Topic 7

Maximum Demand
Maximum Demand

Students should be able to:

1. Describe the types of loads in a facility

2. Calculate connected load and maximum demand using diversity factor

3. Compute the maximum demand of a facility using load estimation method

Types of Electrical Loads
• Lighting load

• Air-conditioning and Ventilation Loads

Types of Electrical Loads
• General Purpose Power

• Plumbing and Sanitary System

Types of Electrical Loads
• Vertical Transportation System

• Fire Fighting System

Types of Electrical Loads
• Kitchen Equipment

• Special Equipment
Electrical Terms

There are 3 electrical terms related to an electrical installation.

They are:
1. Connected Load

2. Maximum Demand

3. Diversity Factor
Connected Load
Connected Load (CL) – The sum of kW rating of all equipment connected
to the electrical supply.

Example
A small shop is provided with the single-phase loads listed in the table
below. Determine the total connected load in watts and in amperes for the
small shop.

Loads Quantity
Filament lamps each rated at 100W 10
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W 24
13A Switch Socket Outlets (SSO)
(assume 300W per SSO) 30
Single-phase air-conditioner rated at 2.5 kW 5
Water heater rated at 1.5kW 2
Single phase motor rated at 2kW 3
Connected Load
Example (Solution)

Loads Quantity Connected Load

Filament lamps each rated at 100W 10 10 x 100W = 1kW
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W 24 24 x 40W = 0.96kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets (SSO)
30 30 x 300W = 9kW
(assume 300W per SSO)
Single-phase air-conditioner rated
5 5 x 2.5kW = 12.5kW
at 2.5 kW
Water heater rated at 1.5kW 2 2 x 1.5kW = 3kW
Single phase motor rated at 2kW 3 3 x 2kW = 6kW

Total Connected Loads = 1 + 0.96 + 9 + 12.5 + 3 + 6 = 32.46kW

Maximum Demand
Maximum Demand (MD) is the maximum power taken during a given
period of time.

In any electrical installation, it is unlikely that every piece of equipment

will be used at the same time.

This means that the maximum demand will be less than the sum of the
load of all the connected equipment depending on the Diversity Factor
applied.

Maximum Demand = Total Connected Load x Diversity Factor

The engineer responsible for designing each particular installation should

decide the application of diversity.

The amount by which they are increased or decreased for each

installation is a matter for the installation engineer to decide.
Maximum Demand
The maximum demand of the proposed installation has to be estimated
with care.

Too low a figure will result in operation of overload protective devices.

Too high a figure will result in unnecessary expense in the employment

of oversized cable and switchgear.

The designer needs an intimate knowledge of,

- each equipment to be used
- the manner and frequency of its use
in order to estimate the maximum demand of the installation.

He must also make an informed estimate of likely future changes in the

pattern of usage if costly alterations and extensions to the installations are
to be avoided at a later stage.
Diversity Factor
Diversity Factor has an important place in the design of an installation
and its final costing.

It is a factor that is applied to sub-mains and mains cables and their

associated switchgear to reduce,
(a) the cross sectional area of the cable conductors
(b) the capacity of the switchgear
Diversity Factor
Diversity Factor (DF) is applied based on the assumption that the whole
of the connected load will not be on at the same time. For example, the
total lighting load in a dwelling house is rarely switched on at once.

BS 7671:2018 On-Site Guide (Table A)

- Provide tables for allowances of diversity

- Ten types of final circuit fed from wiring to which diversity applies

- Three general groups of installation premises

The tables for allowances of diversity are shown in the next 2 slides.
Diversity Factor
Diversity Factor
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Example
A small shop is provided with the single-phase loads listed in the table
below. Applying the diversity factor for each load, determine the maximum
demand (in kW) of the small shop.

