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Differential eguations
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most of problems can be s9lv~d using calculator

use reference handbook pages 30,31to answer the following questions
 s. What is the complementary solution to the following
differential equation?
1. What is the solution to the following differential
equation? y' -4'11 +¥y= 10cos8x
y+5y= 0
(A) y=2C1xtC2x-C3x
(A) y=Bx+ C (B) y = Ct e2t t C2e'-sz
(B) y= Ce- 5x
(C) y = C1e2x cos 1.5x +C2 ez sin 1.5x
(C) y= C~x
(D) y:::: C1extan x +C2ex cot x
(D) either (A) or (B)
6. What is the general solution to the following differ-
2. What Is the correct general solution for the following ential equation?
rliffercntial equl\tion? 'li'+y'+y=O

(A) y=e-~x( C1 cos 1x +Casin 1x)

(B) y= dx( C1 cos~x+ C2sin~x)

(A) y = Ct sinx- C2 cosx (C) y:::: e- 2%( CtCOSJ:ll +c2 sin 1x)
(B) y = Ct cosx - C2 sinx
1J= e- 2 x(C1 c~'tx+ C2sin~x)
(C) y- C1 coax+ C2 sinx .. '
(D) y ;;;; e-x(Cr C08X +c2 sinx)
.>i :what is the ~olution to the following differential
I •
equation Jm/
if x= 1 at t;;: 0, and l6.J.f dt =0 at t:::: 0?
3. What is the general solution to the following differ-
ential equation? ~
.~
2;.2y) (dy)
(i.x-2 -4 -dx t4y--O (A) x = e-4t t 4te-41
(B) x = ~e- 21 (cos 2t tsin 2t) t ~
(A) y;;: C1cosx+ C2sinx
(C) x ;;: e-41 +4te- 41 t i
(B) y::: C1f +C2e-x
(D) x = ie-4t +~te-4t +i
(C) y= e-x(CJcosx- C2sinx)
(D) y = t( Ct cos X+ c2 sinx) 8. In the following differential equation with the initial
condition x(O) =12, what is the value of x(2)?
4. What is the general solution to the following differ-
ential equation? dx
-+4x=O
dt
(A) 3.4 x !o-3
(B) 4.0 x 10-3
(A) y;;: Ctsinx- C2cosx
(C) 5.1 x w- 3
(B) y=Cicosx-C2sinx
(D) 6.2 X 10-3
(C) y == Ct cos X+ c2 sii1X
(D) Y==e-t(C1cosxtC2sinx)
 Problem~ S-11:efer to the following equation and initial
conditions.
~9~'!!~Q~S................, ... .......... .. .
8y = e- 2x - lOy'- 2y 11
1. This is a lirs~-oruer Hnear equation with chara.ct..eds-
y(O) =1 tk equation r+ 5 =0. The form of the solution is
'3
y'(O) = -~ y == Ge.-!i"
2
In t.he pre<.:eding equation, the coost..ant, C, couJd be
def..ermimld from a.ddit.iona.l information.
9- What type of differential equation is shown?
The answer is (8).
a.-second- order
b-linear
c-homogeneous-
d-non homogeneous r:z + 2r· + 2 = 0
e-third-order
10- Which of the following statements is true for the The root.s l;l.l'e
equation?
·r1 ,2 = -a j_ ~~
(A) The system defined by the equation is un-
stable. = -l J: J(I) 2
- 2
(B) The complete solution to the equation will be = (-1 +i),(-1- i)
the sum of a complementary solution and a.
particular solution. Since a 2 < b, th~ solution is
(C) The equation may be solved by successive inte-
grat.ions. y = e ...".r.(Ct cos/h + G2 sinfi:.r:)
(D) An integrating factor must be used to solve
the equation.
a .'M -a= -1

!3 = Vb- a2 = -/2- (1)2

11-Which of the following is a complete solution to the - 1
equation?
9
(A) y = -ex
4
-ln(2x)

(B) 3. This is a. second-order, homogeneous, linear differen-

tia.l equat.iou. Start by putting iL in ~:,teneral timu.
(C) if+ 2ay' + by= 0
21/ - 4y' + 4y = 0
(D)
y"- 2y' + 2y = 0
a= -2
b= 2
Sil1ce a2 < 4b, the form of tLe equation is

y= e0 :r.(C1 cosfJx+ C2sin/3,)

-a - 2
a=-=-= 1
2 2
{i = .;:u;= (ii
2
1(4)(2) . (-·2) 2
= ~z

==1
y= e.c(C1 cosx ~ C2sill:c)

The answer is (D).

