100% found this document useful (1 vote)

159 views345 pages

Actor Participant Handbook

Uploaded by

CHANDAN

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

100% found this document useful (1 vote)

159 views345 pages

Actor Participant Handbook

Uploaded by

CHANDAN

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 345

Participant Handbook

Sector
MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

Sub-Sector
Film, Television, Radio,
Advertising
Occupation
Acting
Reference ID: MES/ Q 0105, Version 2.0
NSQF Level 4

Actor
Participant Handbook

This book is sponsored by Media and Entertainment

Sector Skill Council Contact Details:
Address: 522-524, 5th Floor, DLF Tower-A, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +91 11 49048335 | 49048336

Under Creative Commons License: CC-BY -SA

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as
long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is
often compared to “copyleft” free and open-source software licenses. All new works based on yours
will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used
by Wikipedia and is recommended for materials that would benefit from incorporating content from
Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects.

Disclaimer

The information contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to Media and
Entertainment. Media and Entertainment disclaims all warranties to the accuracy, completeness or
adequacy of such information. Media and Entertainment shall have no liability for errors, omissions,
or inadequacies, in the information contained herein, or for interpretations thereof. Every effort has
been made to trace the owners of the copyright material included in the book. The publishers would
be grateful for any omissions brought to their notice for acknowledgements in future editions of the
book. No entity in Media and Entertainment shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever, sustained
by any person who relies on this material. The material in this publication is copyrighted. No parts of
this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means either on
paper or electronic media, unless authorized by the Media and Entertainment.

ii
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Skilling is building a better India.

If we have to move India towards
development then Skill Development
should be our mission.

Shri Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India

iii
Participant Handbook

Certificate
COMPLIANCE TO
QUALIFICATIONPACK–NATIONALOCCUPATIONAL
STANDARDS
is hereby issued by the
Media & Entertainment Skill Council
For

SKILLING CONTENT: PARTICIPANT HANDBOOK

Complying to National Occupational Standards of
Job Role/Qualification Pack: “Actor”QP No.”MES/Q 0105, NSQF Level 4”

Date of Issuance:
Valid up to: March 23rd, 2027
*Valid up to the next review date of the Qualification Pack or the
Authorized Signatory
‘Valid up to’ date mentioned above (whichever is earlier) (Media & Entertainment Skill Council)

iv
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Acknowledgements
Media & Entertainment Skills Council (MESC) would like to express its gratitude to all the individuals
and institutions who contributed in different ways towards the preparation of this “Participant
Manual”. Without their contribution it could not have been completed. Special thanks are extended to
those who collaborated in the preparation of its different modules. Sincere appreciation is also
extended to all who provided peer review for these modules.
The preparation of this manual would not have been possible without the Media and Entertainment
Industry’s support. Industry feedback has been extremely encouraging from inception to conclusion
and it is with their input that we have tried to bridge the skill gaps existing today in the Industry.
This participant manual is dedicated to the aspiring youth who desire to achieve special skills which will
be a lifelong asset for their future endeavors.

v
Participant Handbook

About this Book

This Participant Handbook is designed to enable training for the Actor Qualification Pack (QP) with
Ref. ID MES/ Q 0105. There are 4 National Occupational Standards (NOS) under this qualification
pack. Each National Occupational (NOS) is covered across 8 Units in this book.

Key Learning Objectives for every NOS mark the beginning of the Unit for that NOS. In Table of
Contents, you will find the module names with their corresponding NOS code. The symbols used in
this book are described below.

Symbols Used

Key Learning Steps Time Tips Notes Unit

Outcomes Objectives

Exercise

vi
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Table of Contents

S. No. Modules and Units Page No.

1. Introduction & Orientation 1

Unit 1.1 - Introduction to the Media and Entertainment 3
Unit 1.2 –Duties and Responsibilities of Actor 9
2. Recognize the Character to be Portrayed 13
Unit 2.1 – Interpret The Character Roles 15
Unit 2.2 – Experiencing Actor as an Act 25
Unit2.3 -Voice Modulation, Body movement and Improvisation 30
3. Performing Acting 34
Unit 3.1 – Acting Skills 36
Unit 3.2-Attend each Auditions 38
Unit 3.3- How to Audition for a Role 40
Unit 3.4-Casting Process 44
Unit 3.5-Directing Roles 47
Unit 3.6- Production Designer 51
Unit 3.7-Visual Communication Acting Tips 54
Unit 3.8- Acting Techniques and Tips for an Actor 57
4. Develop and maintain Portfolio 63
Unit 4.1- How to Create a Portfolio For Acting 65
Unit 4.2-Importance of Headshots 72
Unit 4.3-Tips How to Promote yourself 74
Unit 4.4- Ways to grow on following social network 76
Unit 4.5 –Major Do’s and Don’ts on Social Media 81
5. Maintain Workspace Healthy and Safety 84
Unit 5.1 – Maintain Workspace healthy and safety 86
Unit 5.2 – First Aid 91
6. Soft Skills and Communication Skills 97
Unit 6.1 - Introduction to the Soft Skills 98
Unit 6.2 - Effective Communication 101
Unit 6.3 - Grooming and Hygiene 106
Unit 6.4 - Interpersonal Skill Development 116
Unit 6.5 - Social Interaction 127
Unit 6.6 - Group Interaction 132
Unit 6.7 - Time Management 136
Unit 6.8 - Resume Preparation 138
Unit 6.9 - Interview Preparation 144

vii
Participant Handbook

S. No. Modules and Units Page No.

7. First Aid & CPR 147

Unit 7.1 – First Aid & CPR 149
8. IT Skills 163
Unit 8.1 - Introduction to Computer 165
Unit 8.2 - Basic Computer Knowledge 167
Unit 8.3 - Components of Computer 170
Unit 8.4 - Concept of Operating System 172
Unit 8.5- Ms word 183
Unit 8.6 - MS PowerPoint 196
Unit 8.7 - MS Excel 207
Unit 8.8 - Internet Concepts 227
9. Employability & Entrepreneurship Skills 234
Unit 9.1 - Personal Strengths & Value Systems 240
Unit 9.2 - Digital Literacy: A Recap 261
Unit 9.3 - Money Matters 267
Unit 9.4 - Preparing for Employment & Self Employment 279
Unit 9.5 - Understanding Entrepreneurship 291
Unit 9.6 – Preparing to be an Entrepreneur 315

viii
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

ix
1. Introduction

Unit 1.1 - Introduction to the Media and Entertainment

Unit 1.2 –Duties and Responsibilities of an Actor
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Explain the key features of the Media and Entertainment sector
• Discuss various processes and products of Media & Entertainment sector
• Learn about the role of Actor in industry.
• Identify the minimum requirement to become a certified Actor.
• Describe the work area of Actor.
• Identify the opportunities available for Actor. Evaluate importance of Indian Media and
Entertainment Industry
• Analyze the scene demand as per script.

2
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 1.1: Introduction to Media & Entertainment

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Describe the media and entertainment industry in India
• Describe the growth expected in the media & entertainment industry
• Explain the various products and processes of the industry
• Identify some keywords used in the industry

1.1.1 Media and Entertainment Sector in India

The Indian media and entertainment (M&E) sector are one of the biggest in the world. It is placed as
14th largest in the world. This sector is 1.7% of Indian GDP and expected to be 2.2% of GDP with INR
4.5 lakh crores in 2022. The sector employs 9.3% of the workforce of our country and we are
expecting it to be 17% till the end of 2017

From 2014 to 2018 Media and Entertainment sector has grown by approximately 11 percent CAGR
which makes Media and Entertainment sector INR 1.43 trillion industry. It is estimated that Indian
Media and Entertainment market will flourish to CAGR of 13.1% in FY 18-23 reaching at INR 2.66
trillion. The industrial performance of M&E sector is given in next figure.

Figure 1.1. 1 Revenue of M&E Industry In 2018, digital advertising business grew 35% as compared to 2017.

Another high growth sub-sector is Gaming which grew by 35.1% in FY 2018 as compared to FY 2017.
The projected growth of industry for FY 2018 to 2023 is given in next figure.

3
Participant Handbook

Figure 1.1. 2 Projected growth of M&E Sector

India is one of the largest broadcasters in the world with approximately 800 TV channels, 242 FM
channels and more than 100 community radio networks working at present. Bollywood, the Indian
film industry is the largest producer of films around the globe with 400 production and corporate
houses involved.
The Government of India keeps on pushing the Media and Entertainment industry by launching
various schemes such as digitizing the cable TV to fill greater institutional funding, raising the Foreign
investment from 74 per cent to 100 per cent in cable and DTH satellite platforms. Government has
also allotted industry status to the film industry for easy finance.

1.1.2 Employability in Media and Entertainment Sector

The Media & Entertainment sector employs 11-12 lakh people directly (as per 2017 reports) and if we
consider indirect employments as well then count goes to 35-40 lakh people. The Media sector is
highly dependent on advertising revenues and performance of Industry for economy outlook. This
sector was having 4 lakhs workforce in 2013 and we expect it to reach 13 lakhs by 2022 which means
employing 9 lakhs of additional employment in the period of 2013-22.

• 1/4th of the people employed in Media and Entertainment sector are from film industry.
• The Media & Entertainment sector has about 4.60 lakhs people employed and is projected to
grow at the rate of 13 % to reach 7.5 lakhs by 2017.
• The Media and Entertainment sector which is expected to grow at rate of 13.1 % by 2023 which
means to reach 2.7 lakh crore of business for skilled professionals.
• Film & Television sector has a major portion of the workforce employed in media and
entertainment. Digitization activities being done in both films and television arena are the key
player for this demand.

4
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Figure 1.1. 3Employments in Different Sectors of Media and Entertainment

1.1.3 Evolution of Media and Entertainment Sector

• Radio broadcasting came by Radio Club of Bombay in 1923 in India under the British rule.
• All India Radio (AIR), one of the largest radio networks in the world, started working in 1936.
• Door darshan (DD) started the era of TV on Sept 15, 1959 in India.
• The Indian economy was closed until 1990, and no private player could enter the space in the
1990s, the Indian film industry was completely fragmented
• BBC launched its national service in 1995
• In 1999, the government allowed private Indian Firms to set up their FM stations on a license fee
basis
• In May 2000, as part of Phase I of radio broadcast licensing, the auction was conducted and 37
licenses were issued, out of which 21 are operational in 14 cities
• Approximately 1000 TV channels and 1052 radio stations are expected to be working by 2022.

5
Participant Handbook

1.1.4 Major Subsector and Segments

• The Indian M&E industry comprises several sub-sectors, such as television, radio, print media
(including newspapers and magazines), films, animation and visual effects (VFX), Sound & Music,
Amusement & Theme Parks, Art & Culture, and Event Management/Live Performances.
• Advertising industry is the major revenues generating part of the industry and the growth of the
sector decides the overall growth of the industry.
• Although there is not much to export from this industry, but imports have a considerable share in
the economy like imports of newsprints, set-top boxes and antennae.

Figure 1.1. 4Media and Entertainment Sector

• The industry is specific to cultural and ethnic backgrounds and is organized around specific hubs
that specialize in output for a given population segment. For example, the Mumbai film industry
(Bollywood) is a key film hub in the country. A similar hub also exists in South India.

6
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Figure 1.1. 5Media and Entertainment Sector Growth Rates expected in 2016-2021

1.1.5 General Key Words used in this Book

• Animatic: A series of images edited together with dialogues and sound is called animatic.
• Compositing: Combining layers of images/elements into a single frame is called composting.
• Composition: Positioning character with respect to the background and camera is called
composition.
• Creative Brief: A document that captures the key questions for the production including the
vision, objective of the target audience, budgets, project, milestones, timelines and stakeholders
is called creative brief.
• Key Frame: Key poses that start and end poses for animation sequence are called key frames.
• Modeling: Creation of three-dimensional models for animation using a specialized software is
called modeling.
• Rendering: Conversion of three-dimensional models into two-dimensional images with 3D effects
is called rendering.
• Rigging: Process of adding joints to a static three-dimensional model to aid movement during
posing is called rigging.
• 2D animation: Moving pictures in a two-dimensional environment is called 2D animation like in
computerized animation software.
• 3D animation: 2D animation with depth is called 3D animation. Examples include video games
such as Halo and Madden Football.
• Animation: Sequential play of various inter-related frames is called animation.
• Anticipation: Anticipation are created through the preparation of an action.
• Aspect Ratio: The width to height ratio of a TV picture is called aspect ratio.
• Background Painting: An artwork done in the background of an animation is called background
painting.
• CGI (Computer Generated Imagery): Creation of Figures, settings, or other material in the frame
using computer software is called CGI.
• Clean-Up: The process of refining the rough artwork of 2D animation is called Clean-up.
• Computer Animation: Any kind of animation created in computer is called computer animation.
• Frame: one of a series of still transparent photographs on a strip of film used in making movies or
animations.

7
Participant Handbook

• Frame Rate: The rate of change of frames in an animation is called frame rate. It is measured in
frames per second (fps).
• Graphics Tablet: This is a device used to draw sketches.
• Pixel: The smallest indivisible portion of an image is called pixel.
• Raster: Rastering is the projections of various pixels on CRT screen to form an image.
• Rotoscoping: Creation and manipulation of background images of an animation is called
rotoscoping. This can be done manually as well as using computer software.
• Title Cards: Title cards are also called FIR of an animation. Title cards give brief information about
the animation.
• Tween: The transition of one frame to another in animation is called tween.
• Vector: Some of the artwork is created by vectors rather than pixels. This allows cleaner and
smoother animation because images are displayed by mathematical equation solutions.
• CEL: It is a cellulose sheet used to paint characters. In practice, it is now a day. plastic sheet in
combination with the outline and coloring of a character, object, and/or special effect.

Exercise-1
Discuss the role of Media & Entertainment sector in India economy.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise-2
Discuss the employability of various sub-sectors in Media & Entertainment Sector.

8
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 1.2: Duties and Responsibilities of Actor

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Learn about the role of Actor in industry.
• Identify the minimum requirement to become a certified Actor.
• Describe the work area of Actor.
• Identify the opportunities available for Actor.

1.2.1 Introduction to Actor of Job Role

Actors categorical ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and different humanistic
discipline media. They additionally work theme parks or different live events. They interpret a writer’s
script to entertain or inform Associate in Nursing audience. Most actors struggle to search out steady
work, and few deliver the goods recognition as stars. Some work as “extras”—actors UN agency seem
on screen with no lines to deliver. Some do voiceover or narration work for animated options, audio
books, or different electronic media. In some stage or film productions, actors sing, dance, or play a
device. For a few roles, Associate in Nursing actor should learn a replacement talent, like horseback
riding or stage fighting. Most actors have long periods of state between roles and sometimes hold
different jobs to form a living. Some actors teach acting categories as a second job.
Actors ought to conjointly possess the subsequent specific qualities:
Creativity: Actors interpret their characters’ feelings and motives to portray the characters within the
most compelling approach.
Memorization skills: Actors hit the books several lines before photography begins or a show
opens. TV actors typically seem on camera with very little time to hit the books scripts, and scripts
oftentimes could also be revised or written moments before photography.
Persistence: Actors might audition for several roles before obtaining employment. They have to be
ready to settle for rejection and keep going.
Physical stamina: Actors ought to be in adequate wholeness to endure heat from stage or studio lights
and the weight of significant costumes. They'll work long hours, together with acting in additional than
one performance each day, and that they should do thus while not obtaining to a fault tired.
Reading skills: Once searching for a brand-new role, actors browse several scripts and should be ready
to interpret however an author has delineated their character.

Speaking skills: Actors—particularly stage actors—must be ready to say their lines clearly, project their
voice, and pronounce words so audiences perceive them. In addition to those qualities, actors
typically should be physically coordinated to perform planned, typically complicated movements with
alternative actors to finish a scene.

9
Participant Handbook

1.2.2Job Profile ofActor

An actor communicates a personality or things to associate degree audience through speech, visual
communication and movement. This sometimes involves deciphering the work of an author below the
instruction and support of a director, though some work could need the actor to plan a personality or
improvise the reactions of a character to a. Work varies staggeringly, from live stage performances of
the classics and community theatre, to soap operas, radio work, TV advertising and film elements.
Additionally, as providing amusement, associate degree actor's role may additionally involve
education, coaching or medical care.
Responsibilities: - As associate degree actor, you'll want to:
• Job obtain and network
• Liaise with associate degree agent
• Prepare for and attend auditions
• Learn lines and execute
• Research or undertake activities to assist inure a neighborhood
• Discuss interpretation and delivery with alternative members of the corporate and also the
director
• Perform for a live audience
• Perform in an exceedingly studio or 'on location' for film, television, net and broadcast
• Do voice-overs for advertisements or record audio books
• Manage the performance space, costumes and props
• Undertake activities related to itinerant, like driving a van, 'get-ins' and 'get-outs' at theatres (i.e.
putting in and dismantlement the performance area)
• Liaise with venue managers and accommodation suppliers
• Keep records for company managers
• Work as a walk-on or additional for TV or film.
What to expect
• Actors sometimes work inside in theatres or TV studios, though some contracts would require
actors to figure outdoors, for instance some film and TV work and street theatre.
• Actors are oftentimes freelance for tax functions. Not all employers pay social insurance
contributions. Several actors use associate degree controller. Correct record-keeping skills are
essential.
• The lifestyle implications are wide. Time spent off from house is associate degree inevitable a
part of the duty. Disruption to home and social life is also ineluctable. Several actors leave the
profession due to difficulties finding work.
• Actors could realize themselves operating everywhere the United Kingdom and abroad. Auditions
are sometimes control in London or alternative major cities and actors is also needed to attend
them at terribly short notice.
• Once you've got incontestable, you're skilled and smart to figure with this could count in
your favor, as recommendation by word of mouth is incredibly common.
Skills
• You will ought to show:
• Good communication and listening skills
• Punctuality and liableness
• The ability to interpret and analyze roles
• The capability to figure well in groups
• The ability to require instruction and criticism
• Confidence to network and follow up contacts

10
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Self-discipline and stamina to address long hours and learning lines

• Resilience and determination
• Additional skills - these is also needed for a few roles, like the power to sing, dance or play a
device.

1.2.4 Key Professional Skills

This job requires the individual to have a
• Good stage, screen or vocal presence
• The ability to enter Associate in other character and interact with an audience
• The ability to con lines
• Good understanding of dramatic techniques
• Having the boldness, energy and dedication to perform
• Creative insight

Exercise
• Who is an actor?

• How do actors get jobs?

• Discuss the job responsibilities of an actor?