Loads Quantity
Filament lamps each rated at 100W 10
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W 24
13A Switch Socket Outlets (SSO)
(assume 300W per SSO) 30
Single-phase air-conditioner rated at 2.5 kW 5
Water heater rated at 1.5kW
(Instantaneous) 2
Single phase motor rated at 2kW 3
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor

Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W
= 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W
= 0.864kW
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W
= 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W
= 0.864kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets 1 100% 300W x 1.0 +
(assume 300W per SSO) 29 75% 300W x 29 x 0.75
= 6.825kW
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W
= 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W
= 0.864kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets 1 100% 300W x 1.0 +
(assume 300W per SSO) 29 75% 300W x 29 x 0.75
= 6.825kW
Single-phase air-conditioner 1 100% 2.5kW x 1.0 +
rated at 2.5 kW 4 75% 2.5kW x 4 x 0.75
= 10kW
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W
= 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W
= 0.864kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets 1 100% 300W x 1.0 +
(assume 300W per SSO) 29 75% 300W x 29 x 0.75
= 6.825kW
Single-phase air-conditioner 1 100% 2.5kW +
rated at 2.5 kW 4 75% 2.5kW x 4 x 0.75
= 10kW
Water heater rated at 1.5kW 1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0 +
(Instantaneous) 1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0
= 3kW
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Example (Solution)
Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W = 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W = 0.864kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets 1 100% 300W x 1.0 +
(assume 300W per SSO) 29 75% 300W x 29 x 0.75
= 6.825kW
1 100% 2.5kW +
Single-phase air-conditioner
4 75% 2.5kW x 4 x 0.75
rated at 2.5 kW
= 10kW
1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0 +
Water heater rated at 1.5kW
1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0
(Instantaneous)
= 3kW
1 100% (2kW x 1.0) +
Single phase motor rated at 2kW 1 80% (2kW x 0.8) +
1 60% (2kW x 0.6)
= 4.8kW
Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
Example (Solution)
Loads Qty DF MD
10 90% 100W x 10 x 0.9
Filament lamps each rated at 100W
= 0.9kW
24 90% 40W x 24 x 0.9
Fluorescent lamps each rated at 40W
= 0.864kW
13A Switch Socket Outlets 1 100% 300W x 1.0 +
(assume 300W per SSO) 29 75% 300W x 29 x 0.75
= 6.825kW
Single-phase air-conditioner 1 100% 2.5kW +
rated at 2.5 kW 4 75% 2.5kW x 4 x 0.75
= 10kW
Water heater rated at 1.5kW 1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0 +
(Instantaneous) 1 100% 1.5kW x 1.0
= 3kW
1 100% (2kW x 1.0) +
Single phase motor rated at 2kW 1 80% (2kW x 0.8) +
1 60% (2kW x 0.6)
= 4.8kW
Maximum Demand = 0.9 + 0.864 + 6.825 + 10 + 3 + 4.8 = 26.389kW
Load Estimation
What is load estimation?
• Computation of expected maximum electrical demand of a building
• Determining the capacities of the switchgears required
• Used for the application of electricity supply to the local supply
authority
• Take into consideration the maximum electrical demand of all the
facilities to be installed in the building and the possibility of future
load extension
• So that the capacities of the major equipment such as the
transformers, standby generators, etc. are sufficiently sized
Load Estimation

Two methods:

1. Load Density Method (W/m2) – Lighting, general power and air-conditioning

2. Actual Load Method – Vertical transportation, kitchen equipment, special

equipment, etc.
Load Estimation
Load Density Method (W/m2)

Initial planning stage, the detail design of the lighting system, general
power and air-conditioning system are not known.

Exact load requirement based on the actual design could not be made.

Based on past experience of electrical load per unit area in similar type
of development.

Adjusted when more detailed information of the facilities are known.

