sucks air-fuel mixture in the cylinder from the carburetor through
the open inlet valve.
2. Compression Stroke: During compression stroke, the piston moves upward (from
BDC to TDC), thus compressing the charge. Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain
closed during the compression stroke.
3. Power stroke or Working stroke: At the end of the compression stroke the charge
(air-fuel mixture) is ignited with the help of a spark plug located on the cylinder head.
The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards BDC. Both the valves are
in closed position. Of the four strokes only during this stroke power is produced.
4. Exhaust Stroke: At the end of power stroke the exhaust valve opens and the inlet
valve remains closed. The piston move from BDC to TDC position which pushes the Any One
burnt gases outside the combustion chamber. Crankshaft rotates by two complete Diagram
revolutions through 7200. 02 marks,
Description
02 marks

Figure: Working of Four Strokes Spark Ignition (SI) Engine

Page No. 4 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
b Describe the construction of gear drive of camshaft drive arrangement with sketch. 04
Ans. Gear Drive of Camshaft Drive:
Camshaft is driven by the crankshaft either
by a pair of meshing gears (timing gears) or
by means of a pair of timing sprocket
connected by a chain. The cam shaft gear or
sprocket has twice as many teeth as the gear Expl.
or the sprocket on the crankshaft. This gives 02
1:2 gear ratio, the camshaft turns at half the Marks
speed of the crankshaft. Thus every two &
revolutions of the camshaft produce one Sketch
revolution of the camshaft and one opening 02
and closing of each valve in the four Marks
cylinder engine. The gear and sprocket
maintain a definite time relationship
between the camshaft and crankshaft to
ensure opening the valves exactly at the
Figure: Gear Drive of Camshaft Drive correct time in relation to piston position.
c Explain the working of battery ignition system with circuit diagram. 04
Ans. Battery Ignition System:

Expl.
02
Marks
&
Sketch
Figure: Battery Ignition System
02
Figure shows line diagram of battery ignition system for a 4-cylinder petrol engine. It mainly
Marks
consists of a 6 or 12 volt battery, ammeter, ignition switch, auto-transformer (step up
transformer), contact breaker, capacitor, distributor rotor, distributor contact points, spark
plugs, etc.
Working: When the ignition switch is closed and engine is cranked, as soon as the contact
breaker closes, a low voltage current will flow through the primary winding. It is also to be
noted that the contact breaker cam opens and closes the circuit 4-times (for 4 cylinders) in
one revolution. When the contact breaker opens the contact, the magnetic field begins to
collapse. Because of this collapsing magnetic field, current will be induced in the secondary
winding and because of more turns of secondary, voltage goes up to 28000 - 30000 volts.
This high voltage current is brought to centre of the distributor rotor. Distributor rotor rotates
and supplies this high voltage current to proper spark plug depending upon the engine firing
order. When the high voltage current jumps the spark plug gap, it produces the spark and the
charge is ignited-combustion starts-products of combustion expand and produce power.

Page No. 5 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
d Sketch the high voltage connection between distributor and spark plugs of multi
cylinder engine with direction of rotation of distributor shaft assembly. Label the 04
sketch.
Ans.

Neat Sketch
02
Marks
&
Labels
02
Marks

Figure: High Voltage Connection between Distributor and Spark Plugs

(NOTE: Equivalent credit should be given only distributor)
4 Attempt any THREE of the following. 12
a Show I.C. engine Nomenclature with neat sketch 04
Ans.

Neat Sketch
02
Marks
&
Labels
02
Marks

Figure: I.C. engine Nomenclature

Page No. 6 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
b State the materials used for piston with justification. 04
Ans. Material used for Piston: Cast Iron, Cast Steel, Forged Steel, Cast Aluminum Alloys and
Any
Forged Aluminum Alloy.
One
Cast Aluminum Alloys is the most commonly used material for piston because;
Material
1. Cast aluminium alloy is light and has good structural integrity.
01
2. Low manufacturing costs.
Marks
3. The low weight of aluminium reduces the overall mass and force necessary to initiate and
Justification
maintain acceleration of the piston.
03
4. It allows to utilize more of the force produced by combustion to power the application.
Marks
c Select firing order for 4 – Cylinder engine with justification. 04
Ans.
Firing orders for 4 cylinder engine: 1-3-4-2 Correct
The firing order must be considered on the basis of engine vibrations and engine cooling. Firing Order
Also the firing order affects the balancing of engine. 01
Reasons for preferring 1-3-4-2 in 4 cylinder engine: Marks
1. The power impulses are evenly distributed and are 180 degree apart. Therefore the firing &
order for the engine is 1-3-4-2. Any
2. This balance load on two bearings would be further reducing the engine vibrations. Three
3. It is required to cool the portion of engine by changing the sequence. So that problem of Justification
overheating can be mitigated. 01
4. To provide sufficient travel time to exhaust gases. So that development of high back Mark
pressure would be avoided. Each

d Explain the working of electrically driven fan in cooling engine. 04

Ans.