11
Participant Handbook

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

12
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

2. Recognize the character

to be portrayed
Unit 2.1 – Interpret the Character Roles
Unit 2.2 – Experiencing Acting as an Art
Unit 2.3 – Voice Modulation, Body Movement,
Improvisation

13 MES/N0105
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Conduct research on characteristic behaviors as per scene demand.
• Rehearse with other actors using background of the role in an art form under the supervision of
the Director to fulfill the Director’s vision.
• Recalls the lines (dialogues) and character activities according to script or Director’s instructions.
• Express a wide emotional range and act/react believably with other actors as per the demand of
the script.
• Analyze the character background to play similar role

14
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 2.1: Interpret the Character Roles

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Conduct research on characteristic behaviors as per scene demand.
• Rehearse with other actors using background of the role in an art form under the supervision of
the Director to fulfill the Director’s vision.
• Recalls the lines (dialogues) and character activities according to script or Director’s instructions.
• Express a wide emotional range and act/react believably with other actors as per the demand of
the script.
• Analyze the character background to play similar role

2.1 Interpret the Character Roles

An actor may be a one that can play characters who are terribly totally different from the actor's off-
screen real-life temperament. They can add movies, television, commercials, theater, theme parks and
clubs. whereas operating as associate actor, they perform for amusement and informational
functions.
If your characters do not turn within the script, they will not turn on thescreen. Character
development is crucial to a decent story. Characters ought to enter the story as dimensional, non-
stereotypical characters, and become additional dimensional because the story
and different characters bear on them. They must be massive as life; capable of developing and
being reworked. We should always see totally different sides of them, perceive
however they suppose and act, study their philosophies and attitudes. we should always bear in
mind of their emotional make-up through their responses to their surroundings, to others with whom
they act, and to events that occur.
Characters have emotional lives that outline the character even as their attitudes outline them. Their
emotional responses expand this definition. The method of distinctive the character inevitably needs
modificationwith associated an awareness of that character.

2.1.1 Identify the character as per script

A remarkable actor delivers the performance with conviction when a script is handed over to him.
Actors make their character choices from the knowledge given to them from script analysis.
The general procedure an actor needs to follow on receipt of the script can be briefly noted as follows:

1.) Analyzing the Script

2.) Creating Character’s Back-story
3.) Acting the Part
Script analysis: is the way to understand the scene and character in a better way. The first thing
actors must do is read the scene repeatedly.

15
Participant Handbook

Script analysis provides you a foundation to create on for character development. Follow this guide
and you'll begin rehearsal confidently, able to fight no matter challenge comes your method.
Get accustomed to your character, get accustomed to the text. It’s time to explore.
Exploring Your Script with Action Words
• In this guide we’re going to look at exploring your script through action words (“verbs” for you English
majors.) The idea is to find the “action” in your dialogue. We’re talking about visualizing action,
injecting movement and life into your performance.
Try a Relationship Activity
• This activity will help you uncover a great amount of detail on your character and their relationship
with the other characters in the play.
• Understanding the script
To understand a script, an actor must read the entire script, thoroughly analyze the circumstances and
plots and then shape the character to deliver an unexceptional real performance. The facts from the
script helps to determine the actions that one will need to take in delivering performance.
Post thoroughly reading the script, the following criteria can be used for analyzing a character.
• Understand the role of character: Best Friend, Love Interest, protagonist, mentor, comic
relief, etc.
• Knowing the character emotions: sympathy, empathy, antipathy
• Factors shaping each character: Interior which forms the character and exterior which reveals the
character
• Understanding the background of the character: Some questions which helps to analyze better would
include where is the character from (background), what was he/she doing just before this scene,
what does the writer say about this character, what do others say about this character, what does the
character say about oneself.
• Know the character objectives: What people want from life is stated here (Power over people,
domination over other character, etc.,). An objective of a character may remain same or vary with
scenes and beads.
• Breaking down the character
• Breaking down the scene
• Director to cater the actor with video format of the script for an actor to understand the intensity of
the character
• Research on the character-events and facts which form the external plane, the historical and cultural
context which forms the social plane, the playwright’s voice, style, rhetoric, and structure which is
identified as literary plane, the way the character looks, moves, and talks forms the Physical Plane.
To really get into your character, you need to dive past what is on the page and start thinking about
what makes your character tick. All of this might not make it to the screen/stage, but these little facts
will help you fully portray the character and can lead to important discoveries about how you'll play
the role.

When coming up with "answers," trust your gut, or ask the director or writer for help.
• Who am I?
• Where am I from?
• Why am I here?

Character Analysis
The following resources, compiled by Troy University’s Department of Theatre and Dance, offer
approaches that can be used singularly or in combination to analyze the character you are
playing.

16
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

They are not educational exercises, but rather important tools to unlock the character process
for the actor. Included are the following:
• Character Analysis Questions
• Although the queries square measure several and really concerned, so as to make the
complete lifetime of the character, the actor ought to grasp the answers to any or all these
queries regarding
– Physical
– Social
– Psychological
– Moral
– The Play
• Uta Hagen’s Nine Questions
The far-famed acting teacher, who died in March of 2004, is noted for her work as an actress
and teacher/coach of several the foremost revered actors of these days.
• Her book “Respect for Acting” is must reading for all serious actors and students of the
theatre. Knowing the answers to her “NINE QUESTIONS” is a vital tool to use for scene and
monologue work. Many actors used these questions only.
• Seven Steps to Heaven
Jerry Crawford’s approach to scene work for actors and administrators.
This is possibly the best way to organically approach a process for working on your material.
• Character Biography
Taken from the video “Building a Character” this form is useful to help create the full given
circumstances of the character and his full life. Although the document may change during the
rehearsal processes, actors are encouraged to do this work early and then reflect/change are the
process work grows.
• Short Form Role Analysis
Used with the character biography, this is the best pre-rehearsal work for the actor to complete
to prepare for working on a scene/monologue/play.

Uta Hagen’s “Nine Questions” Uta Hagen: “Respect for Acting”

1. Who am I? (character-search for character’s life prior to plays/scene’s beginning)
2. Where am I? (environment: location, conditions)
3. What surrounds me? (persons, objects, color and texture)
4. What time is it? (hour, minute, date, year, century, era)
5. What are the given circumstances? (those events, facts, and conditions occurring before or
during the play/scene that affect the character and /or action)
6. What is my relationship? (to all the above and to other characters-solid or shifting?)
7. What do I want? (Objectives or Intention –includes the overall character objectives as well as
more immediate beat to-beat intentions).
8. What’s in my way? (Obstacle)
9. What do I do to get what I want? (ACTION – VERBS; physical, verbal, psychological)
Character Worksheet
To develop a character, it is important to think through some details and “background” of the
character. This worksheet can be helpful for students who are inventing a character for acting
purposes and/or developing a character from a preexisting script.
Actor’s Name: ______________________________

Character’s Name: ___________________________

• How old are you?

17
Participant Handbook

• Where do you live?

• How would you describe yourself? (i.e. moody, temperamental, calm, passive, quiet, etc.)
• How intelligent are you, and how much education do you have?
• What is your social status? Are you wealthy, poor or middle-class?
• How would you describe your family?
• What do you do for a living?
• What are my religious or spiritual beliefs?
• What kind of clothes do you prefer?
• Are you an emotionally expressive person? In what ways do you express your emotions?
• What is your sense of humor like?
• What is your best trait? Your worst trait?
• What is your relationship to other characters in the play? How do you treat them?
• What do you love to do?
• Who or what bugs you the most?
• What about yourself are you most proud of?
• How would like to be remembered?
• What frightens you?
• What do you want more than everything?
• What are your character’s goals?
• What is your posture like?
• Describe some of your typical movements and gestures.
• What are some of your mannerisms?
• What does your voice sound like?

2.1.2Conduct research on characteristics behaviors for

assigned role
The more time actor gives to its character, it’s easier to “stay in character” throughout a scene. If your
characters don't come alive in the script, they won't come alive on the screen.

Fig.2.1.2: Characters, plot& stage directions

18
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Creating a Character
For creating a character, the writer must have a character to express. The character must come alive
for itself as well as for the audience.
Realize your character with all six of your senses, react to him or her with your emotions, be able to
follow the character with your mind. Get inside his or her skin; become the character.

2.1.3Express a wide emotional range and act/react believably

with other actors as per demand of the script
To prepare for a role that involves fear, the actor must remember something frightening, and attempt
to act the part in the emotional space of that fear they once felt.
An intermediate step finds its inclusion before influencing the other characters with one’s words and
actions i.e., Breaking down into Script into Scenes and Beats. The practice of making a scene map
helps an actor to understand the story sequentially and provides built-in points to change action. Beat
changes are smaller shifts within the scenes where the characters may change their action, attitude,
or topic of conversation.
In expressing the emotional range, the following topics find its influence high in delivering high
quality performance
a.) Identifying character actions: Usually, characters want other characters to do something, feel
something, or understand something. Getting the other characters to emote their feeling right as a
reaction to one’s own word and action is a characteristic of a remarkable actor.
b.) Following the Leader: Identify the leader and follower in the team, know your role. A character
may lead in one beat/unit/scene and follow in another.
c.) Transition: While one may be able to analyze the text to observe your character’s shift in tactics,
much of this is best discovered while working with the other actors in the scene.
d.) Voice
e.) Plasticity of movement: It is important for an actor to be observant of the repertoire of
movements in the people around. Also, looking for the animal-like movements exhibited by those
around is equally important.
F.) Entrance: Exploring the moment of orientation, if applicable, to the other character(s) in the new
space helps successful execution of character.
g.) Exploring Relationships Further : What does your character want in each of the relationships with
the characters in each beat?, Does the character succeed in getting what he or she wants from the
other character(s) in each beat?, What does the character do when he/she does or does not attain an
objective? Are all explored in this stage.
h.) Staying open to Notes and Changes: One should remain open to the Inputs from the director for
perfect execution of the character. With a strong foundation for one’s character, built from a
thorough analysis of the script, these changes will be minor, and performance delivered will be
natural.

19
Participant Handbook

Fig2.1.3: Emotional characters

There are two acting styles: -
A. Naturalistic: realistic; drama which replicates real life.
System for encouraging actors to become emotionally strong and psychologically involved with
their role, in order to create a convincing, realistic performance is said to be as STANISLAVSKI
SYSTEM.
In many ways, Stanislavsky is the father of today's style of Method Acting, a process in which
actors immerse themselves into their characters as much as possible.
His Life
Born: January 17, 1863
Died: August 7, 1938
He was enchanted by the arena at AN early age. Throughout his childhood, he adopted a love of
Puppet Theater, ballet, and opera. Throughout adolescence he developed a love of the theater;
he defied the expectations of family and people by turning into an actor.
his technique developed, revolutionizing acting techniques throughout Europe, and
eventually the planet.
Here are a few defining aspects of this famous teacher's method:
The "Magic If"

20
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

A simple approach of starting the player methodology is to rise yourself "What would I do if I
were during this situation?" this is often decent thanks to consider natural reactions to the
events within the story. However, player conjointly completed that these kinds of "what
if" queries don't forever cause the most effective characterization. "What would I do?" can be a
really completely different question from "What would Hamlet do?" Still, it is a sensible place to start.

Re-Education
Actors should rethink the approach they move and speak on stage.
Being onstage before of an outsized audience are often associate degree discouraging expertise -- not
at all a part of most people's everyday life. Theater began in Ancient Greece with masks and
choreographed sequences; designs could have modified in subsequent centuries; however, they were
still characterized by associate degree actor's over-emphasis found in early theater. However,
in reality, we do not behave that approach. player compelled actors to search out ways that to exhibit
true-to-life attribute, whereas still having the ability to project loudly enough for audiences to listen
to.

Observation
Stanislavsky was the final word people-watcher. He inspired his students to fastidiously observe
others, that specialize in their physical traits even as very much like their personalities. once finding
out everyday individuals, he would usually disguise himself as a peasant or associate degree recent
man and move with the municipality to check however well he may slot in.one and all is exclusive.
Therefore, each character ought to exhibit distinctive traits – several of which may be impressed
associate degreed custom-made from an actor’s observation.

Motivation
It's become a commonplace actor's question -- what's my motivation? Nevertheless, that’s exactly
what player expected his actors to think about. Why will the character say this? Why will the
character move to the current a part of the stage? Why will she activate the lamp light? Why will he
take a gun out of the drawer? Some actions square measure obvious and simple to elucidate.
Others are often mysterious. Perhaps the author does not even grasp. (Or perhaps the author was
simply lazy and required somebody to maneuver a chair across the stage for the sake of
convenience.) The actor should study the text totally to work out the motivation behind a character's
words and actions.

Emotional memory Stanislavsky did not wish his actors to easily produce a facsimile of associate
degree feeling. He needed his actors to really feel the feeling. So, if a scene drawn up extreme grief,
actors required to place themselves within the attitude of the character's scenario so they genuinely
expertise the sentiments of intense disappointment. (The same goes for all the opposite emotions.)
Generally, of course, the scene is therefore dramatic and therefore the character therefore human
that these intense emotions return naturally to the actor. However, for actors ineffective to attach
with the character's spirit, player suggested performers to succeed in into their personal recollections
and draw upon comparable life experiences.

His legacy Stanislavsky's Russian capital Theater thrived throughout the times of the state, and it

21
Participant Handbook

even continues nowadays. His methodology of acting has influenced several alternative noted drama
academics including:
Stella Adler
Lee Strasberg
Uta Hagen
B. Non-Naturalistic: stylized; distinctly removed from truth, describing and portraying something that
isn’t necessarily there.
❖ Nervous or scared characters often talk quickly, rushing the words out.
❖ Angry characters will raise their voice and may slow down their speech (to make a
point) or speed it up (when overflowing with anger).
❖ Happy/excited characters tend to speak with an even volume or raise volume as the
speech goes on. They talk quickly.
❖ A variety of pacing and volume, depending on the scene, is a great way to show
characters changing or reacting to certain events.

2.1.4Memorize the lines (dialogues) and character

activities according to the script or Director’s instruction
Read the entire script 2-3 times.

We need to know the entire play/movies well, not just only our character.
Actors exist to drive forward the larger theme and plot of a movie, play or TV show. If you don’t
understand the ideas of the script, then your performance will seem out of place.

While reading the script, ask yourself what the main theme of the work is. How does your character fit
into the story?
• Once you've a grasp on the total story, address your components and browse them an additional 1-2
times. Now, focus on your character's role and lines.

Practice your lines. You shouldn't ever have to stop and think about what you're about to say. You
should be more concerned with how you're saying it. The only way to get to this point is to practice
your lines repeatedly, doing best to recite them without consulting the script.

• Experiment with the lines as you read. Try them multiple ways, with different inflections or
emphasis, and see how it affects your character.
• Recording yourself and watching it later can help you see small mistakes or hear new ways to deliver
the lines.
• Focus on getting the lines down first before worrying about perfecting the lines. You want to be able
to recite the words now, then make them perfect later.

This is wherever most beginners falter and rather than specializing in the dramatic parts of the script,
they pay goodly time trying to study the dialogue. In fact, the start actor spends longer memorizing
lines than on the other aspect of acting. Thus, it’s most advantageous to find out the correct skills and
techniques that expedite the committal to memory method. This technique through diligent
application can cut back anxieties, memory issues and unleash constricted energies for additional
artwork

22
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

First place the mind in an exceeding relaxed state, wherever awareness and concentration will turn
up. Build a commitment to learning the method and applying the memory techniques. Committal to
memory may be a should and it this business, learning the script quickly and in brief is that the entry
demand permanently skilled roles. Neglect of this ability, like the opposite rudimentary parts of the
dramatic production, will slow progress and determine you from reaching your career objectives.
The basic memory principles are association imagination, and organization.

Association refers to however we have a tendency to connect new info with one thing that we have
a tendency to already apprehend. The human brain tries to make connections or patterns between
and among the millions and lots of bits of knowledge it stores. Thus, if we wish to study one
thing, we'd like to associate it with one thing that's already firmly constituted in our memory.

Imagination is critical to form the mental association a powerful one. With imagination, the
standard will be remodeled into the extraordinary and it's invariably easier to recollect the
extraordinary.

Organization refers to the flexibility to approach things in an exceedingly systematic, orderly fashion.
It needs listening to the method within which things are place along. For the actor, this entails calling
it quits long dialogue scenes, or maybe a whole play, into smaller manageable locks wherever
purpose and content are firmly established. Organization, likewise, frees the dramatic spirit and
allows one to be artistic by choice. Let’s expand these basic memory principles, namely, association,
imagination, and organization, and see however they assist dialogue delivery.

Let’s expand these basic memory principles, namely, association, imagination, and organization, and
see however they assist dialogue delivery.

In this method, don’t look on dialogue as words, however as actions ensuing from extraordinary
associations between 2 things. They will be individual words, teams of words, dialogue ideas, or
maybe blocks of dialogue. Visualize the association, the action, for what we tend to observe, we
tend to bear in mind best. And therefore, the more eerie, outlandish, or ridiculous
the notional action association, the deeper the imprint on your memory and so the simpler to recall.

Again, the target is to make active, eccentric associations and its informed go together with the
primary one that involves mind.

You’ll realize as your memory skills develop, you may be able to handle longer and additional
complicated items. This could entail calling it quits the dialogue into main ideas or classes. Again, we
tend to link what we all know with what we wish to recollect. One methodology of doing this is
often to meet up elements of the scene with rooms in your home. Every area would represent a
locality of the scene.

You can likewise use your memory techniques to assist you keep in mind your dramatic choices; your
intentions, emotions, behavior, blocking, key expressions, gestures, and acting. Create these
memory techniques a region of your performance preparation. They'll facilitate instill inner
confidence and cause you to an additional innovative and effective actor.

23
Participant Handbook

Work on one section of the script for less than a brief time, and then go to a different section. This
keeps the mind active and inquisitive about creating it an intriguing game wherever one’s imagination
and fantasies play on the dialogue. Memorization techniques ought to be a region of each section, from
rehearsal to final performance. Frequently reinforce the memory method by sporadically going back
over the association.
You can likewise use your memory techniques to assist you keep in mind your dramatic choices; your
intentions, emotions, behavior, blocking, key expressions, gestures, and acting. create these memory
techniques a region of your performance preparation. They'll facilitate instill inner confidence and cause
you to an additional innovative and effective actor.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

24
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 2.2: Experiencing acting as an art

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Identify the character according to the content.
• Lead examine on trademark practices according to scene request.
• Express a wide enthusiastic range and act/respond conceivably with different entertainers
according to the interest of the content.
• Review the lines and character exercises as indicated by content or Chief's guidelines.
• Practice with different on-screen characters utilizing foundation of the job in a fine art under the
supervision of the Executive to satisfy the Chief's vision.
• Break down the character foundation to assume comparative job.
• Make comparable articulation and discourse of a character according to the interest of the scene.
• Depict the character as it's passionate and story bends advance, regardless of whether scenes are
shot out of the story's time grouping.
• Show the exhibition as per the edge of the shot, controlling development, motion, voice levels,
enthusiastic power and vitality levels.

Rehearsal is an activity in which actors prepare and practice a performance, exploring the characters
challenge, practicing actions in the scene, and finding means to convey a sense.
Some actors still do a scene throughout the run of a show so as to stay the scene contemporary in
their minds and exciting for the audience.
Preparing for a role is the process of getting into your character's head, embodying them the best
you can.
• Noticing or acknowledging the audience is the easiest way to fall out of character. When you
notice it, or feel like you're being watched, don't react to the feeling.
• Many experienced casts and crews won't make eye contact with you while acting, knowing that is
a natural human tendency to make eye contact back. Try and help your fellow actors by
• Doing the same while they work and you're taking a break.