Load Estimation
Lighting Power Air-conditioning
Type of occupancy
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
Auditorium:
General 7 - 20 0 120 - 200
Stage 200 - 400 5
Art gallery 20 - 50 5 50 - 70
Bank 20 - 40 30 50 - 70
Cafeteria 25 - 45 5 60 - 70
Religious building 10 - 30 5 50 - 70
Computer area 15 - 25 15 120 - 200
Department store:
Basement 30 - 50 15 -
Main floor 25 - 45 10 50 - 70
Upper floor 20 - 40 5 -
Dwelling (not hotel):
0-300m2 30 5 -
300-12000m2 20 2.5 -
Above 12000m2 10 1.5 -

Load Density Table

Load Estimation
Lighting Power Air-conditioning
Type of occupancy
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
Car park 5 1.5 -
(commercial)
Each individual category of the loads
Hospital 20 - 30 10 50 - 70 (lighting, general power and air-
Hotel: conditioning) are obtained by
Lobby 10 - 30 5 50 - 80 multiplying the floor area with the
Rooms (no cooking) 10 - 25 5 30 - 50 possible load density.
Industrial building 10 - 20 10 -
Laboratories 30 - 40 50 - 200 60 - 100
These figures are then added together,
Library 15 - 35 5 50 - 70
taking into account the diversity factor,
Office Building 15 - 35 15 40 - 70
Restaurant 15 - 25 2.5 60 - 100
to obtain the maximum demand load of
Shops 20 - 50 5 -10 40 - 90
the building.
School 15 - 35 15 35 - 50
Warehouse (storage) 2.5 - 10 2.5 -
General building:
Halls, corridors 5 - -
Storage spaces 2.5 - -

Load Density Table (con’t)

Load Estimation
Actual Load Method

Other electrical loads which are not proportional to the area usage.

Actual load data must be gathered from the suppliers.

Added to the total load obtained from Load Density Method.

Example
An 18-storey high-rise building is designed as an office building cum shopping
centre and the usage of the floor areas are as follows:
Floor Intended usage Rentable Circulation Area
Area (m2) (m2)
Roof Roof garden / Plant room 2400
8-18th storey Office 1680 720
4-7 storey Car park 2400
3rd storey Car park 720 1680
Restaurant
2nd storey Shopping Centre 1680 720
Mezz. floor Art gallery 2400
1st storey Shops 1680 720

Other essential loads for common facilities:

Other Services QTY Load (kW) Diversity
Lifts 6 30 0.85

Escalators 4 20 0.85
Fire sprinkler pump 1 30 1.0

Domestic water pump 1 75 1.0

Wet riser pump 1 80 1.0

Sub-Total Demand

Estimate the maximum demand (in KW) of this 18-storey building.

Example (Solution)

The electrical demand is computed as follows:

Floor Area Lighting Power A/C Demand
(m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (kW)

Roof 2400 5 - - (5 x 2400) = 12 kW

8th - 18th
11 x 1680 x (18+15+45) =
storey 11 (1680) 18 15 45
1441.44 kW
office
Lighting Power Air-conditioning
Type of occupancy
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
Auditorium:
General 7 - 20 0 120 - 200
Stage 200 - 400 5
Art gallery 20 - 50 5 50 - 70

Lighting Power Air-conditioning Bank

Cafeteria
20 - 40
25 - 45
30
5
50 - 70
60 - 70
Type of occupancy Religious building 10 - 30 5 50 - 70
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) Computer area
Department store:
15 - 25 15 120 - 200

Basement 30 - 50 15 -
Halls, corridors 5 - - Main floor 25 - 45 10 50 - 70
Upper floor 20 - 40 5 -
Dwelling (not hotel):
Storage spaces 2.5 - - 0-300m2 30 5 -
300-12000m2 20 2.5 -
Above 12000m2 10 1.5 -
Car park (commercial) 5 1.5 -

Hospital 20 - 30 10 50 - 70
Hotel:
Lighting Power Air-conditioning Lobby 10 - 30 5 50 - 80
Type of occupancy Rooms (no 10 - 25 5 30 - 50
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) cooking)
Industrial building 10 - 20 10 -
Laboratories 30 - 40 50 - 200 60 - 100
Library 15 - 35 5 50 - 70
Office Building 15 - 35 15 40 - 70 Office Building 15 - 35 15 40 - 70
Restaurant 15 - 25 2.5 60 - 100
Shops 20 - 50 5 -10 40 - 90
School 15 - 35 15 35 - 50
Warehouse (storage) 2.5 - 10 2.5 -

