CIVIL

ENGINEERING
SUB. BY:
DULAWAN, ANDRES JR. (M.I)
ABING, ADELAID PAULA R.
SOWAGEN, JULLIAN BLYSSA SEANLI (M.I)

SUB. TO:
TRISHA D. FAUSTINO

DATE:
NOVEMBER 17, 2023
● DEFINITION
 Civil engineering is the process of designing and executing structural
works that serve the general public, such as dams, bridges, aqueducts,
canals, highways, power plants, sewerage systems, and other
infrastructure. The term was first used in the 18th century to distinguish the
newly recognized profession from military engineering, which was until
then preeminent. Since the earliest times, however, engineers have
engaged in peaceful activities, and many of the civil engineering works of
ancient and medieval times—such as the Roman public baths, roads,
bridges, and aqueducts; the Flemish canals; the Dutch sea defenses; the
French Gothic cathedrals; and many other monuments—reveal a history
of inventive genius and persistent experimentation.
The field covers various disciplines, including structural engineering,
geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, and environmental
engineering, contributing to the sustainable development of communities
and enhancing the quality of life for people worldwide.

● HISTORY

Civil engineering comes from the Latin word civilis, which means "relating to a
citizen," and the Latin word ingeniare, meaning to create, generate, contrive, or
devise. Civil engineering was called its name in the past to distinguish it from
military engineering, which is the oldest branch of engineering.

The civil engineering profession dates back thousands of years to the early
civilizations that constructed some of our most iconic structures.

Ancient civilizations
- The first civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile Delta used engineering-
like skills to build simple earthworks and canals, and over time, these skills
evolved and led to the construction of some of the world's first large-scale
structures, such as the pyramids at Giza and the Great Wall of China.
Roman Empire
- The Romans expanded on the civil engineering skills of previous
civilizations. It used these techniques to build a vast collection of
monumental structures, such as aqueducts to deliver water to its sprawling
cities and a network of paved roads to facilitate trade. These civil
engineering projects were essential to the success and growth of the
Roman Empire and played a pivotal role in shaping and connecting the
Mediterranean world.

Industrial Revolution
- The Industrial Revolution saw major advancements in technology and also
led to a huge increase in the demand for civil engineering as countries
sought to construct vast networks of transportation and communication
systems and to develop cities and urban areas to support growing
populations.
The introduction of new construction materials such as iron and steel, as well as
new technologies, allowed for the construction of taller and larger-scale
structures and for civil engineering to expand to accommodate the needs of an
industrializing world.

Medieval period
- In the medieval period, civil engineering projects often coincided with the
growth of religious sites and the construction of castles, fortresses, and city
walls.
Engineers in this period often relied on existing technologies and techniques,
such as using stone and mortar for construction and hand tools to create
intricate structures; however, advancements were still made, including the
introduction of arches and domes to create strong, stable structures. The use of
water-powered mills and windmills also improved civil engineering during this
period.

Modern civil engineering

 - The 20th century brought with it advanced technologies and methods
that revolutionized the field of civil engineering and enabled the
construction of many of the structures that we take for granted today.
Civil engineers were integral in the construction of huge infrastructure
projects, such as roads, bridges, and buildings, as well as in the
development of industrial and commercial sectors. They also played a
crucial role in tackling environmental issues, such as water pollution, and
ensuring that these developments were sustainable and aligned with the
needs of local communities.

Civil engineering has played a crucial role in shaping modern cities and
societies and continues to play a vital role in tackling some of the world's most
pressing challenges.