• Be aware of things that you do when you're nervous. Avoid playing with your hair, hiding your
hands in your sleeves, or shuffling your feet. Instead, take a deep breath and drinking some
water.

2.2.2Analyze the character background to portray

similar role as desired
To play a diverse display of people, you need to know a diverse different thing of people. When you
meet people, do your best to be quiet and listen. Ask them concerning their lives and stories, note
however they speak and any slang they use, and let yourself be a sponge.
• You should also do specific research for your character. These little facts will work their way into your
performance, even if only unconsciously.

25
Participant Handbook

2.2.3Create similar expression and dialogue of a

character as per the demand of the scene

Dialogue can be a powerful tool to further our story, entertain and inform. A way of speaking can
bold characters, which ultimately leads to appreciation of a story.

For the start actor, dialogue delivery is that the initial focus, concentrating on the apparent
techniques: Projection
Articulation
Phrasing
These skills are important to properly communicate the spoken word to the audience and one
should spend considerable time in perfecting them.
Here are some ways by which an actor can polish his dialogue delivery:

Use of Pauses
Major basic concerns of an actor are to know –where to pause! For understanding this we must
know that dialogue communicates a lot more than general verbal information. Remembering this
point that full stops or commas can never interrupt the flow of dialogues.
Here are some of the general reasons to pause- to take a breath, to mark the end of a thought, for
special emphasis or when distracted by the entry of another character amongst others.
• The Tempo
To understand the way your dialogue delivery should proceed, depends a lot on the interest of
audience. If audience needs time to grasp any information, ensure that you go ahead with a slow
pace.

2.2.4Ways to Improve dialogue

• Manner of Speech
• Words and vocabulary
• Rhythm of talking
Being on set will desire a full totally different world, particularly if it is your initial time as a
Background Actor. Get to understand these production terms and you may get on your thanks to
be a professional on set.
1. Back to1
When the director (or Assistant Director) says "back to 1," you would like to maneuver back to
your original position. Forever listen to your movement in an
exceedingly scene thus you'll recreate it each take.

2. Second Team
The second team may be a cluster World Health Organization takes the place of the principal
actors throughout rehearsals, camera obstruction, and lighting setups. The second team is
comprised of Stand-Ins, body doubles, stunt doubles, and numerous alternative roles.
3. Bump
A bump is cash additional to your base wage for doing one thing on the far side basic
background in a very scene. You may receive a bump if you're set-aside with a vehicle or pet or

26
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

If the assistant director offers you an additional featured role

4. Call Time
Your decision time is that the time you would like to get on set, checked in, and prepared to
figure. It's extraordinarily necessary you indicate up to line on time and
camera prepared. Raise any Casting Director and they're going to tell you introduction and being
on time are 2 of the simplest things Background actors will do to achieve success.
Be sure to ascertain the decision Time amendment Box throughout the day, before
you attend bed, and before you permit for set.

5. Holding
When you are not photography, you will be taken to holding space. You'll bring things toHolding,
sort of a book to stay you busy when on the set.

6. AD (Assistant Director)
The AD is commonly the skilled worker Background Actors get direction from on set. They are
accountable for transcription and maintaining the supplying of a movie shoot. The
primary Assistant Director (1st AD) is accountable for keeping the assembly on schedule
and superintendence the crew. The Second Assistant Director (2nd AD) is accountable
for overseeing and directional Background Actors.

7. Recall
A Background Actor is also recalled to line to continue photography for a further day of labor. If
you are recalled, certify you write down your recall info, create note of the wardrobe you
are sporting, and inform the Casting Director of any conflicts.

8. Change
An amendment is that the complete wardrobe or costume you wane camera. Make sure to
pay shut attention to the wardrobe notes given to you by the Casting Director. They'll tell you if
they are needed to change the wardrobe

9. 18tly(eighteen too seem younger)

If a Casting Director is trying to find somebody 18tly they're trying to find someone WHO is
eighteen years recent or older WHO will convincingly portray somebody younger.
If you're thinking that you'll portray 18tly certify you've got a photograph in your
file thereupon look. You’ll take a brand-new picture or add extra photos throughout Updates.
Check your location's calendar for Update times.

10. Cros
A cross is that the movement of a Background Actor as they labor under the read of the camera.
If associate degree assistant director instructs you to try and do a cross, your path the assistant
director can directly take you ahead of camera

27
Participant Handbook

11. Taft'd
A performing artist WHO is "Taft'd" has entered the 30-day amount before they're needed to
hitch a union. This refers to the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, a federal law created to Control unions
and union guides

There are many ways for a Background Actor to become "Taft'd," as well as obtaining 3 SAG
vouchers or by obtaining bumped up to a speaking role in a very production. If you be part of a
union, make sure to vary your SAG-AFTRA standing throughout associate degree Update session
at your Central Casting workplace.

12. Walla
Walla could be an effect that mimics the murmur of a crowd within the background of a scene.
Early radio producers found that if they recorded multiple folks’ continuation "Walla, Walla,
Walla," it mimicked the blurry chatter of an oversized crowd. Different phrases used for
Walla are "rhubarb" and “peas and carrots”

Most modern productions add crowd noise throughout postproduction. Background

Actors can film the scene whereas taciturnly mouthing words, then a Walla cluster are going to
be brought in to record real (mostly improvised) conversations thatmaybe additionally
throughout the writing method.

Central Casting casts Walla teams for a spread of productions, even for animated shows just like
the Simpsons, to form crowd scenes additional authentic.

13. Avail
Avail is brief for handiness and can typically be employed by Casting administrators "checking
your avail" and golf shot you on "first avail."

When a Casting Director is prepping a scene for a future date they'll check your handiness, and if
you ensure your handiness, could place you on 1st avail for that show. Typically, in
these things, you may not be set-aside till production appearance at your image submission and
approves thedesign.

If you're offered another booking on an equivalent day, you need to decision the Casting
Director you're on 1st avail for to substantiate if you're required on their production.

14. Inserts
Inserts are elements of scenes that are shot from totally different completely different} angles or
different focal lengths, typically mistreatment doubles rather than principal actors. Inserts may
be accustomed show a personality acting a special talent like enjoying degree instrument
or acting everyday tasks like employing a phone.

15. .Background arranger

On significantly massive calls, background coordinators are also employed to assist Assistant
administrator’s arrival and manage Background Actors.

28
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

16. Matching
Matching is one amongst the assembly terms that refers to recreating the precise same
movements take once take.
This ensures that the various takes may be seamlessly altered along in post-production.

17. Pick-Ups
Pick-ups are (often minor) shots recorded once production on a project has wrapped. whereas in
post-production, the director and editors can confirm if there are clarity or
continuity problems and can then film pick-ups to supplement the first footage.

18. SecondUnit
A second production crew WHO films shots or sequences of a production cut loose the
most (first) unit. Second units primarily accustomed facilitate the assembly save time
by photography at the same time. Common uses for the second unitary to film insert and stunt
sequences.

19. Pantomime
When photography, Background Actors can taciturnly mouth conversations so that they do not
interfere with the sound being recorded by the principal actors.

20. Basecamp
Basecamp is that the space selected by production because the main arrival and crew
communication hub.

21. Wrap
Wrap refers to once talent or the complete production has finished photography. Never leave
set while not associate degrees Assistant Director specifically telling you are wrapped. You'd
hate to form it home solely to search out that you just were still required on set!
Members of the second team usually work closely with the principal actors. when rehearsals they
will instruct the actors on the movements they have to form within the scene.

29
Participant Handbook

UNIT 2.3: Voice Modulation, Body Movement, Improvisation

Voice modulation
Voice is a specialized area of actor training that can expose emotions and vulnerabilities.
Actors use their voice to display their outward emotion, matching it with body movements to
interpret text and present a story.
• Breathing
All vocal sounds start with a breath, so good breathing habits are the base of a good voice.
Actors should remain relaxed throughout breathing and speaking, seeking to reduce tension in
entire body.
• Posture
The best voice is produced when body posture is relaxed. Throughout respiration and voice
exercises, the spine ought to be straight, the top facing forward.
• Warm-Up Exercises
Before starting voice exercises, an honest readying routine is vital. an extended and slow
readying permits the muscles to activate and may scale back strain throughout a performance
or exercise session.

Body Movement
Being snug in your body is a very important a part of being a palmy actor. Within the same means as
voice coaching facilitate vocal expression, movement coaching releases the body to precise itself
naturally, and will increase physical presence on stage
Movement must portray the character, its personality, attitude, health, and age. Always move in
character, if your goal is to give a convincing representation. It must adjust to the other onstage
characters; always keep in mind your relationship with them. Also, trust functionality: your
audience should be allowed to examine and listen to the vital things. Creating a center of interest that
catches and holds the audience’s attention is crucial. The movement must maintain pleasing stage

30
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

picture; the stage must create the right type of balance. Since the stage is ever dynamical, the
actor should perpetually confine mind maintaining the balance. A broad range of movement
techniques is utilized in actor training. These physical components may include system of
biomechanics, mode of expression through movement, conscious movement techniques.

Fig.2.3 Audience emotional response.

Ignore the camera or audience. Noticing, reacting to, or acknowledging the audience is the
quickest way to fall out of character. In most cases, characters do not know that they are in a play
or movie, and you shouldn't either. This comes with practice, but a good way to get ready is to
simply get in front of a camera. When you notice it, or feel like you're being watched, don't react to
the feeling.
• Many experienced casts and crews won't make eye contact with you while acting, knowing that is a
natural human tendency to make eye contact back. Try and help your fellow actors by doing the
same while they work and you're taking a break.
• Be aware of things that you do when you're nervous. Avoid playing with your hair, hiding your
hands in your sleeves, or shuffling your feet. Instead, deal with your nerves by taking a deep breath
and drinking some water.

31
Participant Handbook

Improvisation

It is a good tool to use with actors when they are having a difficult time understanding or relating to a
scene.

By letting the actors improvise the scene, you are letting them have the freedom to get under the lines and
find a meaning to them. In other words, it allows them to find the subtext of the scene.
Improvisation is additionally otherwise to find one thing within have incomprehensible.
It's additionally honest thanks to simply loosen the actors up.

Improvisation is the art of acting in the present, letting your character take over the action and react
accordingly. Improve skills will help your characters seem natural, like they are reacting to the events on
the screen in real time and not reading off a page.
There are many improvisation classes in urban and semi-urban areas, and many acting classes feature a
small amount of improve training.
• Improve games, like acting out suggestions from friends, acting with weird props, or acting short scenes
with a friend, are great ways to practice acting anywhere.

Practice "cold readings" to ace your auditions. A cold read is when you're handed a script and asked to
act it out on the spot. Sometimes you get 1-2 minutes to look it over, and sometimes you need to just
launch into it. While this is scary, it is also very easy to practice. Buy a book of monologues, grab
passages from a book, or even pick up a dramatic newspaper story and read it out loud. You can also
read it once, silently, then take 20-30 seconds to choose a direction for the piece before beginning.

• This is also a good warm-up exercise, helping you prepare your mind and body for acting.

Exercise
1. Practicing Dialogues
“Sometime the wrong train takes us to the right station”
“The more you sweat in peace the less you bleed in war “
“Success ke peeche mat bhago, kabil bano kabil. kamyaabi toh peeche bhag kar aayegi”
1. Activity on Character Development
Give students a photograph that options someone. Have them produce a personality supported their
interpretation of the person within the icon.

32
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Answer the subsequent queries.

• Who is during this photograph? Provide them a reputation and an age.
• What do they do?
• Who is in their family?
• Where do they live?
• What is their favorite food? Least favorite food?
• What is that the emotion of the person within the photograph? Why?
• What can they are doing next?
• What is their most significant relationship? Describe it.
• What secret area unit they keep and why?

Divide students into teams and have them share their answers. However, area unit the answers
similar method} they’re different? However do the scholars see the character and why did they
answer the way they did?
1. As a class, have a discussion concerning however they understand individuals from the
surface. However, will AN exercise like this facilitate them develop characters for plays?

2. Discuss the key points to be noted while analyzing the script.

33
Participant Handbook

3. Perform Acting

Unit 3.1 – Acting Skills

Unit 3.2 – Attending Each Audition
Unit 3.3 – How to Audition for a Movie Role
Unit 3.4 – Casting Process
Unit 3.5 – Directing Tools
Unit 3.6 – Production Designer
Unit 3.7 – Visual Communication Acting Tips

34 MES/N0106
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Memorize the script and dialogues
• Participate in auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles.
• Act as per given instruction of the Director and in sequence of shout count.
• Team up with co-actors as part of the performing arts in group.
• Support in regular rehearsal and practice.
• Analyze the vision and motivations of the creative team (Scriptwriter, Director, and Production
Designer among others).
• Analyze the place of the character portrayed within the framework of the story as per the script
(both for themselves and co-actor).

35
Participant Handbook

UNIT 3.1: Acting Skills

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Memorize the script and dialogues
• Participate in auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles.
• Act as per given instruction of the Director and in sequence of shout count.
• Team up with co-actors as part of the performing arts in group.
• Support in regular rehearsal and practice.
• Analyze the vision and motivations of the creative team (Scriptwriter, Director, and Production
Designer among others).
• Analyze the place of the character portrayed within the framework of the story as per the script
(both for themselves and co-actor).

3.1 Acting Skills

Acting is associate activity among that a story is told by suggests that of its enactment by
associate actor or role player social unit adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio,
or the opposite medium that produces use of the mimetic mode.

Acting involves a broad vary of skills, as well as a well-developed imagination, emotional facility,
physical expressivity, vocal projection, clarity of speech, and therefore the ability to interpret drama.
Acting conjointly demands a capability to use dialects, accents, improvisation, observation and
emulation, mime, and stage combat. Several actors train at length in specialist programmed
or faculties to develop these skills. The overwhelming majority of skilled actors have undergone
intensive coaching.
Actors and actresses can typically have several instructors and lecturers for a full vary of coaching
involving singing, scene-work, audition techniques, and acting for camera.

Professional and amateur acting

Professional actor is somebody United Nations agency is paid to act.

Actors typically undertake unpaid work for a spread of reasons, along with educational
functions or for charity events. Amateur actors square measure those that don't receive the
payment for performance

Not all individuals operating as actors in film, television, or theatre square measure professionally
trained.
Mohanlal, Bob Hoskins, for instance, had no formal coaching before changing into Associate actor.
Semiotics of acting
The philosophical doctrine of acting involves a study of the ways in which within which aspects of a
performance come back to work for its audience as signs. This method for the most part involves the
assembly of which means, whereby parts of AN actor's performance acquire
significance, each within the broader context of the dramatic action and within the relation
establishes with the important world.

36
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Elements of a philosophical doctrine of acting embody the actor's gestures, facial expressions,
intonation and alternative vocal qualities, rhythm, and also the ways in which within which these
aspects of a personal performance relate to the drama and also the theatrical event (or
film, TV programmed, or broadcast, every of that involves completely different semiotic ally
systems) thought of as an entire.
Doctrine of acting recognizes that each one styles of acting involve conventions and codes
by suggests that of that performance behavior acquires significance—including those approaches,
like Stanislavsky’s or the closely connected methodology acting developed within the u. s., that
supply themselves as "a natural quite acting which will do while not conventions and be received
as obvious and universal." buckler goes on to argue that:

Any acting is predicated on a statute system (even if the audience doesn't see it as such) of behavior
and actions that a thought of to be plausible and realistic or artificial and theatrical. To advocate the
natural, the spontaneous, and the self-generated is barely to try to provide natural effects, ruled by
an ideological code that determines, at a selected historical time, and for a given audience, What’s
natural and plausible and what's rhetorical and theatrical.

37
Participant Handbook

UNIT 3.2: Attending Each Audition

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Memorize the script and dialogues
• Participate in auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles.
• Act as per given instruction of the Director and in sequence of shout count.
• Team up with co-actors as part of the performing arts in group.
• Support in regular rehearsal and practice.
• Analyze the vision and motivations of the creative team (Scriptwriter, Director, Production
Designer among others).
• Analyze the place of the character portrayed within the framework of the story as per the script
(both for themselves and co-actor).

3.2 Attending each Audition

Developing Associate in acting career takes time. It’s toil. There's no such factor as Associate in
nightlong success. Several renowned actors began their careers as kid actors and endowed a
minimum of 10years before they achieved high status. What all of them had in common was
discipline, perseverance, and auditioning as usually as potential. Your reps exerting to induce your
appointments.

The most frustrating factor for managers to listen to is that you just can’t attend an audition. They
are operating onerous to induce your appointments for comes which will offer you work and propel
your career forward-they don’t need to listen to excuses. You’re a part of the team, thus be an
honest team player by discovery, being loyal and appreciative. You created the commitment that
you just need to be actor and you would like to honor that commitment. If you can’t go as a result
of, you’re stuck in civic duty or out of city, raise if you'll send a video submission. It’s higher than not
attempting.
READ: A way to stop over-thinking your auditions.

3.2.1 Get to understand Casting Administrators

Casting administrators need you to succeed, however they conjointly got to get to understand you,
trust you, and vet you to the administrators, producers, network, and studio executives. Therefore
the additional you get to understand casting administrators, the softer you’ll feel, which is able to
result in a stronger audition.
You may not be right for the role you’re getting into for, however if you show up and provides
excellent audition,, casting administrators can bring you back over and yet again for future comes.
Gain expertise.
The only thanks to get expertise are to perform each probability you'll. Every audition is another
expertise to find out one thing concerning yourself and your craft. Maybe you’ve been selecting
monologues or songs that aren’t operating for you any longer. You won’t recognize till you provide
it a whirl.

38
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

However, if you’re not able to be auditioning as a result of you continue to get to hone your craft
then don’t audition for the massive leagues till, you're prepared. There are many alternative
opportunities to assist you prepare. Smaller roles and student films can offer you an opportunity to
observe and obtain higher.

You want this, remember.

No excuses. Simply go! If you’re certain that you just are clearly the incorrect gender or age for the
role, you will need to say no. However, keep in open mind. If you have got the essence of what
they’re trying to find, show up and be seen. Casting usually makes changes to the initial idea
supported however auditions go, thus inform yourself of what you want: the role, to be
an operating actor, to satisfy your dream.

