CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | FORMULA October 13, 2021

NO. NAME FORMULA UNIT REMARK

1 proof
strength

2 proof load

3 preload OR non permanent OR reused connection: N Fp proof load

initial tension
F 0.75F

permanent connection:
F 0.9F

4 cross-
sectional
area of bolt

5 stiffness
constant bolt

6 stiffness
constant
part/plate

7 joint stiffness
OR joint
constant

8 bolt safety
factor

9 stiffness for
clamped
parts

10 torque to T KdF Nm K torque coefficient; d nominal @

tighten the major diameter; Fi preload @ initial
bolt Dry surface, unlubricated bolts or average tension
condition of thread friction;
K 0.2

Lubricated bolts;
K 0.15

11 bolt axial
tensile force

1
 CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | FORMULA October 13, 2021

NO. NAME FORMULA UNIT REMARK

tension in Remark: Parts connected if:
bolt
F 0

Remark: parts maybe separated / not connected

if:
If P Fb

12 clamping F 1 C P F ; for F 0 parts connected N Fp clamping force two parts; C joint

force two stiffness @ joint constant; P external
P
parts →F 1 C n F load @ force of ONE BOLT; Nb
N number of bolts; n bolt safety factor;
compression
Fi preload @ initial tension
in clamped Remark: Parts connected if:
members
F 0

Remark: parts maybe separated / not connected

if:
If Fp 0

13 joint-
separating
force

14 safety factor
guarding
against joint
separation

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

1. QUESTION 1 (SEP 2015)

A bolted joint is used to connect two machine components are shown in figure below. The combined stiffness of the
two components is 2.5 times the stiffness of the bolt. The initial tightening of the nut results in preload of 2.5 kN in the
bolt. The external force P acting on assembly is 5 kN. The bolt is made of the plain carbon steel (Sy = 420 MPa) and
the factor of safety of the joint is 2. The bolt used is coarse thread bolt with modulus of elasticity 207 GPa. Determine

a) Joint stiffness factor

b) Bolt axial tensile force
c) Specify a suitable size of the bolt
d) The number of bolts if external force, P increase to 18 kN
e) The grip or length of clamping zone, if the stiffness of the component is 1.27 GN/m

[Ans: C = 0.286, Fb = 3.93 kN, d = 5 mm, Nb = 4 bolts, L = 8 mm]

1
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

2. QUESTION 1 (MAR 2017)

A portion of a high-pressure boiler has an internal gauge pressure of 5 MPa as shown in figure below. The flanged joint
involves a cylinder with internal diameter of 250 mm. Twelve conventional class 8.8, coarse thread steel bolts of
modulus elasticity of 200 GPa. The cylinder and end plate are made of cast iron of modulus of elasticity 100 GPa.
Construction detail such as that effective area of part (clamp) can conservatively be assumed equal to 5 times of bolt
area. The joint is reusable. Determine

a) The joint of stiffness factor

b) The diameter of steel bolt
c) The minimum grip, L if stiffness constant of the part is 1931.7 MN/m

[Ans: C = 0.286, d = 10 mm, L = 20.302 mm]

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

3. QUESTION 1 (SEP 2013)

A section of connection illustrated in the figure below for a permanent connection. A total of six bolts are used to resist
an external load of 240 kN. The bolt of connection is M20 x 1.5 ISO fine threads, class number 8.8. The stress in each
bolt is 529.5 MPa. Determine

a) The factor of joint stiffness

b) Stiffness constant for bolt
c) Stiffness constant for plates
d) Modulus of elasticity of plates, E
e) Suggest the material used for plates with based on answer in (d)

[Ans: C = 0.408, kb = 1.047 GN/m, kp = 1.519 GN/m, Ep = 80.988 GPa, Material Ep = zinc alloy]

