Structural Engineering

• Total Marks 100

• MID MARKS (30+10)
• END SEMESTER MARKS (40+10)
• ATTENDANCE MARKS (10)

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif

 Structural Engineering-COURSE OUTLINE
• Stiffness method for analysis trusses
• Stiffness method for analysis of beams Dr. Asif

• Stiffness method for analysis of frames

• Pre-stressed Concrete
• Structural dynamics
Dr. Burhan
• Application of earthquake loads

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 2

 Structural Engineering (Books)

R.C. Hibbler R.C. Hibbler Mario Paz

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 3

 Structural Engineering (Books)

Arthur H. Nilson Arthur H. Nilson

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 4
 Structural Engineering (Books)

Anil K. Chopra James C. Anderson Joseph E. Tedesco

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 5

 Structural Engineering
• THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD BY O.C.
ZEINKIEWICZ

• COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR THE

SOLUTION OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS BY
BREBBIA (USED IN LAB PORTION)

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 6

 Course Learing Outcome (CLO’s)
Bloom’s
Sr. No. Objective PLO Taxonomy
Level
To analyze trusses, beams and
1 frames using matrix methods of 2 C4
structural analysis.
To analyze the structures for
2
dynamic and earthquake loading .
2 C4
To comprehend the use of pre-
3
stressing in concrete bridges.
3 C2

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 7

 Program Learning out come (PLO)
PLO Description PLO Description

1 Engineering Knowledge 7 Environment and

Sustainability
2 Problem Analysis 8 Ethics

3 Design / Development of 9 Individual and Team work

solution
4 Investigation 10 Communication

5 Modern tool usage 11 Project Management

6 The Engineers and 12 Life long Learning

Society

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 8

 Review
• Structural Analysis (5th Semester) has
covered the following topics (Statically Ind.
Strs.) so far:
• Force Method
• Moment Distribution Method
• Slope Deflection Method
• Plastic analysis
• Three moment equation

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 9

 Review
• Structural Analysis is an integral part of structural
Engineering.
• It is the process of predicting the performance of a
given structure under a prescribed loading.
• The performance characteristics which are of
interest to the structural Engineer is:
• Stresses due to (axial forces, shear or moments)
• Deflections
• Support reactions
Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 10
 Review
• Most design offices today used the software’s but
the main objective of this subject is to understand
the solution of framed structures using matrix
approach which is also basis of all the available
structural analysis and design software's.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 11

 Review
• Classical vs Matrix Method
• Both methods are based on the same
fundamental principles but the fundamental
relationships of equilibrium, compatibility and
member stiffness are now expressed in the form
of matrix equations so that it can be
programmed on computer.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 12

 Review
• Classical vs Matrix Method
• Most classical methods were developed to
analyze particular types of structure and since
they were intended for hand calculations. For
e.g. MDM used only to analyze beams and plane
frames under going bending deformations.
• Matrix method are systematic and can be easily
programmed.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 13

 Review
• Classical vs Matrix Method
• In case of analysis of large structures, classical
methods are very time consuming, however with
the use of matrix method it becomes feasible to
analyze such structures.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 14

 Review
• Classical vs Matrix Method
• Classical methods may also be used for
preliminary designs for checking the results of
computerized analysis.
• A study of classical methods is considered to be
essential for developing and understanding the
structural behavior.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 15

 Review(Comparison side by side)
Stiffness Method Flexibility Method

1. Stiffness method uses matrices 1. This method may use matrices

right from the start. but after some manual
calculations.
2. Stiffness method has a similar
procedure both for statically 2. Flexibility method has a different
determinate and indeterminate procedure both for statically
structures. determinate and indeterminate
structures.
3. Stiffness method generates
forces and displacements 3. This method does not generate
directly. the forces and displacements
directly.
4. Stiffness method can be easily
programmed for computers. 4. This method cannot be easily
programmed for computers.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 16

 Review
• Matrix Method vs Finite Element method
• Matrix method can be used to analyze frame
structures only.
• FEM which originated as an extension of matrix
analysis is used for analysis of plates and shells
and now developed to such an extent that it is
applicable to solids of practically any shape or
form.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 17

 Review
• Matrix Method vs Finite Element method
• The basic difference b/w two is, In matrix method
the member force relation ship is based on exact
solutions of the underlying differential equations
however in FEM they are based on assume
displacement or stress function (Material
behavior and their Stress–Strain relationship).
• Within elastic range both methods gives same
solution.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 18

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Plane Truss
• A truss is defined as assemblage of straight
members connected at their end by flexible
connections, and subjected to loads and
reactions only at the joints.
• The member of such and ideal truss develop
only axial forces when the truss is loaded.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 19

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Plane Truss
• Due to the deviation of the idealized conditions,
trusses are also subjected to secondary bending
moments and shears comparably very small in
comparison to axial forces.
• If large bending moments are to be anticipated
then it shall be designed as a rigid frame for
analysis and design.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 20

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Plane Truss
• If all the members of the truss as well as loads lie in a
single plane, it is called plane truss.
• The analysis of plane truss is simpler than space truss.
• Majority of our trusses are plane trusses used in
buildings, bridges or used as roof truss.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 21

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Beam
• A beam is defined as a long straight structure that is
loaded perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Loads are
usually applied in a plane of symmetry of the Beam X-
Section, causing its members to be subjected only to
bending moments and shear forces.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 22

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Plane Frames
• Frames also called rigid frames
are composed of straight
members connected by rigid
(moment resisting) or flexible
connections.
• In frames loads may be applied
on joints or on members
• If all the members of the frame
lie in single plane is called
plane frame and they may be
subjected to bending moments
shears and axial forces.
Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 23
 Review (Framed Structures)
• Space Trusses
• For transmission towers
and certain aerospace
structures plane trusses
cannot be used. Such
structures are called
space structures.
• They are 3D structures
with loading in three
directions.
• Like plane trusses space
trusses also develop
axial forces.
Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 24
 Review (Framed Structures)
• Grids
• A grid, like a plane frame is composed of straight
members connected together by rigid or flexible
connections to form a plane frame work.
• The load on the grid is applied perpendicular to
structure plane therefore being subjected to torsional
moments along with bending moments and shears.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 25

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Grids
• Grids are commonly used to for supporting roofs
covering large column free areas in such structures as
sports arenas, auditoriums and aircraft hangers.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 26

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Space Frames
• 3D frame structure is called space frames having forces
applied in all directions. (All high rise buildings, Domes
etc)

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 27

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Equilibrium Conditions
• Equilibrium conditions for both 2D and 3D structures
are shown as follows.

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 28

 Review (Framed Structures)
• Compatibility Conditions
• It relate the deformation
of a structure so that its
various parts (Member,
joints , and supports) fit
together.
• These are also called
continuity conditions.
• Consider this frame.
• Vertical dispalcement at
joint 1 is zero.
• Vertical and hz disp. At
joint 3 is zero
Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 29
 Review (Framed Structures)
• Compatibility Conditions
• d1 must be equal to d2
• Theta 2 must be same
for hz member-1 and
vertical member-2
• Member 2 and joint 3
will not rotate as it is
fixed.
• Finally compatibility
requires that the
deflected shapes of the members of the structures must be
continuous and consistent with the displacement at the ends of
the member.
Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 30
 Review (Degree of Indeterminacy)
• Following formula’s are used to determine the
indeterminacy of the structure.

Type of Structure Formula

2D Truss m + r = 2j

2D Beam R-3 where r = unknown reactions

2D Frame 3m + r = 3j

Structural Engineering by Dr. M. Burhan Sharif 31