39
Participant Handbook

UNIT 3.3: How to Audition for a movie role

3.1How to Audition for a Movie Role

First, you'll need to memorize some monologues and prepare your portfolio to show you know how
the movie business works, then find a movie casting call and perform before the casting director.
Method 1. Preparing for auditions
• Memorize monologues- at the most moving-picture show auditions, you'll be asked to perform a
monologue or 2. This can be your probability to show your flexibility associate vary as associate
actor.Opt for monologues that suit your temperament and acting vogue. Having a minimum of three
memorized at any given time can keep you ready for potential casting calls; younger grasp once one
would possibly take place.
Choose 3-4 monologues that are every distinct. Have a dramatic monologue, a comedic monologue,
and so on. You'll want to indicate the casting director that you can capture over one variety
of feeling or vogue.
Look through monologue books for distinctive monologues that you simply haven't detected before.
Casting administrators are going to be bored with hearing constant previous decisions many times.
Practice your monologues typically; therefore you are not rusty if you wish to perform moment.
Time your monologues and make certain they are all a pair of minutes or less. Auditions are regular,
and you will get interrupt if you transcend a pair of minutes just about.
• Get headshots - Headshots typically what get you within the door at a casting decision. Rent an artist
with lots of expertise creating headshots, that quite completely different from regular portraits.
Headshots are designed to show your temperament sort and highlight the physical options that cause
you to distinctive.
Ask folks you recognize in your trade for recommendations. Headshot photographers may be quite
high-ticket, thus ensure you have got the speed nailed down before you get in for a shoot. When you
are researching what photography studio to use, raise if a makeup creative person is going to be
accessible to figure with you throughout the shoot. If not, it'd be value paying further to rent
somebody to stay you trying contemporary whereas your photos square measure being taken.

• Make a demo reel- A demo reel may be a compilation of clips from alternative film comes you've
got done. The clips ought to watch out choices from scenes that show your acting talent to best
result. You will be able to use video. Writing computer code to form your own demo reel or rent a
video editor to form a professionally polished reel. The whole reel ought to be now not than 2-3
minutes.

40
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

The reel ought to be as straightforward to look at as attainable. Some casting administrators can raise
you to send associate electronic file via email, whereas others can fire a tough copy on videodisk.
Have your reel accessible in each format.
If you've got ne'er been in an exceedingly moving-picture show before, embrace clips from a play you
have been therein was recorded. You'll be able to conjointly embrace clips from student films. In
recent years some casting administrators are soliciting for clips that cater to the project at hand. For
instance, if you are auditioning to play an eleven captain, attempt to send a clip that shows you
enjoying an analogous character.
Don't begin your reel with associate introduction or collage. It ought to begin together with
your name, and then launch directly into the primary scene.
Don't save the simplest for last. Casting administrators have tons of reels to review. If yours
does not begin out together with your strongest scenes, likelihood is they will skip to ensuing
person’s reel.
• Find auditions -The easiest thanks to notice auditions in your space is to try to an internet search.
Backstage.com includes a comprehensive listing of auditions in varied cities. You'll be able to
conjointly check the classifieds section in your native newspaper or discuss with classifieds on
university websites for casting involves student films.
New York town and La have the very best concentration of casting calls, since each cities area unit
huge into the show business. However, several smaller cities and cities have a thriving film
community, and you are guaranteed to notice opportunities in your space if you recognize wherever
to appear. Verify arts blogs, various weekly newspapers, and alternative arts publications to search
out additional info.
• Provide all requested materials to the casting director- You'll be asked for a resume and canopy
letter additionally to your headshots and demo reel. You'll be asked to bring these materials with you
to the casting decision or submit them beforehand. Either way, ensure the materials area unit
formatted in step with the casting director's specifications, and do not leave something out.
Creating things less convenient for the casting director will certainly hurt your probabilities.
• Plan to tailor your performance for every audition- You've got your monologues able to perform at
any time, however you should not treat every audition a similar approach. Trust the half that you
are auditioning and opt for the monologues that best match the role. If potential, con a replacement
one before audition day arrives.
You should dress fitly for the half also. Do not arrive fully costume, however, create yourself seem
like a plausible version of the character you will be enjoying. If you are auditioning to be an aesthetic
chief executive officer businessperson, do not show up in jeans and court game shoes.
• Get browse to try to a chilly read- Additionally, to playing one in all your monologues, you will
likely even be asked to browse an area of the script while not obtaining the prospect to appear at it
beforehand. Most casting calls embody an outline of the characters; therefore hopefully you
may have already got a sorrow the way to get into character.

Method 2 Acting Auditions

• Make assured 1st impression- After you walk into the space, build eye contact with the casting
director and different auditors. Have sensible posture, and do not go in too quickly or are available out
of breath. From the instant you walk into the space, you will be judged for your behavior and
presence, therefore confirm you are taking a deep breath and collect yourself rather than dashing into
the space. You want to seem relaxed and assured.

• Walk to the mark - The mark, sometimes a straightforward "x" on the ground created with tape, is
that the spot wherever you will begin acting for the audition. It's always placed many feet before of

41
Participant Handbook

wherever the casting director and auditors are sitting so that they will have the simplest attainable
read of your simplest attainable read of your audition.
You don't need to feel anchored to the mark throughout the course of your audition; its’ simply a
foundation. You ought to utilize the house in an exceedingly means that produces sense for the
role you are taking part in.

Fig.3.2 Master your slate

• Master your slate- A slate is your one-sentence introduction you that you simply build just before you
start your monologue. After you reach the mark, intercommunicate the casting director, build eye
contact, and provide your name and a brief description of what you are near to do.
For example: "Good evening. I am genus Felicia Woods, and this piece is from the second act of
Hamlet."
Don't pay an excessive amount of time talking before you perform. Most auditions are regular, and
therefore the clock starts ticking as presently as you go in. You would like to maximize your
performance time.
Don't raise the casting director and auditors their names, and do not exchange pleasantries on the far
side voice communication "good evening" or the likes of. Again, you do not have time for it.

Method 3 improving your chances

• Act the maximum amount as attainable- Taking categories and active your craft as typically as
attainable can increase the possibilities that you're going to impress a casting director. Take feedback
from auditions into consideration and work as exhausting as you'll be able to enhance, then strive
once more. It'd take dozens of auditions before you land a task, however whenever you act ahead of
a casting director, you are obtaining valuable follow.

• Hone numerous skills and skills- You'll be able to single yourself out from alternative the opposite
actors by demonstrating your other abilities if they're relevant for the role. Knowing a way to sing,
dance, play associate degree instrument, play a sport, and then on will provide you with a
foothold. Do not be afraid to interrupt into song throughout associate degree audition if you're
thinking that it will facilitate your possibilities.

42
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Consider finding an agent- An agent would be answerable for finding roles appropriate for
your vogue and skill level, eliminating the necessity for you to trace down roles on your own.
Casting administrators typically send talent agents descriptions of the sort of actor they are trying to
find, and talent agents then advise the casting administrators if they are representing somebody UN
agency would be an honest work. operating with an agent may be a great way to urge associate
degree "in" once you have gotten some expertise beneath your belt.
• The Call Sheet may be a list of talent agents of fine repute. check up on the list and get in touch
with agents directly.

• Get a SAG-AFTRA card- changing into a member of SAG-AFTRA, the screen actors' trade
union, will provide you with access to higher paying and better profile work.
It additionally provides insurance and ensures your work is not used illicitly.

43
Participant Handbook

UNIT 3.4: Casting Process

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Memorize the script and dialogues
• Participate in auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles.
• Act as per given instruction of the Director and in sequence of shout count.
• Team up with co-actors as part of the performing arts in group.
• Support in regular rehearsal and practice.
• Analyze the vision and motivations of the creative team (Scriptwriter, Director, Production
Designer among others).
• Analyze the place of the character portrayed within the framework of the story as per the script
(both for themselves and co-actor).

3.4 Casting Process

Casting method involves a series of auditions before a casting panel, composed of people among a
production like producer, and theatre director.
However, among a given TV production a casting panel may movie producer, or among film
production a casting panel may contain a movie producer, theatre director, and /or creator.
Within the early stages of this method performers usually could gift, or area unit bestowed with
ready audition items like monologues, songs, choreography, scripts and or sides.
Audition items area unit sometimes videotaped, generally within the style of screen tests so hooked
up with resumes, likewise as head shots and or viewed on-line via websites like IMDb, then shared
with film producers, film administrators and or studio executives.
Later stages could involve teams of actors each union, (SAG-AFTRA) and nonunion looking on the
scale and scope of the assembly, trying to scan material from the work into consideration, paired off
in varied combos of 2, 3 or a lot of. With every of the actor’s overall psychological feature decisions
evaluated, the casting panel considers each the individual actor, and therefore the chemistry created
from either one in every of the combos set forth among the read-through, like boy meets lady, etc.
This casting breakdown service provides a whole character breakdown of assorted scripts and comes
from production firms for film, television, modeling, commercials etc., to entirely agencies and
managers meet.
This casting breakdown service provides an entire character breakdown of varied scripts
and comes from production corporations for film, television, modeling, commercials etc., to solely
agencies and managers meet sure criteria.
These agents and managers area unit positioned everywhere the planet and take this service that
virtually has a whole suite of services for near to each facet of the breakdown, for a monthly service
subscription fee. This suite includes services like Breakdown categorical, which provide
representative, casting and people subscribe, a faster thanks to post comes themselves. Another a
lot of restricted version of the breakdown service, conjointly for a monthly subscription fee is named
Actors wherever acting will take what’s solely created out there to them, a lot of like associate
degree entry level acting position, like under-five, or a touch half, a good tool for the actor whom is
while not associate degree agent or ,manager.

An actor could undergo many casting calls before receiving a locality, and although documented
actors or actresses often still undergo this terribly necessary method, some area unit privileged

44
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

enough to possess documented writers, screenwriters and or administrators /producers pitch a

project for his or her intent to be solid in a very role. The documented actor or actor
often negotiates producer credit likewise as terribly remunerative financial compensation.

What Casting administrators really do?

Some major productions, the method of choosing actors for typically many speaking elements and
roles, could usually need a specialized worker. Whereas the last word remains with the individuals
guilty like the director, producer, creative departments and overall production team, a casting
director or “CD” is guilty of most of the daily work concerned during this method throughout pre-
production.

A casting director is usually motor-assisted by a casting associate; productions with massive numbers
of extras could have their own extras casting director likewise, but all told aspects of a movie or TV
production’s budget, they’re all a locality of the above -the-line, respondent to the director as a part
of his or her workers, casting administrators produce their own plan lists and might "check avails"
or decision the actor illustration to examine if they are out there and curious about usurping
potential comes.
If a thought that's generated from a casting director degreed a subsequent avail check or from an
agent's recommendation is "approved" by the director, producers, and financiers (or studio), the
casting director sends out what's known as associate degree "Offer." The provide, sometimes
contains a letter to the actor's representative explaining the role in question, a duplicate of the
script, why the actor has been designated, the length of your time commitment, the
approximate begin date of motion-picture photography, the motion-picture photography location,
and therefore the projected earnings giving.
If the actor doesn't reply to the fabric or for no matter reason cannot settle for the duty, they reply
to casting with what's known as a "pass." If they settle for the provide, the agent engages the casting
director and a deal note is distributed from casting to the representative. It's at now once
negotiations between agency and production happen to nail down any deal points before
the recreation lawyers’ step in and draw up the attachment contracts.
If this method happens terribly too soon within the development of a film however the official shoot
dates and details don't seem to be nonetheless renowned, a Letter of Intent or "LOI" is written, to
point, if and once the project is “green lit” or begins active production, the actor is already employed
to portray that exact role.

45
Participant Handbook

46
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 3.5: Directing Tools

3.5Directing Tools
What do actors wish quite something from a Director?
Trust!
To find a personality they're enjoying; actors should surrender utterly to feelings and impulses – they
need to enable themselves to be vulnerable. As a result, actors wish to figure with administrators
who will produce a secure place for them to perform and perceive their vulnerabilities.
Actors conjointly wish to perceive their specific operating language. Once a director understands the
actor’s language, they'll be ready to communicate with the actors a lot of expeditiously, which
can facilitate them to realize a lot of thinkable and reasoned performances.
Here are several vital components of the actor’s language that each director ought to understand.
1.Scene Objectives
What is the intent of the scene? Why is that this scene within the story? What happens within
the scene? what's the explanation for the scene? will it move the story forward?
The scene objective carries the character through this explicit scene. it's conjointly one thing that a
personality should accomplish therein scene. It's one thing the character consciously needs and
desires to realize.
These overall objectives are what drive the complete film forward and build a state of suspense that
generates audience involvement:

–What’s reaching to next?

– What’s going to the result be?
– WHO wins within the end?

2. Character Objectives
1. Super Objective (“Power Over People”)
what's the primal motivation of the character?
What are the most desires of the character?

2. Objectives (“To Dominate Character X”)

what will the character wish (motives)?
What are his active decisions to realize the super objective?

47
Participant Handbook

3. Main Actions (“What they are doing To Character X”)

what the character DOES…
to urge what he WANTS…
to satisfy his desires

3. A way to select Objectives

Ask yourself “What will the character wish during this situation?”
A character’s objective ought to produce obstacles for the character within the story.

In a story, characters seldom get what they need effortlessly. However, they are going regarding
attempting to satisfy their objectives are what make for attention-grabbing drama.
The actors need to notice that require and build it inside them. They then have a reason for his or
her behavior.

4. Text, Subtext and Context

❖ Text is what's aforesaid. (It is that the outer world of the character.)

The text is what we tend to get from the scriptwriter. Text is what forms the script – it's the dialogue
and therefore the stage directions.
The Text in a very script is sort of a map: we tend to use it to seek out wherever we tend to are going
– however we tend to get there's up to the actors and therefore the director.
❖ Subtext is what's thought. (It is that the inner world of the character.)

Whether we tend to understand it or not, most of the time we've an indoor monologue happening.
However, we tend to might not arrange to externally categorical any of them.
What characters are extremely thinking incorporates a nice impact on however actors move and the
way they deliver their lines. Once subtext is powerful, it comes through and colors however the
dialogue is delivered.
The subtext communicates that a lot of goes on inside the individual that they're sharing –inner
conflict is gift. Subtext could be a great way to assist actors establishes if they perceive the scene.
Subtext is what your characters extremely suppose or believe – the content beneath the spoken
dialogue.

❖ Context suggests that the circumstances during which the text is employed. It's typically the
background, period or the atmosphere about a selected event within the story.
The director may adapt the context of a script to adapt with the actual desires of a production.
Example, Baz Lurman’s version of “Romeo and Juliet” that was updated to the trendy community
of city however still maintained the first dialogue.

5. Conflict
Conflict is that the heart of all drama – for while not conflict, there's no drama.
From actor’s purpose of read, conflict is that the results of 2 objectives in conflict with one another.
Five Sources of Conflict
➢Man, against Man
➢Man, against Himself
➢Man, against Environment/Nature
➢Man, against Society
➢Man, against God/Principle

48
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

6. Action Verbs
Verbs stimulate feeling. They need associate emotional impact on another person. The intention, or
the verb, might amendment usually, even in a very sentence.
Actions are active verbs.
By mistreatment action verbs rather than adjectives, the actor doesn’t need to suppose “Now
I’m alleged to be obtaining happy.” Instead, the actor will concentrate utterly on the case and his
objectives. That’s the motivation and that’s what the actor must create a personality turn.
Actors want actions. So, rather than asking associate actor to play it horny, raise the actor to think
of the opposite actor. This encourages the actor to have interaction with the opposite actor, instead
of being targeted on being horny.
The best factor regarding verbs is that you just will play with the intensity. If you wish a lot of energy
or intensity, provides a stronger verb. If initially they’re enjoying “to complain” regarding one thing
and you wish a lot of, raise them “to warn.” If that isn’t enough raise them “to penalize.”

7. Result Direction
Directing for results means that telling the actors what you would like to envision and listen to while
not giving them any clues on why or however they're going to get there. Basically, you're telling the
actor the way to react. Example: “I need you to be unhappy or happy or a lot of angry. I need you to
shout, laugh louder or cry a lot of”
The problem with result direction isn't realizing that associate degree actor’ emotions area unit the
results of wants and desires. Emotional responses come back because of trying to satisfy a necessity.
“Thoughts because Feelings cause Actions cause Results.”

8.Obstacles
Obstacles area unit what substitute the manner of a personality achieving their objective. Obstacles
increase the stakes and clarify the objectives.

9. Permission
Giving Permission may be a terribly powerful tool for the director. Permission permits the actor to
travel to places he/she wants for the role.
Sometimes you've got to permit actors to play, try things, play with opposites, and take
risks exploitation play. No judgments, just play, so as to get the surprising.

10. Stakes
To raise the stakes means that to extend a character’s commitment or involvement within the story.
This typically implies doing one thing which will increase the amount of risk for a personality.
How necessary is it for your characters to succeed in their goal? “If they don’t get across
the watercourse they're going to die”. “If he doesn’t propose nowadays, he’ll lose the woman.”
However way can a personality move to reach their objective?

11. Back Story & account

Actors ought to apprehend what happened simply before the scene they're doing.
They conjointly got to fill out their character’s life without oral communication something which will
show up in layers within the performance.

12. Business (Props, Tasks)

Sometimes it’s thus sensible to own another task to try throughout a speech or a dialogue. Actors
will act with “business”.

49
Participant Handbook

50
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 3.6: Production Designer

3.6Production Designer
Who is a Production Designer?
Production designers works closely with the director and the cinematographer to create a
unified look and feel for the film. Production designers head the art department and are
responsible for bringing the director’s ideas to life by coordinating an overall visual appearance
and artistic style throughout the production.
What Does a Production Designer Do During Pre-Production?
The bulk of a production designer’s job happens in the pre-production phase, which can take
months. During pre-production, the production designer will:
• Brainstorm with the director: The production designer reads the scripts and discusses their
ideas with the director, developing an understanding of the director’s vision. During this
time, the production designer works out overarching creative decisions, such as: whether to
build sets or shoot on location; what the mood, tone, or visual theme of the film will be;
whether to use CGI animation or live action special effects, etc.
• Discuss budget with the Producer: The production designer works with the producer and
line producer to bring the director’s vision within budget.

• Research: The production designer researches the visual elements they originally discussed
with the director. During this time, they might need to research a historical period, read art
books, consult other films in the genre, or source images from the internet. A period piece
set in Victorian England might require a longer research period than a contemporary
romantic comedy set in New York city, for example. Directors and production designers
often communicate with each during this phase using mood boards or look books.

• Design: The production designer will create design sketches or models that communicate
the mood, atmosphere, lighting, composition, color, and texture of a film so that all
members of the department are on the same page. The production designer will usually
have the art director turn these design sketches into technical drawings or models that the
construction department will use to build the sets.

51
Participant Handbook

• Hire a team: The production designer hires and manages the entire art department, often the
largest department on a film crew. The production designer also maintains the art
department budget and creates the department’s daily work schedule. The art department
consists of set designers, art directors, illustrators, graphic artists, wardrobe supervisors, set
decorators, prop masters, make-up artists, special effects supervisors, and more. The
production designer needs to effectively communicate with all individuals in the art
department in order to collectively interpret a cohesive visual style.

What Does a Production Designer Do During Production?

The production designer’s main job during film production is to monitor the current day’s set
while overseeing the set up or build of the following day’s set. During production, the
production designer will:
• Monitor that day’s work: The production designer gets to set early to make sure each set and
camera set-up is to their liking. The production designer must also be on location to field any
requests or concerns that the director or director of photography may have about that day’s
set. If a problem does arise or a plan is not executed like they intended, they must be able to
make quick decisions on their feet to not hold up the shoot.

• Plan for tomorrow’s set: While the production designer is on-set monitoring the shoot, they
are also on a walkie-talkie, communicating with their Art Director — the art department’s
second-in-command—and overseeing the construction and dressing of the next day’s sets and
locations.