3
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

4. QUESTION 1 (OCT 2016)

A section of connection as illustrated in the figure below forms a permanent connection. The bolt of connection is M5
X 0.8 ISO coarse thread, class 4.6. The combined stiffness of the two components is 2.5 times the stiffness of the bolt
and the factor of safety of the joint is 2. The bolt is made of plain carbon steel with modulus of elasticity 200 GPa.
Determine

a) The preload required to tighten the bolt

b) The maximum external force of the bolt can carry, and will the components separate or remain connecting
under the maximum load?
c) Using the same bolt, recommend one modification you would have apply to the connection if the two
components are made of malleable cast iron ASTM A-47 and the external force is 3375 N, assuming the
factor of safety remain the same

All dimensions in mm.

[Ans: Fi = 2.876 kN, P = 557.692 N, parts/components not separated, Nb = 3 bolts]

4
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

1. PROBLEM 15.26 (UGURAL, 2ND ED.)

The bolt of connection shown in figure below is M20 X 2.5, ISO coarse thread having Sy = 630 MPa. Determine

a) The total force on the bolt, if the joint is reusable

b) The tightening torque, if the bolts are lubricated

Design requirement: The grip is L = 60 mm; the joint carries an external load of P = 40 kN.

Given: The bolt will be made of steel of modulus of elasticity Es and the parts are cast iron with modulus of elasticity
Ec = Es / 2.

[Ans: Fb = 118.626 kN, T = 312.558 Nm]

1
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

2. QUESTION 1 (SEP 2014)

A bolted assembly of two components is shown in figure below. Initially the nut is tightened by mean of a spanner as
to induce a preload. The external force acting on the assembly is 10 kN. The bolt with class number 4.8, coarse thread
and modulus of elasticity of 207 GPa. The components are made of aluminum with modulus of elasticity of 71 GPa.
The joint is reusable. Determine

a) The value of T if the shaded region of the components is 17500 mm2

b) Diameter of bolt, d if the induced preload is 5 kN
c) The joint of stiffness factor
d) The total force on the bolt

All dimensions in mm.

[Ans: T = 25 mm, d = 7 mm, C = 0.306, Fb = 8.06 kN]

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

3. QUESTION 1 (JUN 2019)

A cylinder head of an IC engine of 120 mm bore and made of aluminum is fixed to the cylinder flange with 6 steel bolts
of M8 X 1.25 fine threads as in figure below. The moduli of elasticity of steel and aluminum are 207 GPa and 71 GPa,
respectively. Given the effective area of the parts is taken as 402.12 mm2. If the joint is assumed to be reusable and
safety factor of 5 is considered, for the following:

a) calculate the joint stiffness factor.

b) determine the yield strength of the bolt if the external load is 14100 N and the clamping force on the parts.
c) recommend the maximum permissible gas pressure inside the cylinder if the number of bolts is reduced to 3
bolts and factor number of 5 is used.

[Ans: C = 0.267, Sy = 355.698 MPa, FP = -799.25 N, Pmax = 0.641 MPa]

3
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (BOLT & NUT) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

4. QUESTION 1 (MAR 2013)

A bolted assembly of two component as shown in figure below. The bolt is made of steel while the plates are made of
aluminum. Assume that modulus of elasticity of aluminum is 2.5 times modulus of elasticity of steel and permanent
connection. The external force, P acting on the bolt joint is 10 kN and factor of safety is 2.5. Determine:

a) The stiffness constant

b) The diameter and pitch of the bolt
c) State one modification to reduce the value of pitch from the answer in (b)
d) The length, L

[Ans: C = 0.375, d = 14 mm, p = 2 mm, L = 0.05 mm]

4
 CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | FORMULA October 13, 2021

NO. NAME FORMULA UNIT REMARK

1 Shearing Diagram: n/a P applied shear load or force; d

failure of rivet diameter of rivet

Formula: Pa
4P
τ
πd
P 4P
τ →
πd πd
4
2 Tensile or Diagram: n/a P applied shear load or force; de
tearing failure effective hole diameter; w plate width; t
of plate thickness plate.