General building:
Halls, corridors 5 - -
Storage spaces 2.5 - -
Example (Solution)

The electrical demand is computed as follows:

Area Lighting Power A/C Demand
Floor (m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (kW)
Roof 2400 5 - - 5 x 2400 = 12 kW
8th - 18th 11 (1680) 18 15 45 11 x 1680 x (18+15+45) =
storey 1441.44 kW
office
8th - 18th 11 (720) 5 - - 11 x 720 x 5 = 36.9 kW
storey
circulation
area

Lighting Power Air-conditioning

Type of occupancy
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
Halls, corridors 5 - -
Storage spaces 2.5 - -
Example (Solution – con’t)

The electrical demand is computed as follows:

Area Lighting Power A/C Demand
Floor (m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (kW)
Roof 2400 5 - - 5 x 2400 = 12 kW
8th - 18th 11 (1680) 18 15 45 11 x 1680 x (18+15+45) =
storey 1441.44 kW
office
8th - 18th 11 (720) 5 - - 11 x 720 x 5 = 36.9 kW
storey
circulation
area
4th- 7th 4(2400) 5 1.5 - 4 x 2400 x (5+1.5) = 62.4 kW
storey
car park

Lighting Power Air-conditioning

Type of occupancy
(W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2)
Car park 5 1.5 -

(commercial)
Example (Solution – con’t)

The electrical demand is computed as follows:

Area Lighting Power A/C Demand
Floor (m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (kW)
Roof 2400 5 - - 5 x 2400 = 12 kW
8th - 18th 11 (1680) 18 15 45 11 x 1680 x (18+15+45) =
storey 1441.44 kW
office
8th - 18th 11 (720) 5 - - 11 x 720 x 5 = 36.9 kW
storey
circulation
area
4th- 7th 4 (2400) 5 1.5 - 4 x 2400 x (5+1.5) = 62.4 kW
storey
car park
3rd storey 1680 -
5 1.5 1680 x (5+1.5) = 10.92 kW
car park
3rd storey 720 15 2.5 65 720 x (15+2.5+65) = 59.4 kW
restaurant
Example (Solution – con’t)

The electrical demand is computed as follows:

Area Lighting Power A/C Demand
Floor (m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (W/m2) (kW)
2nd storey 1680 25 10 50 1680 x (25+10+50) = 142.8 kW
shopping
centre
2nd storey 720 5 - - 720 x 5 = 3.6 kW
circulation
areas
Art gallery 2400 30 5 55 2400 x (30+5+55) = 216 kW
1st storey 1680 25 10 50 1680 x (25+10+50) = 142.8 kW
shops
1st storey 720 5 - - 720 x 5 = 3.6 kW
circulation
areas

Sub-Total Demand 2131.86 kW

Sub-Total Demand = 12 + 1441.44 + 36.9 + 62.4 + 10.92 + 59.4 + 142.8

+ 3.6 + 216 + 142.8 + 3.6 = 2131.86 kW
 Example (Solution)

Other essential loads for common facilities:

Other Services QTY Load Diversity Demand

(kW) (kW)
Lifts 6 30 0.85 6 x 30 x 0.85 = 153
Escalators 4 20 0.85 4 x 20 x 0.85 = 68
Fire sprinkler pump 1 30 1.0 1 x 30 x 1.0 = 30

Domestic water 1 75 1.0 1 x 75 x 1.0 = 75

pump
Wet riser pump 1 80 1.0 1 x 80 x 1.0 = 80

Sub-Total Demand 406

Therefore,
Maximum Demand of the building = 2131.86 + 406 = 2537.86kW
End of Topic 7