What Does a Production Designer Do During Post-Production?

A production designer’s job traditionally ended when principal photography wrapped. In film
production today, as more films are completed in post-production with CGI, many production
designers stay involved after wrap to provide input anything that will affect the film’s final
look, like CGI effects or coloring.
What kinds of skills are necessary to become a production designer?
The production designer is a visually creative and artistic role, though one must also be
comfortable managing a large team. There are many skills a production designer should have to
succeed:
• Eye for design. Design skills like building and drawing, plus digital design skills like creating
graphics and Photoshop images. A production designer must also have a deep knowledge of art
and design, including color theory, lighting, art history, film history, pop cul ture, etc. When a
director throws out an obscure visual reference, the production designer should understand
the reference fully.
• Management. Excellent management and communication skills to be able to coherently convey
a cohesive creative vision to hundreds of individuals.
• Diplomacy. The production designer must reconcile the director’s vision with the producer’s
budget to find solutions that work for both.
• Budgeting and financial management. Art department costs are huge and can spiral quickly if
not managed properly3.5 visual communication Acting Tips.

52
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

53
Participant Handbook

UNIT 3.7: Attending Each Audition

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Memorize the script and dialogues
• Participate in auditions and casting calls in order to audition for roles.
• Act as per given instruction of the Director and in sequence of shout count.
• Team up with co-actors as part of the performing arts in group.
• Support in regular rehearsal and practice.
• Analyze the vision and motivations of the creative team (Scriptwriter, Director, Production
Designer among others).
• Analyze the place of the character portrayed within the framework of the story as per the script
(both for themselves and co-actor).

3.7Visual Communication Tips

As associate actor, visual communication plays a vital role in your overall success in auditions,
perform and performance. Mastering your nonverbal communication will set you except for the
ocean of competition and provides you a plus with:
Directors
Casting agents
Choreographer’s
Influential trade specialists
Do you wish the part? To nail each audition and interview, you need to use the correct set of tools
and techniques.

• Follow our eight visual communication acting tips to showcase your natural abilities, level-up your
communication mastery and become the foremost unforgettable person within the area.

Before we tend to dive in, let’s see however you presently use visual communication and
nonverbalcommunication.Here areaunit many inquiriesto raise yourself:

• How do I prepare my body associated voice before an audition?

• What facial expressions do I build within the audition area once I’m not performing?

• How will my voice inflect after I introduce myself to casting directors?

• What did I liquidate my last audition to land the role?

• Did visual communication contribute to my last rejection? What did I do, and the way am I able
to modification it?
Once you've got completed your self-diagnosis, use these visual communication hacks for actors:

1. Master your house.

The body to body distance between 2 parties encodes the character of the connection between the
participants themselves moreover as perceptive third parties.

54
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

In alternative words, we tend to determine however somebody feels regarding us and that
we investigate house between others to do predicting their relationship.
Everyone has their own house bubbles.

2. Apprehend the seven Micro expressions

A micro expression may be transient, involuntary facial features that seem on a person’s
face consistent with the emotions being tough. Not like regular, prolonged facial
expressions, it's tough to faux a micro expression.
In alternative words, after we feel associate intense feeling, that feeling reveals itself on our face (for
higher or worse).
The seven universal micro expression are:
• Disgust
• Anger
• Fear
• Sadness
• Happiness
• Surprise
• Contempt

If your script is unhappy, observe showing the disappointment micro expression within the mirror
beforehand to get into the mind and body of the character.

Additionally, smile only if you would like to indicate happiness. Several actors build the
error of coating on a faux smile throughout the complete audition. Sadly, we will spot in genuine
happiness a mile away, thus be conscious of your smile and intention behind it.

Special Note: Make certain to avoid negative expressions (disgust, anger, contempt and sadness) as
you enter and leave the area, particularly if you’ve been given feedback. Stay as facially neutral as
potential to depart a positive, lasting impression.

Action Step: study the seven micro expressions thus you'll be able to use the proper one within
the correct scene despite what script you’re handed:

3. Use a Launch Stance

To be assured, your visual communication should show it. First, the best thanks to project
confidence is to say territory. Own your body and own the house around you by standing or sitting
tall.
Keep your arms loose by your aspect or place one or each hand on your hips. Relax your shoulders
down your back and open your chest.
These expansive postures (what we tend to discuss with as a Launch Stance) can show others that
you’re assured and certain of yourself

Be cautious of low power postures (unless the script concerns it!), like crossing your arms or turtling
your shoulders to your ears as this could signal defeat.

Lean toward the director as they raise a lot of regarding you and your expertise to
indicate heat and sociability. In addition, lean toward them once receiving notes and feedback to
nonverbally show you’re listening and actively wish to boost.

55
Participant Handbook

4. Prepare with a Vocal Warm-up

Here’s an enormous prepping problem:
We often brace oneself for our 1st few lines of a speech or monologue, however we tend to rely on
however we tend to deliver those lines.
You can say the best line within the world, however if you sound nervous expression it, then your
message is ruined!
I do a vocal heat up exercise before each presentation, meeting or speech wherever I’m speaking for
over many minutes.
Action step: Learn my five vocal warm-ups:

5. Use purposeful Gazing

The eyes have it!
Confident performers and actors apprehend the facility of eye gazing. to extend your
confidence, make certain to seem individuals within the eye as you're speaking AND
as they're speaking. Too usually we glance away, check our phone or phone or scope out the
reminder of the area.

Action Step: Use purposeful gazing and eye contact to your advantage. after you enter the
audition area, keep your head and appearance ahead of you. Don’t shift your eyes an excessive
amount of and never investigate the ground.

6. Harness Confidence
There’s an enormous confidence myth: Confidence is simply one in all those things that “you
have otherwise you don’t.” No way! It’s an ability, one which will be developed like
every alternative ability, through intentional observe.

Your ability to show confidence will increase trust and luxury levels with others. you'll be able
to build confidence together with your visual communication in many ways. Here are six ways in
which to genuinely develop inner confidence before your next audition:
Harness your skilled happiness.
Create a pump-up list.
Manage any social anxiety or performance anxiety.
Write down 3 positive self-truths. This area unit the ideas we tend to tell ourselves and therefore the
beliefs we stock around.
Do a pre-performance routine.

7. Your Pre-Performance success Routine

What does one do before every audition? Before you're taking the stage? Before you walk into the
room?
The most roaring individuals have skilled prolusion routines.
Pre-performance Rituals
A routine or habit a performing artist, jock or skilled will to reinforce their performance, get
their mind-set right and beat nerves.

Action step: Find out how to psych you up.

Now is the time to require action. Use these visual communication acting tips to your
advantage after you brace oneself for your next audition. Remember, auditions area
unit your 1st impression and once approached scientifically and objectively, are often a great deal a
lot of fun then they will appear currently

56
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

3.7.1 Acting Techniques and Tips for Actor

Acting Tips
If you have ever enjoyed a show, been hooked on a television program or been rapt by a play, you
have witnessed the ability of acting. This dateless form of storytelling has return on method from
Hellenic Language Theater and has lit several lives with its passion. Whether or not you are
a theatrical trio or a tenacious thespian this, my 1stinstruct able can offer you with some tips and
tricks for higher acting.

Acting is tough, rewarding, painful, and in my humble opinion several the most
effective fun you'll have! Hopefully you learn a minimum of a touch from my tips. And that
they square measure solely tips, if you are inquisitive about exploring and establishing a
radical background or data of acting, I counsel you search via your most well-liked applications
programmed.

Step1: Building a personality

Watch people. Do not be a creeper, however seriously pay daily at a mall or park and simply observe
folks and the way they're going regarding their merry (or not therefore merry) lives. You will
soon notice the variability of individuals and the quirks and mannerisms that very outline them. Take
care to examine what folks do with their eyes and hands as these are terribly communicative
options. Build note of any specific characteristics that strike you, if somebody encompasses
a specific tick, a jump in their step, or a hanging countenance, then take your time to have
confidence what they did and the way you may be ready to apply their behavior to make your
own specific character.

Keep studying; a lot of you watch, a lot of you learn. If something substitutes front of a mirror
and apply varied poses and expressions and have confidence however they create you are feeling
and the way you’d feel seeing somebody else doing it.

One key issue that I notice useful and gratifying is look skilled actors do their factor.
Live theater will a fabulously fun and informative expertise. Go see some plays at your native theater
or if plays square measure unobtainable, then rent some "classic" movies and simply study what the
actors/actress do. Do not plagiarize their techniques; analyze however they use their techniques to
come back across as a "better" actor, visual communication, voice inflection, volume, etc. Also, take
care to look at "bad" actors, or folks that in your opinion did not do a decent job; did they somehow
break character? Smile or smirk? Look directly into the camera? Attempt to observe as several
samples of each the nice the dangerous to undertake and asses your personal conception of how to
perform higher.

Step2: C is for Communication

Unless your golf stroke on a 1 man show and self-guiding, chances are high that you will
be interacting with a bevy of dramatic personae and believe it or not you are going to play nice.
Honestly, I notice this best and most bounty a part of any solid. Several my best friends began as
casual solid mate acquaintances. If you are going to placed on an excellent show, or build an
excellent show, you are going to move together with your fellow crew.

Simply do not be a jerk and simply treat folks with respect. No one needs to figure with associate

57
Participant Handbook

degree chesty egotist or a timid introvert. I've worked with dangerous folks, funny folks, smart folks,
and strange folks. Attending to apprehend your solid is crucial.
If you are feeling that somebody is insulant behind or troubled, provide you facilitate and you may
learn one thing from each other and once more, this can add action to your performance.
Aside from your fellow thespians, it's conjointly key to speak effectively together with your director.
If you are given strict directions--follow them. If you’re given some improvisational slack--
make smart use of it. The very last thing a director would tolerate may be an inconsiderate rebel or a
robotic servant. Be yourself, however, apprehend once to pay attention and behave consequently.

Step3: Lines!
Image of Lines!
Image of Lines!
It's nice to browse a script, and plenty of worthy items of literature, however once it involves your
own task of obtaining those precious lines constituted in your attic, nothing is healthier than hearing
them aloud and learning with different people!

Remember: Each line is important! Everything from a "Hmmm?" to the longest of monologues exists
for a purpose and is enclosed to maneuver the plot on and develop your character. Playwrights and
screenwriters don't simply place filler dialog to feature pages to their script. Once reading your
lines have confidence who/what you're talking to (if anything), your motivation to talk, and the goal
of your speech. It’s a proof of dangerous acting to throw away lines into mumbling or by ignoring the
motives/tactics/goals of speech by your sheer laziness or content.

BEATS!!!!
Certainly one in all the best and most essential things to acknowledge once memorizing and
rehearsing a script are beats. Beats are shifts within the intention, motivation, etc. and are key to
expressing a personality as they really ar. Whenever anyone speaks in their daily spoken
communication, they need beats. Beats replicate character goals and actions might occur many
times during a single sentence or may drag on.

Don't frustrate your friends and family, however if you see one in all them in no notably busy
state, with courtesy raise if they’d run your lines with you. Additional usually than not they're going
to oblige if you raise them kindly enough. The opposite person can sometimes get a kick out of
seeing you act, and you each can get some laughs (well in my expertise nearly everything may
be comedic, thus your expertise could differ), you'll strengthen your acquisition of your lines, and
have the chance to vocalize them in many other ways.
If family and friends are unavailable otherwise you like the hermit manner, then a mike are your
replacement pal. Purchase an inexpensive usb mike or tape machine and record and hear your
recording. This could be a desirable observe alternative because the recordings may be hold on for
later use and can be useful in acquisition or specific vocalization like accents or inflections, and the
recording device can ne'er get bored or hungry and leave you to play video games.

Step4: Self-worth
Some individuals have it, some don’t. a way to catch on, and ways in which to not lose it:
I'm no specialist, and that I cannot make a case for the underlying roots of shallowness, however I
will offer you with some lessons that have gotten me this so much.

1. Specialize in the target, not the result. Individuals are usually terribly self-essential of themselves
and worry once its surplus. I will compare acting to life in general; if you pay all of your time
worrying or wondering the long run, then you are wasting your present; in acting if you pay an

58
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

excessive amount of time thinking or worrying concerning what individuals can consider you then
your performance can suffer. The key here is focus; your objective here is to convey the most
effective performance you’ll, initial for yourself, then for others, not the opposite approach around.

2. Learn from your mistakes! It’s painful and troublesome, however that is life and it may be even
as fun and simple yet. I've gotten fearfulness; we tend to all do typically. It's alarming, it hurts, and
you ne'er wish that sinking in your abdomen once more, however we tend to learn from pain. If you
ever burnt your hand during a fireplace or on the stove as a toddler, then I am certain you've
got ne'er by choice done it once more. Identical goes for acting. You create miscalculation. You
suffer the immediate embarrassment.

Step5: Miscellaneous Mumbo giant

Never eat or drink (yes particularly booze) right before a performance as this will impair your ability
to perform. I won’t get into the mussy details, however the sole factor that ought to be spewing
from your mouth are your lines, not that over caffeinated energy drink/ultra-giant tinny spicy fish
taco surprise jazz group that gave you illness. do not drink alcohol before a performance either,
'snuff said.
Be sure to stay well rested. This is often a basic given, you're merely less possible to convey your
best performance if you ‘retried’! Keep full. I discussed antecedently to not eat right before a
performance, that is extraordinarily useful, however it's additionallynecessary to not act on
abdomen. “AVOID sugary SWEETS”! they'll be tasty; however, the billowy and unmitigated energy
levels provide you with throughout a performance may impair you all over again.
AVOID EXTREME SPORTS!! It’s not worrying, its precaution! Injury can't solely be fatal to
you, however to your performance yet. If you get the half and are within the method of rehearsals,
then it might be best to go away that bicycle on its rack within the garage and your ice climbing gear
in its bag. Regardless of the doubtless bone-breaking adventures you relish, place them on
hold till your performance is complete. Arm casts and crutches can't be simply worked into scripts
and scenes, and either get the boot or the assembly itself may go below as a result of you "just had
to" go vacant swim with sharks you and lost your finger toe to Jaws. Don’t risk it.
Step 6: Showtime!
Live theater:
Hold for laughs. If you or one in every of your fellow thespians cracks a joke or performs a comedic
action and therefore the crowd chuckles or erupts into laughter, make sure to pause a touch till they
quiet down; this manner your lines do not get lost within the ocean of noise.

Step7: Exeunt
I hope you enjoyed my 'ible. There's an excellent deal additional to find out concerning acting, but
heck, I learned loads myself and that I still find out about acting each single day. It takes loads of
your time and energy to act, however it's far and away abundantly worthwhile. Simply keep in
mind that no nice actors are born, all of them started somewhere and engineered themselves up,
and you’ll do constant.
What is the difference between acting and performing?
Performing are some things done by creator ahead of an audience. This could embody dancers,
musicians, and even visual artists after they do one thing referred to as performance art. Acting may
be a specific quite performance involving the portrayal of a personality.

59
Participant Handbook

60
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Exercise
This is a wonderful first day-drama activity if you have got time for all your students to own a flip.
During this game, Students are acting, however they're going to be doing thus while not feeling
pressure to be a ‘good actor,’ and therefore the purpose of this game is absolutely to offer students
a positive expertise of working on their initial day of drama.
It ought to end in plenty of laughter and ease any tension that the additional reluctant students in
your cluster are feeling.

After you’ve done a name-game associated an ensemble-building game, tell students that they're
going to be doing their initial little bit of acting, however they don’t have to be compelled to worry,
as a result of the purpose of the activity is to not be any good!

• Tell students that the name of the sport is ‘World’s Worst Auditions,’ which in an
exceedingly moment, every student can receive sides (which square measure short scripts
used for auditions).
How to play:
• Distribute sides to any or all students.
• In pairs, raise students to require the stage.
• One person is that the reader. That person simply reads the lines while not plenty of feeling
or inflection- there isn’t any pressure to perform
• The opposite person’s job is to act his/her half badly. It’sup to every student on however
he/she accomplishes this
• The coed could elect to be extraordinarily quiet. He/she could cough throughout the
audition. He/she could frequently apologize or fidget, etc.
• Tell students to do to not repeat what has already been done…to come back up with one
thing new.
• Allow students to self-select once enjoying this game and announce that everybody can
have an opportunity to play the reader and therefore the actor is auditioning.
• When a student plays the actor auditioning, he/she becomes the new reader, and so on.

61
Participant Handbook

62
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

4. Develop and
Maintain Portfolio

Unit 4.1 – How to create portfolio for Acting

Unit 4.2 – Importance of Headshots
Unit 4.3 – Tips how to promote yourself
Unit 4.4 – Ways to grow your following on Social Network

63 MES/N0107
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Create a portfolio showcasing recordings, show reel, best headshots, and performance shots,
etc., keeping in mind a wide range of audience.
• Choose appropriate networking channels and social media platforms such as YouTube, LinkedIn,
Instagram, etc. for promoting themselves.
• Prepare a detail of producers, directors, casting directors, etc. and their work before
approaching for assignments.
• Explain artistic skills set during audition, screen test, voice test etc.
• Choose headshots.

64
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 4.1: Quality Check

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Create a portfolio showcasing recordings, show reel, best headshots, and performance shots,
etc., keeping in mind a wide range of audience.
• Choose appropriate networking channels and social media platforms such as YouTube, LinkedIn,
Instagram, etc. for promoting themselves.
• Prepare a detail of producers, directors, casting directors, etc. and their work before approaching
for assignments.
• Explain artistic skills set during audition, screen test, voice test etc.
• Choose headshots.

4.1How to create Portfolio for Acting

If you’d wish to work professionally as associate actor, you’ll ought to create a portfolio. This portfolio
functions as a document that you just will distribute to casting director at or before auditions. A high-
quality acting portfolio causes you to seem skilled and hirable and may emphasize your
acting expertise and abilities. You’ll ought to embody an expert headshot, associate acting resume,
and a demo reel that shows the strengths and form of your acting ability.

4.1.1 Making associate Acting Resume

• Include physical info relevant to acting.

In contrast to most alternative careers, casting administrators ought to grasp your physical size
and look. At the highest of your resume, list your name and get in touch with info. To a lower
place this, specify your height, weight, hair, color, and eye color.

65
Participant Handbook

Fig.4.1 Physical Information

• An acting resume is comparable to the other kind of skilled resume: it ought to open along with
your name, embody associate acting union affiliation (if applicable), and get in touch with info.

• Unless you're below eighteen years recent, don't list your age.

❖ Highlight your acting credits.

This info may be placed in an exceedingly “Credits” section. If you've got acted before and have
some theater, TV, or film credentials, make certain to list this info on your resume. Tailor your
resume towards the role that you’re about to audition for. Highlight acting roles that square meter
almost like this role.

That means that, if you're audition for a comedic role and have acted in comedy before, these roles
ought to be at the highest of your “credits” section.

66
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig.4.2 Highlight acting credits.

❖ Create associate Education section.

