Assignment 1 (Green Chemistry)

NAME : SHABNAM
ROLL NO : 22057020
M.Sc. 3RD SEM
SUBJECT : Green Chemistry
Assignment 1(a)
Green Solvents :-
Green solvents, also known as environmentally friendly bio solvents which are derived from the
processing of crops.
There are many types of green solvents like ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, water, and
supercritical water. These green solvents are way much eco-friendly, less toxic, less hazardous than
traditional volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
For example, Ethyl lactate
Ethyl lactate is a green solvent derived from processing corn. Ethyl lactate is the ester of lactic acid
which is used as solvents in the paints and coating industry.
Types of Green Solvents

1. Supercritical Fluids
A compound that exists above its critical pressure (Pc) and above its critical temperature (Tc) is
known as supercritical fluid or SCF. Their chemical and physical properties are between those of a
gas and a liquid.
Phase diagram showing the supercritical fluid region
Supercritical liquids are the perfect replacement for organic solvents for industrial and lab processes
due to their great solubility in many polymers.
. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) is a good example of supercritical liquids
Supercritical Carbon dioxide (ScCO2)
Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) is known as a green solvent because it acts as a good solvent
for many non-polar, few polar, and low molecular weight compounds.
Application ScCO2 as a solvent
ScCO2 is widely used in polymerization. Polymerization of fluorine and silicon-containing

monomers are done in ScCO2 as they are less soluble in organic solvents.
Free radical polymerization (using a free radical initiator such as AIBN) of acrylate monomers
containing perfluoro-ponytails are also done in ScCO2.
2. Ionic liquids
An ionic liquid (IL) or ionic liquid is a molten salt in liquid state or we can say salts whose melting
point is below some arbitary temperature like 100 C is called ionic liquid (IL).
Ionic liquid have poorly coordinated ions which make them liquid below 100 C or even at room
temperature. At least one ion has a delocalized charge and one component is organic, which
prevents the formation of a stable crystal lattice.
Applications of ionic liquid
1. By changing the cation/anion ratio, type and alkyl chain length properties like acidity/basically,
melting temperature and viscosity can be changed to meet particular demands.
2. Due to stability of ionic liquids at temperatures above 300 C, they provide opportunity to carry
out high-temperature reactions at low pressure.
3. Ionic liquids being immiscible with organic solvents or water, so they can be used in liquid-liquid
extraction processes.
Assignment : 1(b)
Title: Enantioselective Transition Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation and Hydrogenation
Reactions: Contributions of Sharpless, Knowles, and Noyori (Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2001)
Introduction: The field of enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed oxidation and hydrogenation
reactions has witnessed remarkable advancements, thanks to the groundbreaking work of K. Barry
Sharpless, Ryōji Noyori, and William S. Knowles. Their pioneering contributions in this area have
not only expanded the toolkit of synthetic chemists but also led to the development of more
sustainable and efficient chemical processes.
Enantioselective Catalysis:
Enantioselectivity in chemical reactions is of paramount importance in the pharmaceutical and

agrochemical industries, where chirality often dictates a molecule's biological activity. Sharpless,
Knowles, and Noyori made significant strides in harnessing transition metal catalysts for achieving
enantioselectivity in oxidation and hydrogenation reactions.
K. Barry Sharpless:
Sharpless's work in the 1980s on asymmetric epoxidation using titanium and vanadium complexes,
specifically the Sharpless epoxidation, opened new avenues for the synthesis of enantiomerically
pure compounds. This methodology has been widely adopted for the preparation of chiral
intermediates in drug synthesis.
William S. Knowles:
William S. Knowles, in collaboration with Ryoji Noyori, contributed to the development of

asymmetric hydrogenation processes using chiral rhodium complexes. This pioneering research led
to the production of chiral compounds on an industrial scale, particularly in the synthesis of L-
DOPA, a key intermediate for treating Parkinson's disease.
Ryōji Noyori:
Ryōji Noyori's work on catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, including the Noyori asymmetric
hydrogenation of ketones, significantly advanced the field of enantioselective catalysis. His
research laid the foundation for the use of ruthenium-based catalysts, enabling the synthesis of
chiral pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Applications and Impact:
The enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed oxidation and hydrogenation reactions developed by

Sharpless, Knowles, and Noyori have found extensive applications in the synthesis of chiral
compounds for drug development and various chemical industries. These methodologies have
streamlined processes, reduced waste, and improved the efficiency of chemical manufacturing.
Conclusion:
The contributions of K. Barry Sharpless, William S. Knowles, and Ryōji Noyori in the field of
enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed oxidation and hydrogenation reactions have had a
profound impact on the field of chemistry. Their groundbreaking research has not only advanced
the science of asymmetric synthesis but also revolutionized the way chiral compounds are produced
on an industrial scale. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to them in 2001 recognizes their
outstanding achievements and underscores the significance of their work in modern chemistry.

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NAME : SHABNAM

For example, Ethyl lactate

Types of Green Solvents

Phase diagram showing the supercritical fluid region

Supercritical Carbon dioxide (ScCO2)

Application ScCO2 as a solvent

ScCO2 is widely used in polymerization. Polymerization of fluorine and silicon-containing

Applications of ionic liquid

Enantioselectivity in chemical reactions is of paramount importance in the pharmaceutical and

William S. Knowles, in collaboration with Ryoji Noyori, contributed to the development of

Applications and Impact:

The enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed oxidation and hydrogenation reactions developed by

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