● IMPORTANT FACTS

- Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering disciplines, dating

back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Romans.
- Civil engineering is a broad and diverse profession, with engineers
working in various sectors and specializations, such as
transportation, water resources, and construction.
- Civil engineering is an interdisciplinary field that involves
collaboration with other professions, such as architects, geologists,
and landscape architects
- Civil engineering projects often involve a planning process that
includes consideration of environmental aspects, stakeholders, and
budgets.
- The field of civil engineering offers a wide range of career
opportunities in both the public and private sectors.
- Civil engineers play a crucial role in shaping the built environment
that we live in today.
● KEY PRINCIPLES

Civil engineering's key principles are safety, functionality, aesthetics, cost

efficiency, and sustainability.
These principles should be considered at every stage of a civil
engineering project, from the design and construction phases to
maintenance and operations, to ensure that infrastructure is safe and
functional, aesthetically pleasing, and has a minimal effect on the
environment and the communities it serves. Additionally, considering the
cost-efficiency of construction is a crucial aspect of any project, as civil
engineers are responsible for ensuring that projects are completed within
budget while ensuring the highest quality of work.

Safety: This principle ensures that civil engineering projects are completed
safely, protecting both members of the public and construction
personnel.

Functional integrity: This principle ensures that the design and construction
of civil engineering projects meet the specified requirements and address
all aspects of a project, such as function, safety, cost-efficiency, and the
required standards and codes. Engineers must take into account all
relevant factors, such as the use, design, location, and environmental
settings, to produce a structure that is fit for purpose.

Aesthetics: This principle emphasizes the importance of the design of civil

engineering projects, ensuring they are visually attractive and
aesthetically pleasing, in line with the surrounding environment and
community norms. This can include both the exterior and interior
appearance of the structures and can also be achieved through the use
of sustainable materials, planting, and architectural design.
 Cost efficiency: This principle is important for ensuring that projects are
completed within budget and remain financially viable. This involves
taking into consideration the time and materials needed to complete the
project and finding cost-saving measures that maintain the safety,
functionality, and aesthetic integrity of the structure.

Sustainability: This principle aims to minimize the environmental impacts of

civil engineering projects and ensure their long-term viability.

● RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PROFESSION/FIELDS

Civil engineering is a broad and diverse profession, and as a result, it has

connections and interactions with many other professions and fields. One
of the main beneficiaries of civil engineering is the construction and
building sector, as civil engineers are the backbone of these projects.
They collaborate with many different professionals to deliver complex
projects on schedule and within budget while upholding the necessary
engineering, legal, and health and safety requirements. The relationship
between civil engineers and the planning, environmental, and public
health professions is also well established, primarily due to their integral
role in infrastructure design and operations. Civil engineers also work
closely with the government, particularly local authorities, to address
issues of access and safety and to ensure that infrastructure projects are in
line with environmental and economic targets. Civil engineering has a
deep connection with the field of engineering management, as
managing multiple aspects of their projects is a crucial part of their
responsibilities. Engineers also maintain strong links with the fields of
architecture, computer science, and finance, as they bring additional
knowledge and expertise to the planning and delivery of a project.
Additionally, civil engineering is connected with a wider range of
 disciplines and subjects, such as geography, mathematics, and physics,
which serve as the basis for its principles, practices, and technologies.

● CONCLUSION *

In conclusion, the civil engineering profession has changed and

evolved significantly throughout history, but it has always played an
important role in the development of society. From the creation of
ancient monuments to the growth of modern cities and the rise in
demand for infrastructure and housing, civil engineers have been at the
forefront of progress and development. As our technologies and
knowledge continue to progress, civil engineering will also continue to
play an essential role in shaping and managing the world around us.
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering—the
application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and
operating infrastructure while protecting public and environmental health,
as well as improving existing infrastructure that may have been
neglected. The term "civil engineer" finds its roots in the ingenious mind of
John Smeaton in 1750. It was coined to differentiate those working on civil
projects from their counterparts in the military, who focused on
armaments and defenses.
Since its inception, civil engineering has grown into a multifaceted
discipline, absorbing practices from military engineering and giving rise to
various sub-disciplines. The future of civil engineering is expected to be
driven by innovation, technology, and the need for more sustainable and
liveable cities and infrastructure. With the use of advanced technologies,
civil engineers will continue to shape the world we inhabit, ensuring a
more efficient, resilient, and liveable future.