Embody your acting-related coaching and education. If you attended a widely known acting faculty,
studied with an illustrious acting coach (or actor), or majored in acting, theater, or drama, embody
this info on your resume.
If you've got been professionally trained as associate actor outside of a tutorial setting, use your
resume to spotlight the coaching you received and its length.

Fig.4.3 Create associate education section.

67
Participant Handbook

❖ Focus on your relevant previous expertise.

You'll gift this info in an exceedingly “Work Experience” section. rather than filling your resume
with each role you’ve ever vie, tailor your presentation of labor expertise. Embody skilled work
you’ve done (after high school and college) that's relevant to the role you’re auditioning for.

For example, if you are auditioning for a task action flick, use your resume to
spotlight alternative action-oriented roles you’ve vie within the past.
Just like on the other kind of resume, you won’t impress anyone by having a resume choked with
orthogonal details.

4.1.2 Choosing Headshots

Fig.4.4 Set an expert headshot artist

❖ Reach dead set an expert headshot artist

Headshots square measure an important a part of acting portfolio, and that they should be taken
professionally. Headshots, because the name suggests, square measure images that solely show
your face and neck. Search on-line or reach dead set alternative friends in acting to seek out a
neighborhood artist UN agency will take high-quality headshots for your acting portfolio.

Never try and take your own headshots. Though the pictures look acceptable to you, a casting
director or audition manager can tell that they're not professional-grade material.

68
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig.4.2.2 Choose best headshots

❖ Choose the 2 headshots that you just like best.

You’ll have several choices to settle on from following your headshot photo shoot. An
honest acting portfolio ought to embody 2 (or three) headshots, therefore select one or two of
photos that look sensible which you’d be proud handy to audition manager.

❖ Vary your facial expressions in your headshots.

It might be redundant to gift headshots with 2 identical expressions. As an example, in one
headshot you will have a lot of “edgy” look, whereas in an exceedingly second shot you'll have a
broad, hospitable smile.

❖ Select headshots that square measure tailored to your role.

Since you’ll be hoping on your headshot to charm to casting administrators and land you audition,
confirm that your headshot suits the sort of role that you’re auditioning for. Headshots will convey
the “type” of actor that you just square measure, and therefore the kind of character that you are
capable of depiction.

For example, don’t submit a headshot during which you look nervy and rebellious if you’re audition
to play a lovely, kind character.

69
Participant Handbook

Fig.4.2.3 Playing lovely kind Character

❖ Tailor your headshot to the sort of acting you’re doing.

Headshot demands will take issue supported the sort of acting work you’re auditioning for. If
you’re about to add TV or to seem in commercials, you’ll want what’s called a “commercial”
headshot, during which you're smiling. If you would like to audition for theater or films, arrange
to submit a lot of serious headshot in your acting portfolio.

4.1.3Developing a Demo Reel

• Contact an expert reel producer.
Your demo reel (sometimes known as a show reel) ought to provide casting administrators a
plan of your acting ability and flexibility. An expert demo-reel editor can take the
assorted sequences of footage that you just offer and edit the scenes along into a good demo.
Be ready to pay money for this service.

• Select from footage of your highest profile acting work.

Demo reels generally contain footage shot in an exceedingly theater, or clips of the actor’s
performance on film or TV. However, if you’re associate inexperienced actor and haven't had any
important acting performances, it’s acceptable to create a demo reel mistreatment freelance films,
student films, or online -media.
If necessary, you'll even film yourself acting to create your own demo reel. Solely your chest, arms,
and face ought to be visible within the footage.

• Include 60-90 seconds of your best work.

Choose 3 or four scenes that square measure comparatively almost like the role you’re auditioning
for. This may show the audition manager you’re capable of playacting the sort of role that the
script needs. Don’t create the demo reel for much longer than ninety seconds.
Even as very little as sixty seconds can provide the casting director enough material to create a
choice

70
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Objectives
Never lie on your resume—avoid even stretching the reality. It may be terribly tough to
induce acting work once it’s been detected that you’ve falsified resume info.

Your acting portfolio ought to additionally embody a can copy letter, addressed to the casting
director.

71
Participant Handbook

UNIT 4.2: Importance of Headshots

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Create a portfolio showcasing recordings, show reel, best headshots, and performance shots,
etc., keeping
• Explain artistic skills set during audition, screen test, voice test etc.
• Choose headshots.

4.2Importance of Headshots
A headshot is a photograph of you from the shoulders up. It MUST be shot professionally. While we
agree that the basic headshot is important, we have some suggestions to 'mix it up' a little...
Any headshot/portfolio you submit during auditions can unfold a lot of information about you in a
matter of seconds.
Like your acting résumé, first impressions that casting directors may get from your headshots can be
vital in the audition process. As you start your audition, the headshot would communicate your
casting type, what you can do, what role and genre of movies or shows you would fit in, and your
experience as an actor.
Such documentation is intended to show off the range of your acting ability. The more proofs that you
showcase, the better! Most actors have at least four creative photos in their profile, which includes
the headshot.
Providing a variety of poses and expressions to show your range, such as having your hair up and
down, being clean-shaven or with facial hair (men of course!), the use of natural lighting and studio
lighting combined provides a consistent and creative range for the casting director to browse.
Additional factors to consider for your shots include costumes and makeup. If you have a special
ability, like juggling fire, tightrope walking, stunt driving, working well with large animals, or anything
else that will help you stand out, the creative/performance shot is a great way to stand out and
highlight your talents in action.
Whether it's your first acting portfolio or updating an old one, it's important to include a wide range of
photos to show your acting and casting range, keeping images recent and up to date.
The session took place over a 3-hour period in 2 locations, a variety of poses and shots which included
editing and unlimited edited images provided in USB format for our client.

72
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

73
Participant Handbook

UNIT 4.3: Tips to promote yourself

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Choose appropriate networking channels and social media platforms such as YouTube, LinkedIn,
Instagram, etc. for promoting themselves.
• Prepare a detail of producers, directors, casting directors, etc. and their work before approaching
for assignments.
• Explain artistic skills set during audition, screen test, voice test etc.

4.3Tips how to promote yourself

Make sure your cover letter and resume are engaging and differentiates you from your peers. Keep it
valid and up to date with what you’ve accomplished and make sure you update it from time to time.
Get a professional headshot and show reel.
These are one of the most important marketing tools you will need to invest in, and it will be worth
every dollar spent. Ensure the headshot reflects your strengths and lets your personality shine. Try to
ensure the scenes of your show reel display the best you can do and try and shows off your versatility.
Go to auditions
Audition for films, plays, independent films, and community and high school theatre productions - get
as much experience as you can! Join acting workshops with casting directors. Volunteer work and
internship opportunities can be a great way to get noticed and get your foot in the door. These can
also be added to your portfolio and show reels.
Make your own website
Make your website a central hub for all your photos, CV, show reels, voice reels, news and reviews
and keep them up to date! This will act as your portfolio. Add loads of content! Don’t be afraid to let
the website reflect who you are. Websites are a cost-effective way of promoting yourself. There are
many free website platforms out there! Try WordPress.com.

Press releases
Press releases are a powerful source! Be sure to write it in a third person about productions you are
about to star in or being added to the cast for an independent film. Make sure they are interesting,
captivating and ensure these press releases will then direct back to your website.
Facebook
The power of social media shouldn’t be overlooked. Create a fan page. Create event pages and invite
your network to attend your next live production or screening. Keep your content frequent. The use of
images is invaluable to help you talk about the industry and your thoughts and views. Videos are also
increasing in popularity and importance, and often get the biggest reach for posts.
YouTube
YouTube is a great way to promote yourself and easily tells you if your videos are engaging and how
many people are watching them. Create a channel and keep uploading!

74
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

LinkedIn
LinkedIn is an online business community. It allows users to strengthen and extend an existing
network of contacts. Here you can build your professional identity, discover new contacts and keep
in touch with business professionals. If used well, LinkedIn can power your career, create new
ventures and business opportunities.
Google ads
For small budget, online banner ads are a cost-effective way to reach a large audience. You can
purchase ads and target them on search engines, websites and blogs. You can also arrange the
purpose of these ads and whether you want them to be seen by maximum impressions or by a more
targets approach of ‘pay per click’ each time someone clicks on your ad. Make sure you use images
that will captivate your audience then direct all traffic to your website or Facebook page.
Start now!
You are a talented actor and you are a marketable product! Don’t be afraid to promote yourself and
find cost effective ways to differentiate yourself from your competition. Make sure you stand out
from the crowd and let your personality shine through. Start now and get discovered! Put yourself
on a free agency list such as STAR NOW. Best of luck!

75
Participant Handbook

UNIT 4.4: Way to grow your following on Social Networking

4.4 Ways to grow you’re following on Social Networking

Building associate audience is very important for any actor or producer. Each acting job you are
doing, daily on set or piece of content you produce is a chance to create your audience.

1.Makeover your social media bios.

Your bio could be a mini packaging for why somebody ought to like, subscribe or follow you!
Tell US what you are doing, what you represent and what you love! If you've got a YouTube account,
your ‘About’ section is your bio.
Tell them however they’ll profit by observance your channel and why they ought to subscribe.

2.Optimize your profile ikon.

If you’re associate actor this could be your headshot. certify you utilize this ikon on all your social
networks so that you are recognizable to fans.

3. Style your header, cowl photos and YouTube Channel Art.

These are all an area of your crucial initial impression and facilitate guests decide whether or to not
follow you. This property ought to tell us regarding agency you are and will embody your social icons
(to cross promote and build your audience on different platforms).

4. Produce a custom snap code.

If you're mistreatment Snapchat, customise your distinctive snapcode to match your web site or
the stigmatization for your film. Make certain to feature that Snap code to your web site and social
media.

5. Username Consistency.
Create it straightforward for your followers and fans to seek out you by mistreatment consistent
usernames for yourself or you come across all your platforms.

6. Realize the folks you already know!

Connect your email, different social networks, or your sign (on Snap chat) to seek out the
trade contacts you have already created.

7. Add follow buttons to your web site.

Whether or not its actor website or a landing page for your film, continuously embody social media

76
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

icons and follow buttons to convert your guests to followers. Wish to travel one step further? Add
your twitter or Instagram feed or Facebook timeline to your website.

8. Add some tabs to your Facebook page.

Add associate Instagram feed and Twitter tab to your Facebook page.

9. Use Hash tags on Twitter and Instagram.

Knowing a way to use hash tags properly is prime to growing your audience on Twitter and Instagram
(I show you ways here). Hash tags enable your content to be discovered by new those who will follow
you.

10. Add a watermark to your YouTube videos!

YouTube permits you to feature a stigmatization watermark to your videos (in your channel
settings) that permits non-subscribers to become subscribers with one easy click.

11. Add your social usernames to your card.

When creating a reference to somebody nose to nose generally it’s easier to raise to attach on social
media than posing for a sign or email.

12. Embody your social icons & snap code in your email signature.
Each email is a chance to create your audience.

13. Slender your audience on YouTube.

Novice content creators produce random videos that they suppose everybody can like.
By attempting urgently to attractiveness to everybody, you finish up appealing to nobody. By being
specific you'll really attract additional of the correct audience.

14. Strive Live tweeting!

Are you on TV tonight or does one write or work on a show that’s on TV tonight? Be a part of the live
speech communication to attach with fans!

15. Take over associate influencer’s account!

If you’re guest stellar on TV or you’re in associate off-Broadway or Broadway show, see
if you'll do associate Instagram or a Snap chat story takeover for associate influential account to
induce access to their social media following.

16. Host a devotee contest for your film!

The chances are endless here! The winner might win each day on set, a background role, or a
special on-line screening and everyone its prices to enter could be a like or a follow! you'll even
share your contest with influencers to achieve a wider audience.

17. Produce a trailer for your YouTube channel.

This trailer cans autopay for those who aren't already signed to your channel. Keep your trailer
short, exciting and finish with a decision to action to subscribe.

18. Be a part of regular trade chat!

Participate in Twitter chats for actors or filmmakers or produce your own chat to push your content
or theatre company.

77
Participant Handbook

19. Share different people’s content.

Recurrent sharing is caring and plenty of times is acknowledged by a retweet, a follow or a like. If
Sharing someone’s image or article, make certain to continuously tag or mention the creator of the
post. They'll retweet your post and you’ll be introduced to their audience.

20. Stop working your Twitter account.

The additional influential you seem the simpler it's to induce that follow on twitter. Are you
following far more folks than are following you?
Flip this magnitude relation by sometimes unfollowing those who have determined to not be a part
of your party on twitter.

21. Get Verified on Twitter!

This goes with #20. Obtaining verified will increase your believability and can increase your follow
back magnitude relation.
It’s abundant easier to induce verified as a private whole than it accustomed be. Twitter can get you
started with the method here.

22. Rraise to be “Suggested” on Snap chat.

Often raise your followers to ‘suggest’ your account to others (using the ‘suggest’ arrow on your
profile), rather like however you’d provoke a retweet, like, or subscribe.

23. Produce obvious thumbnails on YouTube.

Your fingernail is sort of a mini picture show poster for your content. Its solely job is to
induce folks to watch! Bright, high-resolution, compelling thumbnails (containing the
title) sometimes perform fine. Your video will come back up in search, however if your fingernail is
boring nobody can click on that.

24. Produce a Snap chatRefilter for your show, film premiere or theatre company!
Snap chat has some easy pointers to induce you started. Encourage attendees to require photos at
intermission, add your Refilter, and share them on social media mistreatment #YourShowsHashtag
for special discounts! This spreads the word regarding your show and can build your audience on the
platform.

25. Produce YouTube playlists!

Playlists (like this one) are one amongst the foremost underutilized growth hacks on YouTube since
they show up in search results rather like videos do. If you're making an internet series playlist also
are a good thanks to guarantee your audience can watch them the means you supposed.

26. Network with artists on Snap chat!

Add your name to snapchat directories for artists or use associate app like Ghost Codes to
satisfy different artists United Nations agency could also be curious about you comes and content.

27. Promote your account on your different networks.

If you've got the additional characters in your Twitter bio add your usernames for Snap chat&
Instagram. Creatively tell your audience they ought to be a part of you on your different networks
for exclusive content.

28. Simply raise them to Subscribe!

78
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Don’t assume that if somebody likable your video they’re aiming to subscribe. Invite your viewers to
subscribe at the tip of your video so that they will receive even additional awing videos just like
the one they solely watched.

29. Showcase the sub-rosa of your film or #actors’ life!

Choose one platform to be your exclusive sub-rosa network (this works nice on Snap chat
or mistreatment Instagram Stories). Promote this ‘exclusive’ content to your existing fans on
Facebook and Followers on Twitter to induce them to create your audience on Snap chat or
Instagram.

30. Discuss different Facebook Pages (as Your Page).

This is often a Rockstar thanks to get additional exposure for your Facebook Page with
an audience. Realize Pages wherever your audience is already having conversations and take
part (be absolute to comment as your page not your profile).

31. Post systematically and strategically!

Once your visibility will increase, therefore do your followers. However, don’t simply tweet and
post every which way time. Realize the clock time your followers are on to maximize each post. If
your goal is to grow the audience on your YouTube channel, produce a schedule for your content.

32. Engagement is key!

Realize like folks within the business to interact with every day. Reply, Retweet, Regram and
React! you’ll conjointly actively ‘follow’ fascinating like folks on Instagram and Twitter and if you’ve
done #1-3 on top of, they could simply follow you back!

Make sure your cover letter and resume are engaging and differentiates you from your peers. Keep
it valid and up to date with what you’ve accomplished and make sure you update it from time to
time.

79
Participant Handbook

80
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 4.5: The Do’s and major Don’ts of Social media for Actors
Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand the major need of social networking for Actors
• Choose appropriate networking channels and social media platforms such as YouTube, LinkedIn,
Instagram, etc. for promoting themselves.

4.5 The Do’s and Major Don’ts of Social Media for Actors
Every actor I do know has Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and LinkedIn accounts and most tweet daily
or weekly, post photos or links to videos.
However as so much as your acting career, what are the rules? Can it assist you to urge a significant
role in exceedingly film or TV series? Can it get you an agent? can casting administrators suddenly
decision you’re sure major auditions? What does one truly say in a very tweet? can tweeting,
friending and feeling trade professionals through these sites facilitate or hinder your career?
Here are some Dos and one major DON’T of social media.

1. DO have a presence on the web. A short, powerful bio listing your major credits and coaching, a
compelling photograph and short video can do. The 3 high sites are Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn.
There are over thirty subsites on LinkedIn particularly for actors. Join them. There are daily
discussions concerning each side of an acting career—commercials, prime time, films, agents
and promoting tools. The subsites are going by actors for the foremost half, therefore they’re not
official data sites like SAG-AFTRA or the NYC Mayor’s workplace of Film, CA Film Commission, etc.

2. DO publish photos that show you at your best. No silly or obscene photos—
mooning somebody at a celebration may be example. Photos with you on a movie set
or onstage doing a play provide you with nice quality. Agents need to grasp you’re proactive and
dealing.

3. DO transfer videos that show your recent work. Short clips from films, trailers, or professionally
shot scenes are okay. Keep it short therefore downloading is straightforward.

4. DO post oft. However, don’t be a pest! Daily is just too much weekly being perhaps higher.

5. DO say one thing intelligent. “I had alimentary paste for dinner”.

“My dog snores.” NO! skilled data is what the trade desires to listen to.

6. DO promote your own work on Twitter. Then, individuals will select whether they need to
visualize a lot of and click on different pages. Strive to not send them to a gaggle web
site wherever downloading is troublesome, or they'll click on another actor’s data.

7. DON’T contact trade professionals if you don’t recognize them. If you met them at a pay-to-meet
or networking event, it’s an ideal time to follow up.
Do high agents notice their shoppers on the Internet?

81
Participant Handbook

No. They must fulfill you face to face to urge a way of your personality/brand and work
ethic. Are you polished, proactive, and regularly training? golf strokes a friendly tweet with a
link could also be the primary step in developing a relationship.
Will casting administrators’ decision you in or rent you for a task by contacting them via social
media?

Are contract/starring roles solid through media communication?

No. fully not. Social media has little or no to try and do with casting major roles. Submissions to
casting administrators via email through legit agents and managers is that the accepted norm. All
actors still got to have the talent, training, and promoting tools to qualify and be the proper sort for
the role being solid.
Social media sites are best wont to keep in contact with those you recognize, share a link showing
recent work, and to develop a friendship with new trade contacts which can result in future
work. it'll hinder any career if you abuse the association. Victimization social media is simply an
extra valuable tool in your promoting tool case.

82
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Exercise
1. What kind of photos you should get clicked?

2. How can I become a good actor?

83
Participant Handbook

5. Health & Safety

Comply with Workplace
Unit 5.1 – Safety, Health, and Hygiene
Unit 5.2 – First Aid

MES/ N 0104
84
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Observing and understand the current health, safety, security policies and procedure of
organization.
• Understand the safe working practices pertaining to own occupation.
• Understand the government rules and policies related to the health and safety including
emergency procedures for accidents, illness, fires or others.
• Identifying the person responsible for health and safety in the working area, including those
people whom to contact in emergency.
• Identifying the security signals in the workplace fire alarms, staircases, fire warden stations, first
aid and medical rooms.
• Identifying the possible work hazards in the working area which can cause risk to others health
and safety.
• Ensuring own and others health and safety in the workplace through precautionary measures.
• Identify and recommend the basic terms and opportunities to the designated person of your
workplace for improving health, safety, and security.
• Identify and correct the cause of accidents, illness, and fires in your working area and within the
limits of individual’s authority.