4. The characteristic equation is The complementary solution is

r 2 + 2r+ 2=0 y = e2 ~( cl cos l.5x + c2 sin 1.5x)

a==2 = C1 e2x cos L5x + C2 e2" sin l.Sx
The answer Is (C).
The roots are
6. This is a second-order, homogeneous, linear differen-
- a+ M -4b tial equation with a= b = 1. This differential equation
r12= can be solved by the method of undetermined coefficients
' 2
2
=
with a solution in the form y Cerx. The substitution of
= -2 ± .;(2) - (4)(2) the solution gives
2
(r2 + ar + b)Cer" = 0
== ( -1 + i), (-1 - i)
Because Cerx can never be zero, the characteristic equa-
Since a2 < 4b, the solution is tion is
y= ea"(C1cosf3x+ C2sin{3x) r
2
+ ar+ b = 0
a= -a= -2 = -1
2 2 Decause a2 = 1 < 4b ~ 4, the general solution is in the
form
{3-
V4b- a 2
--
/(i)(2J- (2) 2
·,
- 2 2 y = eQ"( C\ cos{3x + C2 sinf3x)
=1
y= e- x(C1cosx + C2sinx)

(4)(1)- (1) 2 v'3

=
2 2
The characteristic equation is Therefore, the general solution is

So, a==-4, and b=25)4. The answer is (A).

The roots are 7. Multiplying the equation by 2 gives

x" + Bx' + 16x = 10

The characteristic equation is

2 r2 +Br+16=0
=2 ± 1.5i
The roots of the characteristic equation are
Since the roots are imaginary, the homogeneous solution
has the form of

y= eo."(C 1cos{3x+ C2sin{3x)

The homogeneous (natural) response is
a=2
. -= Ae-4t + Bt e-4t
.a= ±1.5 .ln~turul
 By inspection, x= 5/8 is a particular solution that solves
the nonhon1ogeneous equation, so the total response is

x = Ae-4t + Bte- 4 : +i
S.ince x ....,. 1 at t = 0,

l=Atfl+~
A=~

Different.iating x,

Since :C = 0 at t = 0,
0 = -~ + B(O + 1)
B=~
x = ~e-·H + ~te- ·ll + ~

The answer Is (D).

8. This is a first-order, linear, bomogent;!{)u:; different.1a.l

Cljtta.tiuu with cho.rw.:teristic equation r+ 4 =- 0.

:r! Hx= 0
x = Xoe-4t
x(O)::.. XJJeHJ(O)
= 12
Xo =: L2
.. '
)

x= 12e- 41
x{2) =- 12e( - 4H2)
= l2e-8
=4.oa x w- 3
11le answer Is {B}.

9 - Rearrange the terms into the ~neru.1 furm of a dit~

fcrcntinl equation. "

2y" + lOy' +8y = e- 2r

This is a liuea.r, !;ecoad-order, nonhomogeneous rliffer-
cmlal equation.

a,b,d

10- Choice (B) is always true. The other choices are

either false or nrc &J>ecial C!!Ses.

Answer is B.

''
 Complete Solution

Y = Yh +Yv
= C1C -x + 0 2c - 4x - 1 - 2x
-c
4
11- The complete solution is the sum of the complemen.
Evaluate the unknown coefficients.
ta.ry and particular solutions.
Complementary Solution
The homogeneous eqna.tion is 1
1 = c1 + c2 - 4
2y" +lOy'+ 8y =0 5
The characteristic equation is c1 + c2 == 4

r
2 10 8
+ -r+- = 0
y'(O) = -~
2 2 2
::::!: -Cte-(o)- 4C2e(-4)(0J + ~e(-2)(0)
r
2
+ (2) ( ~) r + 4 = 0 2
3 1
-2 = -Ct - 402 + '2
The roots are
2 = - C1 - 402

-2 = - ( ~ - 02) - 402

c2;::: ~
4
5 1 4
cl =-4 --4 =-4
Therefore,
=1
a?= (~)2 = 245 >b=4 y= e
-x 1 -4x 1 -2x
+ -e
4
- -e
4
Yh = C1er x + G2e"'~
1 21

Answer is D.
= C1e-x + C2r.- 4x

Pa.rticnlm· Solution
Assume the particular solution is of the form c- 2x since
t.ha;t is the form of the nonhomogeneous forcing func-
tion.