for a drilled hole:

d d 1 16 " about 1.5 mm
Formula: Pa
P
σ for a punched hole:
w d t
d d 1
8 " about 3 mm
3 bearing failure Diagram: n/a P applied shear load or force; d
of plate or diameter of rivet; t thickness plate.
rivet

Formula: Pa
P
σ
dt
4 shearing Diagram: n/a P applied shear load or force; a the
failure of edge closest distance from rivet to the edge of
of plate plate; t thickness plate

Formula: Pa
P
τ
2at

1
 CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | FORMULA October 13, 2021

NO. NAME FORMULA UNIT REMARK

5 centroid for X: m Ai area of bolts; x or y jarak rujukan

bolt yang kita pilih
A x
X Remark: Ai kalau all rivets sama size
A
tambahkan semua je, but if diameter rivets
for Y: tak sama, so kena kira satu2 area dia.
A y
Y
A

6 reactional Mr N M twisting moment; ri: r radial

F
tangential ∑ r distance from the centroid to the center of
force each bolt directed perpendicular to the
tangential force; i number of bolts;
example:
Pe r
F
r r r …r

7 twisting M Pe Nm P direct shear force; e eccentricity

moment jarak antara external or applied load
dengan centroid

8 yield strength S 0.5S Pa Sy also known as σ yield strength

in shear

9 maximum S Pa Sy also known as σ yield strength

τ
shear stress 2
10 maximum S Pa Sy also known as σ yield strength; n
τ
shear stress 2n safety factor; σ1, σ3 principal stresses
for design
OR
purpose
S
σ σ
n

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

1. QUESTION 2 (DEC 2018)

A bracket in the form of plate is fitted to a column by meant of four rivets with the same diameter as shown in figure
below. A load P of 60 kN is applied to the bracket. The maximum shear stress for the material of the rivet is 70 MPa.

a) Compute the centroid of the rivets group from rivet C and find the eccentricity
b) Find direct shear and tangential force subjected on each rivet
c) Compute the diameter of the rivets

� = 45 mm; Y
[Ans: X � = 30 mm; e = 90 mm, rivet 3: Pdirect shear = 15 kN; Ft1 = Ft2 = 16.667 kN; Ft3
= 12.018 kN; Ft4 = 22.361 kN, d = 24.132 mm ≈ 25 mm]

1
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

2. QUESTION 2 (APR 2010)

A bracket in the form of a plate is fitted to a column by means of four rivets A, B, C and D in the same vertical line as
shown in figure below. A load of 100 kN is applied to the bracket which is of a horizontal distance of 150 mm from E.
The load acts at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The rivets are made of steel having a yield stress in shear of 240
MPa. Take the factor safety of 1.5. Determine

a) The resultant load on rivets A and D

b) The maximum diameter of rivet

A
100 kN
60

B
240 mm

E 30o
60

C
60

150 mm

[Ans: FA = 20.185 kN, FD = 60.457 kN, d = 31.019 mm ≈32 mm]

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

3. QUESTION 2 (OCT 2012)

A bracket in the form of plate is fitted to a column by mean of six rivets of the same size as shown in figure below. A
load P of 20 kN is applied to the bracket. The maximum shear stress for the material of the rivet is 70 MPa. Determine

a) The load carried by rivet at A

b) The diameter of the rivet
c) The thickness of the plate if bearing stress is 100 MPa

E F

[Ans: F1 = 8.145 kN, d = 14.875 mm ≈ 15 mm, t = 8.11 mm]

3
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

4. PROBLEM 15.40 (UGURAL, 2ND ED.)

A riveted structural connection supports a load of 10 kN, as shown in figure below. Determine

a) the value of the force on the most heavily loaded rivet in the bracket
b) the values of the shear stress for 20 mm rivets
c) the bearing stress if the Gusset plate is 15 mm thick