85
Participant Handbook

UNIT 5.1: Maintain Workplace Health and Safety

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Observing and understand the current health, safety, security policiesa and procedure of
organization.
• 2. Ensuring own and others health and safety in the workplace through precautionary measures.
• 3. Identify and recommend the basic terms and opportunities to the designated person of your
workplace for improving health, safety, and security.

5.1.1 Introduction
Emergency evacuation is needed when staying within the building not safe anymore. Every
organization has an evacuation procedure. Every organization has a safe place within the
organization compound or outside the organization compound where all employees are expected to
assemble in case of an emergency evacuation. The team leader guides the team and takes them to
safe place. It is very important in these cases, to assemble at the safe area immediately.
If you do not reach the safe area on time, the team leader who is responsible for your safety will
send someone to look for you. This will put the other person's life in danger.
Conditions for Evacuation
Emergencies which require immediate evacuation includes:
• Explosions
• Fires
• Earthquakes
• Hurricanes
• Floods
• Workplace violence
• Toxic material releases
• Tornadoes
• Civil disturbances

Every company has:

• An evacuation policy. All the TLs are responsible for informing their employees about it. When
the TL is informing you about these details, pay attention. This negligence could cost lives.
• A designated place for emergencies. Ensure that you know where it is.
• A “buddy system” for individuals with special needs or disabilities. If you are a buddy to
someone, ensure that your buddy is safely out of the premises with you.

86
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Figure 5.1.1 Conditions for evacuation

• Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that you understand it so that you
can use it in time of need.
• Assembly areas. These are the areas where you are required to assemble after evacuation.
• Periodic evacuation drills. Ensure that you pay attention during those drills. You need to save
your life and you can be helpful in saving someone else’s life too.

5.1.2 Mock Drills/ Evacuations

The responsibility of the safety of the workers in case of emergency is on the fire safety and
evacuation workers. These workers need to go through the training to know the duties and
responsibilities. In a workplace, the practice drill should be done in every 3 months under simulated
fire conditions so that the workers know the techniques of saving their and other life. By practicing
in the fire drills, all the workers area able to know the lifesaving method required in case of
emergency.
Fare the exercises designed check the staff response as per emergency. It is also a test of the
emergency staff, working staff and other members of fire safety department. Sometime the drill is
not successful but that’s okay because human learn from previous mistakes. But it is important for
all the members that they correct their mistake on time. Sometime all the mistakes were not done
by the members of staff, the mistake is done the faulty equipment and safety plans. But, there is a
need of staff training periodically.

87
Participant Handbook

Figure 5.1.2 Mock Drills

There are two vital components for preparing the fire safety plan which are written below:
1. An emergency action plan, which tells the procedure to be optimize in case of emergency.
2. A fire prevention plan, which tells the methods to be optimized to cool the fire as soon as
possible.

You need to participant in arranged by organization for your personal safety and for others
safety. These drills help you in understanding the
Fire safety and evacuation plans sketch staff duties and accountabilities in time of emergency.
Continuing training is required to help safeguard that the employees are conscious of those
duties and responsibilities. Firefighting trainings serve as a prospect for staff members to
validate, under replicated fire conditions, that they can perform those duties and responsibilities
safely and efficiently. It’s also a time for the workers or employee to demonstrate about the
defend-in-place strategies and the workers are able to take advantage of facility’s fire protection
features and exit facilities to protect the people in their care.
Fare excellent exercise designed to evaluate staff response to a replicated emergency. The fare is
also a test of facility’s fire safety/evacuation strategies and staff training programs. It is not
essential that all fun smoothly. That’s okay, so long as staff and the organization understand from
them and correct mistakes made. It’s vital, therefore, that there be a analysis of each drill so that
any problems met can be addressed. Perhaps the problems are due to unfinished or outdated fire
safety/emigration plans. Perhaps there’s a need for further training of staff.
The two essential components of a fire preparedness plan are the following:
1. An emergency action plan, which details what to do when a fire occurs.
2. A fire prevention plan, which describes what to do to prevent a fire from occurring.

5.1.3 Medical Emergencies

Everyone plans for emergencies. That is the reason why we keep a first aid kit with ourselves. At
work, however one is exposed to a lot of stress and physical activity. This could lead to certain
medical emergencies. It’s better to be prepared with the first aid measures and knowledge of

88
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

implementing them on ourselves and on others. This module equips you with that information. Pay
attention to these medical emergency procedures to understand how to conduct you in theses
crucial movements. Pay attention during these sessions. You might be able to save your own and
your friend lives.

5.1.3.1 In case of Medical Emergency

A medical emergency is a situation in which a worker met in accident and needs medical help. The
medical injury may be severe or life threating. Some situation where:
• Person is not inhaling
• Heart attack or stock
• Heavy or severe bleeding
• Electric Shock
• In case of Poisoning
• Person get somebody Burns

In case of medical emergency, the person or victim requires the immediate help. Sometime the
person need attention before the you call the emergency helpline.
It is important to know or remember the number of emergency helpline or Emergency Medical
Service (EMS) for the safety of self and other workers.
DON'T
• Let the victim to eat or drink anything.
• Confine the victim
• Splash any fluid on victim face or on injury.
• Shift the victim to another area or place unless it is the only way to protect the
victim.

Bleeding
• Apply any type of pressure on the wound of victim with the help of bandage or any other
means.
• Elevate the wound to slow the bleeding.
• When necessary, apply the pressure on pressure points near wound to block excess
bleeding.

Fainting

• Fainting is a loss of consciousness which is due to temporary reduction flow of blood in the
victim's brain.
• The unconsciousness of the victim may led to more injury in the workplace.
• Slow pulse of the victim.
• The pale, cold skin and sweating of the victim.

Causes of fainting:
• Eating or drinking lack of fluids which is also known as dehydration.
• The low blood pressure of victim.
• Due to lack of sleep.
• Over exhaustion of the worker

89
Participant Handbook

First Aid for Fainting:

• Lie down the victim on the back and raise the legs above his heart level.
• Ensure the clearance of victim's nose.
• Check for indication of coughing, or breathing problem.
• Loose the tight cloths like neck ties, collars, and belts.
• If the victim remains unconscious from the 1 minute, call the EMS as soon as possible.
Shock
The shock occurs in the human body on the failure of circulatory system. When insufficient amount
of oxygen is reached in the body tissue, the shocks also occur. This condition is treated as soon as
possible if not; it may lead to organ failure, and may cause death. Shock becomes worse by fear and
pain of victim.
First Aid for shock:
• If possible, keep the victims in lying down position.
• Raise the legs 10-12 inches from the ground level unless you suspect an injury in back and
bone.
• If the victim is feeling cold, then cover him. If the victim is feeling hot, then don’t make
suffocation by covering him.
• If the victim starts vomiting, then move the victim to the suitable place.
• Loosen the tight clothing.

Muscle Cramps
• Stretch out the affected muscle of the victim to counterbalance the cramp part of the body.
• Firmly massage the cramped muscle.
• Apply moist heat on the affected area.
• If the cramp remains in the muscle, get medical help as soon as possible.
• Rest- avoids movements and activities that cause pain.
• Apply the ice on the cramped muscle it may reduce the pain and swelling of the muscle.
• Applying the light compression like elastic bandage on the affected area may reduce the
swelling.
• Raising the affected area above the heart level may reduce the swelling as well as pain.

Fractures
As we all know about the fracture that is the crack or break in the bone.
Dislocation
A dislocation occurs when the bone slips out from the specified location. It generally occurs in the
shoulders, thumb, elbow, fingers, lower jaw and other movable joints.
First Aid for Dislocations & Fractures:
• Immobilize the effected part.
• Stabilize the effected part
• Use a cloth as a sling.
• Use board as a sling.

90
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

5.1.4 First Aid

First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury with care provided
to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or promote recovery.
Kits vary in contents but most kits have the following items:
• Band-aids / Adhesive bandages
• Gauze pads and tape
• Scissors, cold pack
• Wound bandage / compress
• Eye pads / eye wash solution
• First aid / burn cream
• Antibiotic ointment
• Face shield or barrier mask for providing CPR
• Forceps / tweezers
• Disposable thermometers
• First aid instruction booklet

5.1.5 Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The safety by
protective equipment includes electrical, heat, physical, biohazards, chemicals, and airborne
particulate matter.

Figure 5.1.3 Personal Protective Equipment’s

91
Participant Handbook

In the workplace, there are many situations which require immediate first aid to the victim and
many countries have made some regulation, legislation, and guidance which specify the minimum
level of first aid to be given to the victim. For this, the worker needs the special training and area for
achieving the immediate first aid. Go achieve this; the training should be given by specialist first aid
officer and necessary training given by learning institute. The training of first aid does not need any
type of specific tools and equipment but may involve the improvisation with material offered at the
time of training.

Figure 5.1.4 First Aid pyramid

While delivering First Aid always remember:

• To prevent from degradation.
• Act deliberately and confidently with the victim.
• The timings of Golden Hour should be first 60 minutes from an accident.
• The timings of Platinum Period should be first 15 minutes following an accident.
• Prevent the body shock and choking.
• Stop bleeding from the wound.
• Loosen the clothes of victim.
• Regulate the respiratory system of the victim.
• Avoid crowding near the victim.
• Take the victim to safe place or hospital near the workplace.
• Attend the emergencies situation with ease and without fear.
• Always remember to not overdo. Because the person giving the first aid is not doctor.

92
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Exercise
1. Discuss some general safety rules for working in the workshop.

2. What is PPE and are the common components of PPE?

93
Participant Handbook

3. What is an accident and what are the types of accidents?

4. Discuss the types of fire-extinguisher and their uses?

5. Write a short note on health and hygiene?

6. What are the common components of First-Aid kit?

94
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

7. What are the symptoms of shock and what should be the first-aid?

8. What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion and what should be the first aid?

95
Participant Handbook

96
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

6. Soft Skills And

Communication Skills
Unit 6.1 - Introduction to the Soft Skills
Unit 6.2 - Effective Communication
Unit 6.3 - Grooming and Hygiene
Unit 6.4 - Interpersonal Skill Development
Unit 6.5 - Social Interaction
Unit 6.6 - Group Interaction
Unit 6.7 - Time Management
Unit 6.8 - Resume Preparation
Unit 6.9 - Interview Preparation

97
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.1: Introduction to Soft Skills

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand the basic meaning of Soft Skills, their components and their benefits.
• Understand Work Readiness and its significance.

6.1.1What is a Soft Skill?

These are personal characteristics

that describe an individual’s ability to Communic
interact with people and situations ation
Executive
Presentation
around. Soft skills can be explained Presence

as a group which comprises

personality Writing Public
Skills Speaking
Traits, social graces, language,
Smart Soft
habits, sociability and optimism that Skills
characterise relationship with other Team
Listening
Work
people. Soft Skills complement hard
skills which are occupational
Business
requirements of a job and many Motivation
Etiquette
other activities. They are related to Leadership

feelings, emotions, insight. Soft skills

Fig 6.1.1: Soft Skills
have to do with who we are than
what we know. For instance – the soft skills required for doctor would be empathy, understanding,
active listening and a good bedside manner. Soft skills also determine how satisfied and happy one
remains in professional and personal situations.

98
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

6.1.1Components of Soft Skills

• Adaptability: It is the ability of an individual to manage change. It’s about how fast and
smoothly a person is able to blend in and be productive in a changed environment
• Emotional Strength: This involves managing mood and having control over it. An
emotionally strong person succeeds in directing his moods and emotions such as anger
frustration and excitement
• Leadership Quality: How one manages conflict in personal and professional situation and
convinces people reflects upon his leadership quality
• Team Playing Ability: It is the ability to manage different types of people and make them
work harmoniously with each other
• Decision Making: This reflects upon how one manages his time and other resources in
efficient and productive manner
• Interpersonal Communication: This is an individual’s ability to effective communication with
other and in the process creating a positive image of him
• Negotiation Skills: This is how one negotiates with others and reduces the level of stress in
work, professional and personal environment

6.1.1 Benefits of Soft Skills

Some of the benefits of Soft Skills are as:

• Increased credibility with customers

• Increased customer satisfaction
• More productive employees
• Out service the competition
• Recognition from the industry, employer and peers
• New employment opportunities
• Increased ability to perform on the job

99
Participant Handbook

6.1.1 Work Readiness

130

Work readiness involves you having what

employers call “the right attitude”. At the most
basic level you should have:

• A positive attitude to spend some days at

workplace
• The capacity to function in a mature
environment without the support of other
co-workers

• An allegro attitude to the owner Fig 6.1.2: Work readiness

• A clear interest at work to be done

• Expectations of the work that a fresher will be able to do at aworkplace with commercial
goals to achieve
• The willingness to be supervised, follow instructions and wearsafety gear as directed
• The confidence to ask questions to clarify instructions
• Pride in appropriate personal presentation
• The ability to communicate appropriately in an adult working environment
• The capacity to acknowledge customers and provide the assistance recommended by the
employer
• A commitment to maintaining their reliability and punctuality for the whole of the period
spent in the workplace
• Completed a preparation for workplace learning program which includes OH&S practices,
acceptable behaviour in the workplace (including child protection issues) and emergency
contact procedures.

100
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 6.2: Effective Communication

131

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Do public speaking.
• Describe likes and dislikes of a person.
• Know basic etiquette of conversation.

6.2.1 Introduction

We are living in an information age where communication is an integral part of our lives. We have to
send, receive and process huge number of messages every day. But effective communication is more
than just passing information to each other. An effective communication is nothing but
understanding the emotion behind the information. Effective communication helps us develop
relationship at home, work, and in social situations by excavating our connections to others and
improving teamwork, problem solving and decision making.

Effective communication skill is a learned skill, it is more effective when it’s spontaneous than
formula.

6.2.1 The Communication Process

The process of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings, intentions,
attitude by speech, gesture, writing etc. is known as communication. It is the meaningful exchange
of information between two or more participants.

101

132
Participant Handbook

Fig 6.2.1: The communication process

Communication requires a sender, a message, a medium and a recipient. Communication process is

not complete if a receiver does not understand the sender’s message.

Communication with other involves three steps:

• Message: First of all the information exists in sender’s mind. It could be a concept, an idea, a
formation or a feeling.
• Encoding: A message is sent to the receiver in encoded language/format.
• Decoding: Lastly the receiver translates the words or symbols into a concept or information
that a person can understand.

6.2.1 Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

There are three main types of communication. These are:

Verbal Communication: It means you

listen to a person to understand what
7%
message the person is trying to convey. Visual (body
language used)
The speaker has the advantage of
Vocal (tone and
immediate feedback. This type of 38% 55% volume used)
communication is best for conveying Verbal (words
used)
emotions and can involve storytelling and
critical conversations.

Fig 6.2.3: Percentage of type of communicators

Written Communication: Letters, books,
newspapers are few of the examples of written communication. Printed media, emails can also be

102
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

categorised into this communication. They are asynchronous, can reach many readers and are best
for conveying information.

Nonverbal Communication: A nonverbal communication can also be called Body language because
this communication does not involve any verbal interaction but mere observation of the people
involved in the communication. Both verbal and written communications convey nonverbal
communication and are also supported by body language, eye contact, facial expression, posture,
touch and space.

According to a study only seven-member of a receiver’s comprehension of a message relies on

sender’s actual words, 38th relies on paralinguistic communication (tone, pace and volume of
speech) and 55th relies on nonverbal cues.
Research shows that once people are lying they're more doubtless to blink more frequently, shift
their weight and shrug.

6.2.1 Communicating Effectively

There are various reasons why communication is not effective and successful. These failures are
because of the barriers in communication which occurs at any stage in the communication process.
Barriers may lead to one’s message becoming misleading and therefore at risk of wasting both time
and money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves
overcoming these barriers and conveying a flawless and concise message.

103
Participant Handbook

Fig 6.2.4: Communicating effectively between sender and receiver

A skilled person should remember these barriers and try to reduce their impact by regularly checking
understanding or by giving correct feedback.

Dealing with Barriers

• Use simple, easily understood word. Over complicating makes things confusing
• While speaking in other language always prepare beforehand
• Always give or take feedback to ensure the effectiveness of communication
• Be alert to cues
• Listen, listen, listen …
• Test your understanding
• Share opinions, perceptions

6.2.1 Effective Communication-Practice

Active Listening
Listening is one of the most significant skills one can have. To become a better listener it is important
that you practice active listening at all time of verbal communication

104
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Some tips for active listening

• STEP 1: Concentrate what the person is talking about and not on noise or other external
distractions.
• STEP 2: Understand his emotions and you get it all right. Is the speaker angry, happy or plainly
inquisitive?
• STEP 3: When the speaker is saying or telling something, don’t break the chain of his thoughts.
• STEP 4: Don’t avoid completing sentences of the speaker. Let them speak and speak only after they
finish.
• STEP 5: It’s alright if you haven’t understood at first chance. Request to repeat the information.
• STEP 6: Practice makes a man perfect. Listen intently, focus and ignore other noises. Listen more
and talk when required.

It takes lots of concentration and determination to be active listener. Previous habits are arduous to
break and if you’re listening habits are not good then you have to break those. Start listening
deliberately and prompt yourself frequently that your goal is to hear truly what the other person is
saying.

105
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.3: Grooming and Hygiene

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Maintain cleanliness and hygiene.
• Keep their dress clean and tidy.
• Maintain positive body language while speaking.
• Enable to perform more of the do’s than the don’ts.
• Learn about good eating habit and their impact on health.
• Avoiding bad things such as gutkha and alcohol.
• Learn about AIDS and its prevention.

6.3.1 Personal Grooming

An art of keeping your body and mind clean is Personal Grooming. It is very important that everyone
should take care of their hygiene n cleanliness. Due to this, one would not just look good but feel
healthy to. Taking care of your body appearance is imperative. Once you enter your
store/department you need to be dressed in full uniform as per company standards, and also
properly groom yourself as per the service ethics.

Personal grooming not only makes us presentable but also makes us feel confident about ourselves.
Good personal hygiene is essential for good health. Habits that are considered personal grooming
include, bathing, dressing, applying makeup, hair removal and taking care of one’s teeth, nails and
skin.

Appearance

• The front line person/team is the brand ambassador of the company, just like the face is to
your body. The customers visiting the stores are greeted by this team and lend their
assistance. Hence they are expected to present a neat & clean looks

106
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• When in store premises, even during off-duty hours, a well-dressed appearance needs to be
maintained. They are expected to be in uniforms (including shirt, trousers, shoes & socks)
which must be worn clean & ironed
• We should take care about no stains, broken buttons, or loose thread present on the
uniform.
• You should always clean & polish your shoes. Sandals/slippers/sports shoes and white socks
should not to be worn during on duty
• Nails must be trimmed and clean
• Hair should be neatly combed before commencing duty. For female members hair should be
tied up if longer than shoulder length. Display ID cards when on duty is a must since
accountability is important for the customers

6.3.1 Specific Uniform Guidelines

S.No. Specifically for Men Specifically for Women

Uniform prescribed should be Women having long hair should tie it with rubber
1
cleanand pressed band orhair clips and not keeps it loose.