YP = Cae - 2x
The first and second dcrivativr•., arc

11~ = -2Cse- 2 x
y~ =4C e- 3
2
:r

2y11 + lOy'+ 8y ="- e-:ix

(2)(4C3e-:!:r.) + (10)(-2C3 e- 2")
+ (8)(C3e-2x) = e-2x
8C3 - 20C3 + 8C3 = 1
c3., = - 41
 ~
-".'?):;..
;:o,.· 0"

Numerical method~~;~:lclice problems

Probleml

The equation x3- x2+4x- 4=0is to be solved usi~}p .f{~wton·Raphson method. If x=2is
taken as ~he initial approximation of the s~ ~rfihe next approximation using this
method will be ~
2 4 3
(a) - (b) - ( (d) -
3 3 2
 Probleml

Problem2

Starting from Xo = l,·one step of Newton·Raphson method in solving the equation x3 +3x·7 =
0 gives the next value (xt) as c1->~'' .
" 'V /•
(a) Xt= 0.5 (b) Xt= 1.406 (C Xt= ~5
'
 Problem2

Newton-Rapllson iteration sch~1ne

y
is
f(xn) , ~
xn+l = xn - ( ) ,n = 0,1,2 ..... .
f' Xn ,.
1. '
Given x 0 =1

f ( ) = 1- - 3 = ~ = 1. 5
1
.'. X
1
= 1-
f'(l) 6 2

Problem3
lK
A calculator has accuracy up to 8 digits after decimal, place. The value of Jsinx dx when
r,V 0
evaluated using this calculator by trape._zoidaL
\1'
method with 8 equal intervals, to 5
significant digits is ~ ·
(a) 0.00000 (b) 1.0000 (d) 0.00025

0
 h=2TC-0 =_::
8 4
Yo = sin(O) = 0

y, =sin ( -i)= 0 .70710

Y2 =sin(~) =1
Y3 =sin (~)=0.7010
Y4 = sin ( n:) = 0

y, =Sin ( S: ) =-0 .70710

Y., =sin (
6
4
n) = - 1
Y7 = sin (
7
4
:n:) =-0 .7071 0
Y8 =Sin..can)
4 = 0

Trapezoldaf rule
xo-nh h
J f(x) .dx = 2'[ {y 0 + Yn) + 2(y 1 + Y 2 + . . . + Y~ 1 )]
""
J.; sinx.dx = -h8
2~

[(0+0)+2{0 .70710 +1 + 0 .70710+0 -0 .70710 -0 .70710)] = 0 .00000

Problem4

The square root of a number N is to be obtained by applying the Newton Raphson

iterations to the equation x2 - N = 0. If i denotes the ite1·ation index. the correct
iterative scheme will be _ 0 ~v ,1

(a) xi+l =- xi+-1( N)

2 xi \
· 1( N)
(b)~ Xi+t =- xi +2
2
2

xi

(b) (c) xi+t =-

2
1( +-
N Xj
2

Xj
) (d) =-1(
xi+t
2
N) xi - -
xi

v
 Problem4

Ans. (a)

Exp. xi+l -
_
~ -
f (X;) • _ •> ~ ~,.; "
f' ( X; ) , 1 - 0, I, ......1 1~ V'"',(', •
1

ProblemS

A 2nd degree polynomial, f(x) has values of 1, 4 and 15 at x =0, 1 and 2, respectively. The
2
J
integral f(x) dx is to be estimated by applyin~:!~e'trapezoidalrule to this data. What is
0 ov.
the error (defined as "true value- approxinl'a .e V?lue") in the estimate?
4 2
(a) -3 b) -3
~0 ~!
3
 ProblemS
Given
(x) 0 1 2
f(x) 1 4 15

= 4x 2 -x+l
2 b
Error= J.0 f(x}dx- [Y
2

= 32-12
3
4
3

'.
Problem 6

16. The table below gives values of a function F(x) obt ·

X 0 0.25 0

The value of the integral of the fun ti een the limits 0 tD 1 using Simpson's rule is
(a) 0.7854 ... 3562
(c) 3.1416 d) 7.5000

''
 Problem 6

x0.8] =0.7854

Problem 7

The ve1tical distance covered by arocket fi·om t =8to~~ .'S'e~Qrrds is ~ven by

30
X= J(20001J
8
140000
1140000-2100!
]-9.81 d &~,);}'L
~/
a) Use the single segment traP. zot , ,e to find the distance covered for t =8 to
t =30 seconds.
b) Find the tme enor, E1 for pat1 (a).

''
---------------------- ------- ------
a) I = (b- a{ f(a); f(b) J_whe•·e

a=8
b=30
f(r) = 2000 ln[ 140000
140000- 2100l'
J- 9.8l'

f(8) = 2000lu[
140000
140000 - 21 00(8)
J- 9_8(8)
1f~17"r.
1'\..'
= 177.27 nv's ~ .a·~'?()
f(30)- ?000 ,_f 140000 - ~~ ~ ~
-- .....Ll4oooo- 21ooc3o~_'~G
= 901.67 rn/ s ,(j_ ~
I"" ( 30 _ 8 {177.27-;901.67 :s:~
=11868 t:n

= 11061 m
so the true error is
E, = True Value: - _.1\.pproxituate Value
= 11 061 - 118 68
=-807 m

Problem 8

Approximate the integral Jsin(x}it rule for n= 4 and

~

0
 Problem 8

1T
As n=8 lu:=-
- , 8'

""1.974