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Chapter 4

The document describes testing and results of a cable fault detection system using an Arduino microcontroller. It presents 5 cases of simulated faults at different locations along the cables. The power supply circuit is also explained, using a transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulators to provide 5V and 12V DC power. A table shows measured voltage drop and current values corresponding to fault locations from 1-4km along the cables.

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Aung Myat
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50 views6 pages

Chapter 4

The document describes testing and results of a cable fault detection system using an Arduino microcontroller. It presents 5 cases of simulated faults at different locations along the cables. The power supply circuit is also explained, using a transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulators to provide 5V and 12V DC power. A table shows measured voltage drop and current values corresponding to fault locations from 1-4km along the cables.

Uploaded by

Aung Myat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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26

CHAPTER 4
TEST AND RESULT

4.1. Power Supply Circuit


The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer
from 230V to 12V and 4 diodes forming a bridge rectifier that delivers pulsating dc
which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about 470μF. The filtered dc
being unregulated, IC LM7805 is used to get 5V DC constant at its pin no 3
irrespective of input DC varying from 7V to 15V. The input dc shall be varying in the
event of input ac at 230volts section varies from 160V to 270V in the ratio of the
transformer primary voltage V1 to secondary voltage V2 governed by the formula
V1/V2=N1/N2. As N1/N2 .i.e., no. of turns in the primary to the no. of turns in the
secondary remains unchanged V2 is directly proportional to V1. Thus, if the
transformer delivers 12V at 220V input it will give 8.72V at 160V.Similarly at 270V
it will give 14. 72V.Thus the dc voltage at the input of the regulator changes from
about 8V to 15V because of A.C voltage variation from 160V to 270V the regulator
output will remain constant at 5V.
The power supply circuit is one of the important parts of this project, without a
power supply the electronic device such as switches, relay, and LCD display will not
function. Similarly, a wrong power supply design will lead to the damage of
electronic devices used in this project. The main power supplies needed for this
project is 5 VDC and 12 VDC in order to power on the relay and other electronic
devices. The design is done using a transformer, bridge rectifiers, filter capacitor and
regulator.
Figure below shows the sequential process of designing a constant DC power
supply.
27

Figure 4.1. Design of Power Supply Circuit

4.2. Working principle of Project model


The single phase AC 230V voltage is step-down through step down
transformer which is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy from high
voltage to low voltage or vice vasa through electromagnetic induction. This step-
down voltage goes to rectifier which is used to convert an AC supply into DC supply.
AC supply is converts into 12V DC supply and then moves to the regulator unit.
Regulator is an electrical device which is used to maintain a constant voltage. Voltage
regulator 7812 and 7805 are used to maintain 12V and 5V DC supply. 12V is enough
to operate relay unit and 5V is used to handle LCD and Arduino kit. Arduino is the
advanced version of embedded system. These Arduino has many types but we
selected Arduino UNO. These Arduino UNO helps to develop many advanced
versions user friendly environment. It easily to adopt other devices using serial port.
The project uses four sets of resistors in series representing cables i.e.
R1R2R3R4 , R5R6R7R8, R9R10R11R12(one set for each phase) and R13R14R15R16 for
ground. Each series resistors represents the resistance of the cables for a specific
distance thus 4 such resistances in series represent 1-4kms (i.e. each resistor is placed
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1km’s from each other). Three relays are used to check the cable through R 1, R5 and R9
and Arduino digital pins 7,8,9 are connected to operate relay through relay driver.
Twelve switches are placed between the R, Y, B cables and ground cable to
demonstrate the ground fault. If any of 12 switches is closed that means there is a
fault between a phase and ground, then Arduino digital pins will check which phase is
in faulted saturation and Arduino ADC analog pin reads the voltage drop from ground
cable and execute as written in the program. Finally, it sends the distance of the fault
from the relay to the faulted point to LCD.

Figure 4.2. Simulation Design of Fault Location Detector

The above simulation diagram is simulated in proteus software and it can be


run to analyze the saturation of voltage drop depending upon the location of fault. The
variation in voltage is obtained by switching twelve switches without practically
performing short testing phenomena.
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Figure 4.3. Hardware Diagram of Fault Location Detector

4.3. Test and Result


Simulation software is based on the process of modeling a circuit like a real
phenomenon with a set of series resistors. It is, essentially, a quite satisfying software
that allows the user to observe an operation through simulation without actually
performing that operation. In this project, cable fault detection system using Arduino
microcontroller is proposed. For cable fault detection system, a fault sensing circuit is
designed and the results has been verified with proteus simulation.

Case1: when there is no fault in the transmission lines, the following simulated results
could be occured.i.e., the fault which occurred in the three lines (R,Y,B) is zero.

Figure 4.4. No Fault Simulation Result


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Case 2: when there is a LG-fault among one of the three lines, we can get the
following the simulated result. i.e., a fault is happened for the red line in 1km but not
in any two lines (Y, B).

Figure 4.5. LG Fault Result at 1km


Case 3: when there is a LG-fault among one of the three lines, we can get the
following the simulated result. i.e., a fault is happened for the red line in 2km but not
in any two lines (Y, B).

Figure 4.6. LG Fault Result at 2 km

Case 4: if there is a LLG-faults in the lines, the LCD displays the result below. i.e.,
LLG faults are occurred in the red line and yellow line (Y, B) in 1km and 1km
respectively.

Figure 4.7. LLG Fault Result at 1km


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Case 5: When LLLG-faults exists, the simulated result as shown below indicates that
a fault is happened at 1km in R phase and 2km in Y phase and 4km in B phase.

Figure 4.8. LLLG Fault Result

4.4. Table of voltage and current based on location of fault


The following table shows the variation of voltage and current based on the
location of fault.

Fault
Switch No ADC Read Voltage Drop(V) Current(mA)
location

R-S1 681.31 3.33 1.67 1km

R-S2 818.4 4 1.00 2km

R-S3 875.68 4.28 0.72 3km

R-S4 908.42 4.44 0.56 4km

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