PR 2
PR 2
PR 2
Chapter 1
According to Shiksha Malik, Pradeep Khyalia, & Jitender Singh Laura, ND,
water is one of the most critical parameters for the growth and sustenance of life.
Moreover, stated by John K. Maiyo, Sruthi Dasika, and Chad T. Jafvert (2023),
safe drinking water remains a major global challenge, especially in rural areas where,
according to UNICEF, 80% of those without access to improved water systems reside.
John Michael S. Borja, and Mike Christian B. Bautista (2022), the Philippines is one of
the few nations experiencing the tropical rainy season all year round. However, the
abundance of precipitation doesn’t always mean more water for consumption. The wet
season may also have some adverse effects on the quality of drinking water. During
rainy seasons, the Metropolitan Naga Water District (MNWD) expects a heavy amount
of water to precipitate within its service coverage area which would accumulate in the
District’s spring and groundwater sources. Although, too much rain and pressure may
cause damage to water pipelines affecting its distribution and eventually, the quality of
drinking water. Soil corrosion from surface runoffs and the instantaneous increase of
pressure might lead to water discoloration which is unsafe for consumption. Usually,
unfiltered water has a high chance of containing bacteria, metallic rust elements, toxic
Heavy floods or downpour leaves water stagnated in the open, which makes it a
indigestion, multiple types of viruses, bacteria and more depending upon the level of
contamination and the exposure to dirt, dust, pollution, and toxins (Pureit 2022)
as lakes, rivers, and groundwater supply much of the water for domestic use. Some of
the water that reaches our household faucets has also been used for other purposes.
Water from these various sources is treated to remove impurities and to make it suitable
Helen Flores (2023), stated that about 11 million Filipino families still have no
access to clean water, according to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB).
Speaking at the Laging Handa public briefing, NWRB executive director Sevillo David
noted these families get water from “unsafe” sources such as deep wells, springs, rivers,
lakes and rainwater. Aside from water, sanitation also remains a problem in the country
as many families still practice open defecation, risking water contamination and
Catanduanes, diarrhea still remains to be one of the top causes of death in Gigmoto due
to a lack of access to safe water sources in the household. In Sitio Sawa in Barangay
Sioron, getting clean water is very hard. Typhoon Rolly left massive damage to natural
resources and their water supply since households rely on deep wells and hand pumps
that are untreated and unsafe for drinking. Residents climbing mountains and crossing
rivers for a gallon of water became part of their everyday routine. These paths become
John K. Maiyo, et al (2023), stated that for the predominantly rural regions in
need, safe water technologies must be effective, and slow sand filtration (SSF) has
distinguished itself as a suitable water treatment technology for such rural areas. Slow
sand filters (SSFs), or biological sand filters (BSFs), are ideal water treatment solutions
for these low-resource regions. SSFs are the oldest municipal drinking water treatment
systems and improve water quality by removing suspended particles, dissolved organic
chemicals, and other contaminants, effectively reducing turbidity and associated taste
According to Elsevier logo (2018), slow sand filters are operated at very low
filtration rates without the use of coagulation. Slow sand filters are a simple, reliable
and easy to operate system. Contaminants are removed from water through a
combination and physical straining and microbiological processes in a slow sand filter.
When in operation, the surface of the filter bed is covered by a thin layer of medium,
and enables these filters to remove large numbers of bacteria. Slow sand filters do not
require highly trained operators, have minimal power requirements, and can tolerate
Slow sand filters can remove suspended solids but do not capture clay particles
or reduce color levels. They are simple to build and operate (Farsad Fotouhi, Neven
Kresic (2010)
developed and one of the most efficient processes available for the removal of most
organic and some inorganic materials from wastewater. Activated carbon is also capable
of removing color from water. It can be made from variety of carbonaceous materials
including wood, cola, peat, lignin, nutshells, baggase (sugar can pulp), sawdust, lignite,
bone and petroleum residues. In the past, carbons used in industrial application have
been produced most frequently from wood, peat, and waste of vegetables origin. The
purposes is towards use of various kinds of natural coal and coke, which are relatively
inexpensive.
This research is driven by the need for reliable and resilient water purification
conditions.
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the water
2. Will it still be effective even if the arrangements of sand, charcoal and gravel are
changed?
3. Will the water filtration can still purify properly if black sand were used instead
of white sand?
5. Is the slow sand with activated charcoal (SSAC) water purification system more
Hypothesis
compared to slow sand filter methods in terms of contaminant removal from water
Ho: The arrangement of materials in the water purification process does not
affects the removal of contaminants from the water, leading to improved purification
efficiency.
Ha: Using white sand in water purification results in a significantly higher level
Household; Implementing this method can lead to cleaner and safer drinking
especially for communities with limited resources. It could potentially reduce the need
Future Researchers; For the researchers who intend to conduct any related
Additionally, the researchers used activated granulated charcoal. The investigation will
focus on the removal of contaminants such as color, odor, and microbial pathogens
from the water. This study will be conducted at Gigmoto, Catanduanes, Philippines.
Definition of terms
To help with understanding the stated facts, the following terms are defined
undesirable substances from water to make it safe and suitable for consumption or other
specific purpose.
chapter in order to help readers gain insight into the topic of the present study.
Related Literature
main issue in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. One of the most efficient and
cheapest methods to attain these goals is to promote the use of slow sand filters. This
review shows that slow sand filters can efficiently provide safe drinking water to people
living in rural communities not served by a central water supply. Probably, the most
important aspect of SSF for developing and less-developed countries is its function as a
biological filter. WASH problems mainly relate to the spread of viruses, bacteria, and
parasites. The surface and shallow groundwater in developing countries around urban
areas and settlements are often polluted by domestic wastewater containing these
microbes and nutrients. However, factors that may adversely affect the removal of
microbiological constituents are mainly low temperature, high and intermittent flow
rates, reduced sand depth, filter immaturity, and various filter amendments.
(HSSF) is a widely used water treatment technology recognized as one of the most
effective and sustainable in reducing waterborne diseases. However, there is a lack of
According to Jadhav (2015), a household water treatment system can reduce the
risk of waterborne disease transmission, as well as best practices, such as water source
protection and safe storage. Household water treatment should be accessible to anyone,
In the 1990s, David Manz adapted the conventional slow sand filter for
household level and intermittent flow, which resulted in the Household Slow Sand
Filter (HSSF).This technology has been spread by several organizations and over
300,000 HSSFs have been installed in more than 69 countries (CAWST, 2012)
Related Studies
Joel B. Njeve, Victor O. Shikuku (2022), investigated that the activated carbon
remains the most widely used absorbent for the removal of chemical pollutants in both
drinking water and wastewater treatment processes due to its unique chemical
Conceptual Paradigm
Conceptual Framework
The framework envisions the slow sand filter with activated charcoal as the
central element influencing and interacting with key water quality parameters. This
study shows that the slow sand filter integrated with activated charcoal will make the
methodology and procedures used by the researchers to methodically deal with the
methodology, population and samples, research instrument, data collection process, and
statistical analysis of the data that were necessary for precise data analysis and
interpretation.
Sources of Data