Sketch
02
Marks
&
Working
02
Marks

Figure: Electrically Driven Fan Circuit

Working of Electrically Driven Fan in Cooling Engine:
The fan is driven by a separate electric motor which is supplied with power directly from the
electric circuit of the engine. A thermostat switch is placed at an appropriate place in the
cooling system and depending upon the cooling system temperature it operates to switch to
On or OFF the fan motor. It has been found that under ordinary condition only about 5 % of
the time the fan motor remains in ON position, while 95% of the time it is off.

Page No. 7 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
e A four stroke engine with four cylinders, bore 80 mm and stroke 100 mm was tested at
3500 rpm and following data were recorded:
Fuel Consumption = 300 gm/minute,
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure= 1 MPa, 04
Engine Torque Developed = 140 N – m
If calorific value of fuel used is 42000kJ/kg., Calculate(i) I. P. (ii) Mechanical Efficiency
(iii) Brake Thermal Efficiency.
Ans. Given Data;
Nos. of Stroke = 4,
Nos. of Cylinder = 4
RPM = 3500
For Four Stroke Engine, N’ = N/2 = 3500/2 = 1750 rpm
Bore Diameter = 80 mm = 0.08 m
01
Mark
Stroke Length = 100 mm = 0.1 m

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, Pi= 1 MPa = 1 x 106 N/m2

Engine Torque Developed = 140 N – m
Cv = 42000kJ/kg
Find (i) Indicated Power = ? (ii) Mechanical Efficiency = ? (iii) Brake Thermal Efficiency=?
Solution:

01
Mark

01
Mark

01
Mark

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Attempt any TWO of the following. 12
a Statement: Valve Cooling is necessary in some I. C. Engine. Justify the statement by
06
giving reasons and explain its working with sketch.
Ans.
Reasons:
Exhaust valve temperature in
modern engine is as high as 750˚C.
Thus cooling of exhaust gas
becomes very important. Cooling
water jackets are arranged near the
valves for valve cooling. In many
cases nozzles are directed towards Reasons
hot spot caused by the exhaust 02
valve. Marks
Working: +
In heavy duty engine, sodium Figure
cooled valves are used, the 02
working of this valve is stated Marks
below – A sodium cooled valve has +
a hollow stem, which is partly Working
Figure: Sodium Cooled Valve filled by metallic sodium. Sodium 02
melts at 97.5˚C. Thus at operating Marks
temperature sodium is in liquid
state. When engine runs, valve
moves up and down, thus sodium is
thrown upward in hotter part of
valve. There it absorbs heat, which
is later given to cooler stem as it
falls back to stem again. This keeps
the valve head cool.
b Explain the working of S. U. Electrical Fuel Pump with sketch. 06
Ans. S. U. Electrical Fuel Pump:
Working of Electric Fuel Pump:
It consists of a diaphragm which is operated
electrically. By turning on the ignition switch, the
solenoid winding generates magnetic flux, which
pulls the armature and the diaphragm moves up.
The upward movement of the diaphragm creates
suction, and the fuel is drawn into the chamber Sketch
through the inlet valve. But as soon as the 03
armature moves up it disconnects the electric Marks
supply, the magnetic flux dies and the armature &
falls down, causing the diaphragm to move to Working
create pressure in the pump chamber. This causes 03
Figure: S. U. Electrical Fuel the outlet valve to open and inlet valve to close. Marks
Pump The fuel goes out to the carburetor. The
downward movement of the armature again sets
electric supply to the solenoid, and the same
process is repeated, the pump continues to operate
until the ignition switch is turned off.

Page No. 9 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
c Draw sketches showing fuel metering in the inline type F. I. P. and explain its working. 06
Ans. Fuel Metering in inline type fuel injection pump:

Sketch
03
Marks

OR
&

Figure: Various positions of the plunger.