Given: The applied loading is P = 10 kN

[Ans: Fmax = 2.151 kN, τmax = 6.847 MPa, σb = 7.17 MPa]

4
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

5. TEST 1 (SEP 2017)

A bracket in the form of plate is fitted to a column by mean of three (3) rivets of the same size as shown in figure below.
A load of 120 kN is applied to the bracket at angle 75° to the horizontal and the line of action of the load passes through
the center of the top rivet. If the maximum shear stress for the material of the rivet is 70 MPa. Determine

a) The diameter of the rivet

b) The thickness of the plate if bearing stress is 100MPa

[Ans: d = 29.084 mm ≈ 30 mm, t = 15.99 mm ≈ 16 mm]

5
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | TUTORIAL October 13, 2021

6. QUESTION 2 (MAR 2016)

A bracket in the form of plate is fitted to a column by mean of four rivets as shown in figure below. An eccentric load P
of 5000 N is applied to the bracket. Determine

a) The centroid of the rivet assembly from rivet S

b) The force on most heavily loaded in the bracket
c) The value of A if maximum shear stress of the rivet is 100 MPa

All dimension in millimeter.

[Ans: �
X = 66.667 mm; �
Y = 30 mm, Fmax = 5.574 kN, A = 222.96 mm2 ]

6
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

1. PROBLEM 15.42 (UGURAL, 2ND ED.)

Determine the value of the load P for the riveted joint shown in figure below.

Design assumption: The allowable rivet stress in shear is 100 MPa.

Given: d = 90 mm.

[Ans: P = 143.671 kN]

1
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

2. QUESTION 2 (SE MAY 2017)

A light plate is attached to a column by three identical rivets with diameter of 14 mm. The load P is vertically loaded as
shown in figure below. Determine

a) The centroid of the rivet’s assembly from rivet 1

b) The maximum load P if the yield stress of the rivet is 400 MPa with design safety factor of 2

All dimensions in mm.

150 275

2 3
150

� = 50 mm; Y
[X � = 100 mm, P = 9.039 kN]

2
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

3. QUESTION 2 (JAN 2018)

Figure below shows a plate riveted onto a vertical column with three rivets placed at three location of size 55 mm. A
load of 35.5 kN acts on the plate at distance of 105 mm from vertical line through a rivet. If the permissible stress in
rivet is 60 N/mm2, determine

a) Centroid of the rivet’s assembly

b) Critical rivet
c) Suitable diameter for the rivet

3
2

� = 0 mm; Y
[Ans: X � = −31.75 mm, rivet 3: Pmax = 49.742 kN, d = 32.489 mm]

3
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

4. QUESTION 2 (JUN 2018)

A riveted joint, consisting of four rivets is subjected to an eccentric force, P of 5 kN act at the angle of 30° to the
horizontal as shown in figure below. Determine

a) The centroid of the rivet’s assembly from rivet 4

b) The forces at rivet 2 and 3
c) The maximum shear stress if A is 510 mm2

Given: Area of rivet 1 = A, Area of rivet 2 = 2A, Area of rivet 3 = A, Area of rivet 4 = 4A

All dimensions in mm.

[Ans: �
X = 75 mm; �
Y = 0 mm, Fmax = 2.589 kN, τmax = 5.076 MPa]

4
CHAPTER 3: FASTENER (RIVET) | EXERCISE October 13, 2021

5. QUESTION 2 (OCT 2016)

A bracket in the form of plate is fitted to a column by mean of three rivets A, B and C of the same diameter as shown
in figure below. A load of 115 kN is applied to the bracket at point P. Given that the maximum shear stress for the
material of the rivet is 240 MPa.

a) Draw the free body diagram for each rivet

b) State which rivet has experienced the maximum resultant shear load
c) Determine the thickness of the plate if bending stress of the plate is 125 MPa, assume its total width at section
ABC as 255 mm

[Ans: rivet 1 and rivet 3: Pmax = 132.17 kN, t = 17.954 mm ≈ 18 mm ]