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Example Questions and Answers EENG 482

The document contains 4 examples related to signal processing concepts: 1) A sinusoidal signal is sampled and its discrete and continuous Fourier transforms are derived and shown to be equivalent. 2) A difference equation relating the input and output of a system is derived from equations defining the system. 3) Convolution of two signals is computed, though the signals and result are not shown. 4) An example involving sampling is presented but no details are provided.

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Mackdonald Shiwani
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68 views5 pages

Example Questions and Answers EENG 482

The document contains 4 examples related to signal processing concepts: 1) A sinusoidal signal is sampled and its discrete and continuous Fourier transforms are derived and shown to be equivalent. 2) A difference equation relating the input and output of a system is derived from equations defining the system. 3) Convolution of two signals is computed, though the signals and result are not shown. 4) An example involving sampling is presented but no details are provided.

Uploaded by

Mackdonald Shiwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example 1: Fourier Transform

Consider a sinusoidal signal

𝑥(𝑡) = 3cos⁡(500𝜋𝑡 + 0.1𝜋)

and let us sample it at a frequency 𝐹𝑠 = 2𝑘𝐻𝑧.

i) Determine and expression for the sampled sequence 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥(𝑛𝑇𝑠 ) and determine its
Discrete Time Fourier Transform 𝑋(𝜔) = 𝐷𝑇𝐹𝑇{𝑥[𝑛]};

ii) Determine 𝑋(𝐹) = 𝐹𝑇{𝑥(𝑡)};;

iii) Recompute 𝑋(𝜔)⁡from the 𝑋(𝐹)⁡and verify that you obtain the same expression as in a).

Solution

i. We know:
1 1
𝑇𝑠 = =
𝐹𝑠 2000𝐻𝑧
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥(𝑡)|𝑡=𝑛𝑇𝑠 = 3cos⁡(500𝜋𝑛𝑇𝑠 + 0.1𝜋)
Substituting for 𝑇𝑠
1
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥(𝑡)|𝑡=𝑛𝑇𝑠 = 3cos⁡(500𝜋𝑛 + 0.1𝜋)
1000

𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥(𝑡)|𝑡=𝑛𝑇𝑠 = 3cos⁡(0.5𝜋𝑛 + 0.1𝜋). Equivalently, using complex exponentials,


𝑥[𝑛] = 1.5𝑒 𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛 + 1.5𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝑒 −𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛

This is from the fact that cos(0.5𝜋𝑛𝑇𝑠 + 0.1𝜋) = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝑒 𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛 + 𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝑒 −𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛

Therefore 3𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.5𝜋𝑛𝑇𝑠 + 0.1𝜋) = 3𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝑒 𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛 + 3𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝑒 −𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛

Therefore, its DTFT becomes


𝜋 𝜋
𝑋(𝜔) = 𝐷𝑇𝐹𝑇{𝑥[𝑛]} = 3𝜋𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿 (𝜔 − 2 ) + 3𝜋𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿(𝜔 + 2 )
𝜋
Because: 𝑒 𝑗0.5𝜋𝑛 = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜋/2 which is equivalent to a unit impulse delay 𝜔 by 2

with −𝜋 < 𝜔 < 𝜋

ii.
Since
𝐹𝑇{𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝐹𝑜𝑡 } = 𝛿(𝐹 − 𝐹0 )
Then

𝑋(𝐹) = 1.5𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿(𝐹 − 500) + 1.5𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿(𝐹 + 500) for all F.

iii.

Recall that 𝑋(𝜔) = 𝐷𝑇𝐹𝑇{𝑥[𝑛]} and 𝑋(𝐹) = 𝐹𝑇{𝑥(𝑡)} are related as


+∞

𝑋(𝜔) = 𝐹𝑠 ∑ 𝑋(𝐹 − 𝑘𝐹𝑠 )|𝐹=𝜔𝐹𝑆 /2𝜋


𝑘=−∞
With 𝐹𝑠 the sampling frequency. In this case there is no aliasing, since all frequencies are
𝐹𝑠
contained within = 1𝑘𝐻𝑧. Therefore, in the interval −𝜋 < 𝜔 < +𝜋 we can write
2
𝑋(𝜔) = 𝐹𝑠 𝑋(𝐹)|𝐹=𝜔𝐹𝑆 /2𝜋
With 𝐹𝑠 = 2000𝐻𝑧. Substitute for X(F) from part (b) to obtain
𝜔 𝜔
𝑋(𝜔) = 2000(1.5𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿 (2000 − 500) + 1.5𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿 (2000 + 500))
2𝜋 2𝜋
Now using the property of the ‘delta’ function for any constant 𝑎 ≠ 0,
1 𝑡
𝛿(𝑎𝑡) = 𝛿( )
|𝑎| 𝑎
Therefore
𝜋 𝜋
𝑋(𝜔) = 3𝜋𝑒 𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿 (𝜔 − ) + 3𝜋𝑒 −𝑗0.1𝜋 𝛿(𝜔 + )
2 2
which is same as in (b).

Example 2: Difference equation.

Consider the following system:

Here, the system F is defined by the input-output relationship


𝐹{𝑧[𝑛]} = 𝑧[𝑛] − 𝑧[𝑛 − 1],
And ∆ is the unit delay
∆{𝜔[𝑛]} = 𝑧[𝑛] − 𝑧[𝑛 − 1]
Now,
𝑧[𝑛] = 2𝑥[𝑛] − ∆{𝑦[𝑛]} = 2𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑦[𝑛 − 1].
Therefore, substituting the expression for z[n] into the first equation, we can write:
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑧[𝑛] − 𝑧[𝑛 − 1]
=⏟(2𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑦[𝑛 − 1]) − ⏟ (2𝑥[𝑛 − 1) − 𝑦[𝑛 − 2]
=𝑧[𝑛] =𝑧[𝑛−1]
= 2𝑥[𝑛] − 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 2[𝑛 − 2] = 2𝑥[𝑛] − 2𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

Example 3, on convolution

Compute the convolution of the following two signals and plot the result on the set
of axes provided. Show all your work!
Example 4: Sampling

Solution

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