The position of the plunger in the fuel injection pump can be varied by means of a
control rod having a rack and pinion arrangement. By operating this rod, the position of
the plunger can be changed, and by changing the position of the plunger, the supply to
the injection nozzle can either be increased or stopped. When the supply to the injection
nozzle is stopped, the engine is also stopped. In Fig.,
(i) is the position of the plunger when it is at the bottom stroke. The position of the
plunger when it is closing both the ports is shown in (ii). The maximum amount of
supply is shown in (iii). Only at this position is the plunger working at full load. The
position of the plunger at (iv) shows a normal load. The position at (v) shows a part load. Explanation
The position at (vi) shows that no fuel is being supplied to the injector; i. e. the engine 03
has stopped. Marks
6 Attempt any TWO of the following. 12
a Explain the working principle of the following dynamometers with suitable sketches, if
06
necessary: (i) Hydraulic Dynamometer. (ii) Eddy Current Dynamometer.
Ans. (i) Hydraulic Dynamometer: (ii) Eddy Current Dynamometer:
In principle, hydraulic dynamometer Crankshaft connected to rotor when rotor
construction is similar to that of a fluid rotates Eddy current are produce in stator
flywheel. Hydraulic dynamometer consists due to magnetic flux set up by the passage
of an impeller or inner rotating member of field current in electro magnets these
coupled to the output shaft of the engine. Eddy current oppose the rotor motion thus
The impeller in this dynamometer rotates in loading the engine.
a casing filled with a fluid.

Figure: Hydraulic Dynamometer Figure: Eddy Current Dynamometer

Page No. 10 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
b Explain the selection of lubricating oil on the basis of viscosity and service rating. 06
Ans. Selection of Lubricating Oil:
1. On the basis of Viscosity :
 Lubricating Oils Classify in terms of Viscosity at -180C or in cold climates.
a) SAE 5W
b) SAE 10W
c) SAE 20 W 03
 Lubricating Oils Classify in terms of Viscosity at 990C or in hot climates. Marks
a) SAE 20
b) SAE 30
c) SAE 40
d) SAE 50

2. On the basis of Service Rating :

 C- series
a) CA: Use in gasoline and naturally aspirated diesel engine operated on low sulphur fuel.
b) CB: Use in gasoline, naturally aspirated diesel engine operated on high sulphur fuel.
c) CC: Use for lightly supercharge diesel engine.
d) CD: Use in highly turbo-charge diesel engine.
 S- series
a) SA : Mineral oil , may contain anti-formant and poor point de-present
b) SB: Mineral oil , containing additive impart sum oxidation stability & anti- scuff 03
Protection Marks
c) SC, SD & SC: Meets automotive manufactures specifications.

c An I. C. Engine develops a brake power of 26.1 kW. Following observations were made
during a trial:
Power required to motor the engine = 4.5 kW
Cooling water circulated = 7.5 kg / min.
Specific Heat of Water = 4.187 kJ/kgK 06
Petrol Consumption = 200gm/ minute
Temperature rise of cooling water = 500C
If calorific value of petrol is 46,000 kJ/kg. Draw heat balance sheet for the test on
percentage basis.
Ans. Given Data:-
Mass of Fuel,; mf = 200 gm/ min.
B.P. = 26.1 kW
Mass of cooling water = mw= 7.5 kg/ min
Mw = 7.5 kg/min
Cpw = 4.187 kJ/kgK
∆Tw = 500C
C. V. 46,000kJ/kg
Power required to motor the engine = 4.5 kW Calculations
Solution: 03
Mass of Fuel; mf =200/1000= 0.2 kg/ min. Marks
&
Input Heat = mf x CV = 0.2 x 46000=9200 KJ/min Heat
Balance
Heat Converted into BP= 26.1 X 60 =1566 kJ/min Sheet
03
Marks

Page No. 11 / 12
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cooling Water Heat = 7.5 X 4.187 X 50 = 1570.125 kJ/min

Heat Required to motor.(Frictional Power) the engine = 4.5 X 60 = 270 kJ/min

Heat unaccounted = heat input – (heat to BP + heat to cooling + heat to motor the engine)
= 9200 – (1566 +1570.125 + 270) = 5793.875KJ/min
Heat balance sheet
Parameter Value Percentage
(kJ/min) (%)
Input Heat 9200 100
Heat goes to B. P. 1566 17.03
Heat goes to cooling water 1570.125 17.06
Heat goes to motor the engine.(Frictional Power) 270 02.94
Unaccounted heat loss 5793.875 62.97

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