They should avoid bright color nail polish and long

Shoes should be clean and
2 nailsas they'll be a cause to distract customers or
polished
harm themerchandise on display.
3 Hair must be short, clean & tidy. Minimum, non-flashy jewellery should be worn.
One is expected to have a clean Dangling earrings, noisy anklets & bangles must not be
4
shavenlook worn on the floor
In case of beards/moustaches, Only very light make-up to be applied (lip- stick of very
5
mustbe trimmed, neat & tidy lightshades only)
Nails should be cut or trimmed Any type of earrings studs & bracelets are not to be
6
neatlyat regular intervals wornon the floor during official hours

6.3.1 Body Posture

• Staff needs to keep their hands clean at all times as they mostly will be handling
merchandise or in contact with customers
• Avoid biting nails on the floor.

107
Participant Handbook

• Manage body odour & bad breath to be under control as they are offensive to the customer.
• Maintain straight & upright posture on the shop floor.
• Slouching on the floor, hands in pockets, hands on the hips are not courteous to the
customer & hence should be avoided.

It just takes a few seconds for people to assess others when they meet for the first time. The other
person creates an opinion based on appearance, body language, mannerisms and how one is
dressed. For creating a first positive good impression always follow these things:

• Be on time
• Be yourself and be at ease
• Present yourself appropriately
• Always smile
• Be courteous and attentive
• Be positive

6.3.1 Positive Body Language

While meeting someone for the first time always remember that not only you should talk positively
but your body language also needs to be positive. There are some tips for positive body language as:

• Avoid your pockets. Keep your hands out of your pocket. Hand in pocket shows we are
uncomfortable and unsure of ourselves. Keeping our hand in open indicates confidence and
show that people has nothing to hide.
• Don’t Fidget. Fidgeting is a clear sign of nervousness. An individual who can’t keep still is an
individual who is worried, tense and not confident. Keep your gesture calm and under
control.
• Keep your eyes forward. This indicates that you are interested in communication with other.
• Stand up straight with your shoulders back. It communicates confidence.
• Take wide steps. It makes you seem purposeful and suggest a personal tranquillity and
denotes confidence.

108
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Firm handshake. Grip other persons hand firmly and confidently instead of getting a palm
full of dead fish. Firmness adds warmth and enthusiasm to the handshake. But make sure
that you don’t crush the other person’s hand and don’t hold on too long.
• Don’t cross your arms when meeting other persons. This is a protective posture.
• Use contact to show appreciation.

6.3.1 Personal Hygiene

What is Personal Hygiene?

Personal Hygiene is the set of practices to follow to preserve one’s health. Maintaining a high level
of personal hygiene will help to increase self-esteem while minimizing the chances of developing
infections. Poor personal hygiene can have significant implications on the success of job applications
or chances of the promotion.

Fig 6.3.1: Good habits for personal hygiene

109
Participant Handbook

6.3.1 Physical Fitness

Apart from following these hygienic practices, one should also be physically fit. Physical fitness is an
outcome of regular exercise. Exercise may be of many different forms like jogging, morning-walk,
weight-lifting, gym, swimming, cycling, yoga and many more.

Advantages of Physical Fitness

• It maintains optimal body weight.
• It reduces risk of diseases.
• It boosts confidence and self esteem.
• It reduces stress, anxiety and depression.

Healthy Eating
We can follow hygienic practices and exercise regularly, but what we eat has the biggest impact on
our health. To be healthy, one has to eat healthy. But what do we mean by eating healthy?
Eating a healthy, balanced diet provides nutrients to our body. These nutrients give us energy; keep
our brain active and our muscles working.

What are healthy eating habits?

• Always try to eat home-made food
• Avoid oily food
• Always cook and eat fresh food
• Avoid junk food like burgers, carbonated drinks etc.
• Eat fruits regularly
• Drink lot of water

Things to be avoided
There are certain habits that have severe ill-effects on one’s health. Such habits should be avoided
for a healthy life.

110
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Alcoholism

It’s the tendency during which one consumes alcohol to

manage difficulties or to avoid feeling unhealthy.
Alcohol has the potential to interrupt almost every organ
in the body as well as the brain. Uncontrolled consumption
of alcohol not only affects a drinker’s health but also
human relationship and social standings.

Fig 6.3.2: Liver affected with alcoholism

Its effects:
• Health increase risk of heart diseases, cancer, impaired immune system, liver infection
(Cirrhosis) etc.
• Reduced work focus and drop in performance
• Degradation in social and economic status
• Withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, trembling, fatigue, headache and depression etc.

Tobacco
Tobacco is the second largest cause of death in the world. It claims one death in every six seconds.
Smoking is a practice of burning a substance and inhaling the smoke coming out of it. Common
smoking implements include cigarette, bidi, hookas and pipes. According to a report every year 4.9
million people die worldwide as a result of smoking. Smoking is prime cause of lung cancer.
According to a study male smoker lose an average of 13.2 years of life while a female smoker loses
14.5 years of their life. Smoking increases 50 % chances of heart diseases than a non smoker.

Chewing tobacco is a product consumed by placing a portion of it between the cheek and upper gum
or upper lip teeth and chewing. Having tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer.

Its effects:
• It is the biggest reason for oral cancer which effects mouth, tongue, cheek, gums and lips
• Chewing tobacco lessens a person’s sense of taste and ability to smell
• Smokers face a greater risk of suffering from lung cancer

111
Participant Handbook

Fig 6.3.3: Risks from smoking

Gutkha
Gutkha is extremely habit-forming and an acknowledged substance. Excessive use of gutkha can
cause loss of appetite; promote uncommon sleeping pattern and loss of concentration beside
different tobacco related issues. A gutkha user may be simply illustrious by prominently stained
teeth ranging from dirty yellow orange to scarlet black. The stains are powerful to remove by normal
brushing sometimes want the attention of dentist. According to a world adult tobacco survey 53.5%
of Indians use tobacco products. Gutkha's each sachet contains 4000 chemicals, including 50 that
cause cancer, Betel nut, Tobacco, Flavouring.

Impact of Gutkha on health

• Loss of sensation in tongue
• Disfigured mouth
• Increased sensitivity to heat, spices, cold and spices
• Inability to open the mouth
• Swelling, lumps, rough spots on gums or in other places inside the mouth

112
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Unexplained bleeding in mouth

• Difficulty in swallowing and finally Mouth Cancer

6.3.1 AIDS/HIV Awareness

The full form of AIDS is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is

caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus). It is the last stage of the
HIV infection, if a person is HIV positive, he/she is suffering from AIDS.

According to a survey number of AIDS patients in India is between 2 to

3.1 million almost 50 % of total patients of AIDS. More men are HIV
positive than women. A total of population of 0.29% females are

suffering from AIDS while Fig 6.3.4: Aids awareness ribbon

0.43 % males are suffering.

AIDS is transmitted by:

• Unprotected sexual relationships

• Contaminated blood transfusion
• Hypodermic Needles
• From infected mother to child

As per studies in India HIV/AIDS is largely due to unsafe sex worker interactions. About 86 % HIV
incidents in the country is from unprotected sex. Migrant workers, truck drivers and majority of men
who have sex with men pose greater risk of infecting their spouse and unborn children. People
between 18-29 age groups accounts for 31 % of AIDS burden.

There are no medicines or vaccines for AIDS so far. The treatment and medicines which are available
in the market are expensive and have side effects.

113
Participant Handbook

AIDS is not a disease like cancer or malaria, but is a condition that weakens a person’s ability to fight
diseases (immune system).AIDS not only affects you, but also has severe impact on family and
friends. Even one mistake is enough to get HIV positive.

Fig 6.3.5: Main symptom of acute HIV infection

Fig 6.3.6: General symptoms of acute HIV infection

114
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Stay faithful
• In India large number of people move around for work, mostly men.
• Are you one of them?
• Take care. See that you don’t catch any infection from AIDS.
• Even one visit to a sex worker may result in HIV infection.
• So it is advisable to avoid multiple sex-partners and always use protection (condoms/nirodh)
during intercourse.

AIDS does NOT spread through

• Sitting close
• Working together
• Hugging
• Touching hands
• Mosquito bite
• Saliva or cough
• Taking care
• Sharing clothes
• Eating together or sharing utensils

115
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.4: Interpersonal Skill development

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Develop a positive attitude and behaviour
• Understanding Goal Setting
• Motivated for team participation at work
• Learn how to manage relations
• Learn about Stress and anger management skills
• Learn to develop leadership qualities

6.4.1 Introduction

Interpersonal skill development is the blend of different traits of day to day life that play an
important role in creating our impression in other’s mind. It starts from inside. The role of
interpersonal skill development is to help us understand how to make choices about our attitudes
and actions. It enables us to understand:

• Where are we now?

• How change and growth occur successfully?
• How we can change our attitude to get results we want and to be more effective in work
and personal life?

One can learn to control over many aspects of our job and their environment by making appropriate
choices and responses.

These include various traits like:

• Positive Attitude
• Motivation
• Goal Setting

116
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Team Work
• Managing Relations
• Etiquette
• Stress and Anger Management
• Conflict Resolution

4.4.1 Positive Attitude

What is attitude?
• Our approach...
• Our outlook towards situations and others…
• The emotions we express towards others.
• Our attitude must be positive and hopeful.
Remember:
• Luck favours those who help themselves
• Don’t wait for things to happen make them happen
• Stay away from negative influences
• Start your day with something positive
• Learn to like the things that need to be done
• Positive attitude shows in the following ways:
• Positive thinking
• Constructive things
• Creative thinking
• Optimism
• The motivation and energy to accomplish goals.
• An approach of happiness

Positive attitude results in happiness as well as success. Positivity not only affects you and the way
you look at the world, but it also affects work environment and people around you.

117
Participant Handbook

Story of Carrot, Egg and Coffee Beans

Raju works as a Supervisor in a factory. He is not happy with his job. One day he spoke about his
dejection to his elderly friend, Prashant, who runs a small canteen for the factoryworkers. “Prashant
I am not satisfied with my job. There are so many problems in the factory. If I solve one, another one
crops up. The problems seem to be never ending. I am quite fed up and wish to quit.”
Prashant said nothing. He quietly put three pots with water on the stove. He put some carrots into
one pot, some eggs into another and coffee beans into the third pot. The water in the pots began to
boil. Raju wondered what was going on! “Oh, here I am with mytale of woes, and this illiterate cook
goes about his business!”
After some time, Prashant switched off the stove and put the carrots, eggs and the beans in different
bowls. He then said, “My friend, what do you see here?” “Carrots, eggs and coffee”, said Raju
irritably. “Of course! Now come and feel them one by one”, said Prashant. “Oh God!
What do you want to prove?” asked Raju controlling his anger. “The carrots have turned soft. The
egg is hard boiled beneath its shell and the coffee is stronger in aroma”. “Exactly” said Prashant
“Each of them faced the same degree of heat, but each reacted differently. The carrots that were so
hard before became soft and weak. The egg was fragile with its thin outer shell, but after boiling it
became hardened and the inner liquid portion became hard boiled. But the coffee beans are unique.
After boiling in water, they became stronger and richer. So my friend, tell me, are you the carrot, the
egg or the coffee bean? How do you respond to difficult situations? Are you like the carrot that is
hard to look at but with the slightest difficulty becomes weak and soft? Are you the egg born with a
soft heart but became tough and stiff after a difficult or a bitter experience? Or are you like the
coffeebean that gets stronger and tougher and reaches its peak in extreme adversity or difficulty?
When things get worse, you get better.

“Thank you Prashant. You’ve opened my eyes. I shall strive and do my best.”

6.4.1 Goal Setting

Goal setting is a powerful method for considering your ideal future. The method of setting goals
helps you to decide on where you wish to go in life.
Goal setting consists of establishment of specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time targeted
aim. Goal setting helps individuals work towards their own objectives. Goals are a kind of motivation
that sets the standard for self-satisfaction with performance. Achieving the goal one has for oneself

118
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

is a measure of success and having the ability to satisfy job challenges is a way one measures success
in the workplace. Set SMART goals:

• S : Specific
• M: Measurable
• A: Attainment
• R: Relevant
• T: Time bound

Identify:
• What you want to achieve,
• Where you have to concentrate your efforts
• Also spot the distractions that can, lead you astray.

First create your “big picture” (the next 10 years):

• Identify the large-scale goals that you just wish to achieve.
• Then break these down into the smaller targets that you simply should hit to succeed in your
life goals.
• Once you have your plan, you begin working on it to achieve these goals.

Setting goal is important for an individual because:

• Goals narrow attention and direct efforts to goal related activities.
• Goals lead to more effort.
• One works through setbacks if he is pursuing a goal.
• It develops and changes individual’s behaviour.

Categorization of Goals
To give a broad balanced coverage of all important areas in your life set goals in all the important
categories of your life such as:

• Career: What level do you want to reach in your career or where you want to reach?

119
Participant Handbook

• Financial: How much you want to earn, by what stage? How it is related to your career
goals?
• Education: Is there any specific knowledge you want to acquire in life? What information
and skills you need to acquire in order to achieve your goals?
• Family: How you want to be seen by your spouse and family members?
• Health: Do you want to stay healthy in your old age? What are you planning to achieve this?
• Public Service: If you want to make the world a better place, what will you do?

6.4.1 Team Dynamics

A team is made up of a group of people associated to a common purpose. Teams are especially
made to conduct complex works. A team is an example where a people share a goal. This creates a
dynamic bond amongst the team members as they are dependent on one another for success. For
example a sports team wins or loses as a whole.

Team members need to learn:

• How to assist each other

• Realize their true potential
• Prepare the atmosphere that is familiar with each member to work beyond their strength.

Factors of Team Dynamics

• Tolerance and Cooperation

• Set aside feelings of caste, creed, profession
• Put up with each other
• Identify strengths of each
• Who can do what

In a team, there is no room for personal gains and definitely not betrayals. In a team:
• A single person cannot achieve a big task single handedly.
• Big and difficult tasks can be accomplished only through collective effort, through teams.

120
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• In a team, the team members stand by each other during good and bad times alike.
• Work together towards a common goal.
• Divide the task and share the burden.
• Help and accept help from others.

Story : Small Fishes and Big Fish

Once there was a shoal of tiny red fish living in the sea. One among them was a little different. His
name was Swimmy and he was black in colour. Swimmy was the fastest swimmer in theshoal. The
fish would swim around in the sea looking for food. One day when they were busy searching for
lunch, Swimmy who was far ahead of the others seeing a big fish coming in their direction. The big
fish was also looking for his lunch---smaller fish. Swimmy was scared! If the big fish would spot his
shoal, all of them would be eaten up. Swimmy thought hard of a way out and quickly came up with a
plan. He quickly swam back to his shoal and told all the fish about the big fish and also explained his
plan to escape from being eaten. When the big fish came closer he was shocked to see an even
bigger fish swimming in his direction with its huge jaws wide open. Frightened that he would get
eaten up, the big fish swam away. If he had looked carefully, he would have realised that the huge
fish was actually all the tiny red fish swimming very closely together in such a way that they looked
like one big fish. And little black Swimmy, being different, became the eye of the ‘huge’ fish!

6.4.1 Managing Relations

We all have different personalities, different desires and wishes, and different ways of showing our
emotions that affects people around us.

70% of the workplace learning is informal, once people discuss with each other at work they really
are learning to do their job better. Friendlier staff is effective communicators, more productive and
trustworthy more by employers and colleagues.

Tips for improving relations with people around us:

• Observe how you react to people such as do you reach to a conclusion before you know all
the facts.

121
Participant Handbook

• Look honestly how you think and interact with other people.
• Look at work environment. Do you seek attention for accomplishments or give chance to
others. 152
• Accept your weaknesses courageously and work on them.
• Take responsibility for your actions.
• If you think someone is hurt by you, apologise directly.

6.4.1 Etiquette

Etiquettes are rules to operating behaviour regarded as good and acceptable in personal and
professional life. Etiquette includes:

Making Positive Impression

• Stand straight, make eye contact and turn towards people when they are speaking and
genuinely smile at people.
• Follow the dress code prescribed by the organization.
• When meeting someone for the first time always shake hands with a gentle firmness.
• Always arrive early to work each day.

How you treat with people

• Think how you treat your supervisors and colleagues.

• Don’t make value judgments on people’s importance at workplace. Respect every individual
equally.
• Respect people’s personal space at workplace.

Communicating at Workspace

• Keep workspace professional and neat.

• Don’t interrupt other people on the workplace.
• Limit personal calls especially when you are working in a manufacturing unit.

122
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Eat and smoke to the designated areas only otherwise it may disturb other people.
Work etiquette tells the individual a way to behave when handling situations in an exceedingly
working environment however the trivial situation is. It also applies to co-worker interaction and
communication with colleagues. 153

Work Ethics

Work ethics is a value based on hard work and attentiveness. Work ethics include:
• Discipline: It takes a certain level of commitment to finish your tasks every day. Only with
discipline one can stay fixed on goals and determined to complete his assignment.
• Commitment to work: A strong sense of commitment to work affects how an individual
work and the amount of work he does. When a worker is committed to work he turns up on
time, puts in his best efforts and completes the projects to the best of his ability.
• Punctuality: It shows that you are dedicated to your work, interested in the work and
capable of handling responsibility. Being punctual shows your professionalism and
commitment to work.
• Ownership and responsibility: Ownership and responsibility stretches in all aspects of an
employee’s job. Co-workers value the employees’ ability to give honest feedback.
Supervisors rely on the high moral standards trusting him not create problems and being
responsible.
• Striving to excel: Keep yourself updated with new developments and knowledge of your
field. Learn new skills, techniques, methods required to uplift your career. Workers
exhibiting a good work ethic are usually selected for higher positions, increased
responsibility as well as promotion. Workers who do not exhibit good work ethic can be
regarded as incompetent and failing to provide a fair value to the employer for the salary.

6.4.1 Stress and Anger Management

Anger is a normal and a healthy emotion. Anger management may be critical for people who find it
difficult to keep it under control. There are many health issues related to an unresolved anger like
heart attack, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, colds and flu/fever and digestive problems. If
your heart beats faster and you breathe quickly, tension in your shoulder or clinching your fists

123
Participant Handbook

bewares your body may be showing sign of anger, take steps to calm yourself down. Once you will
be able to recognize the signs of anger you can calm yourself down.
Always remember:

• Avoid unnecessary stress, learn to say no and take control of your environment
• Express your feelings instead of boiling them up
• Accept the things you can’t change
• Learn to forgive
• ANGER is only one letter away from DANGER
• Anger can destroy lives, destroy relationships
• Put yourself in other’s shoes
• Don’t react immediately
• Post pone for a few seconds whatever you wish to say or do
• Take a deep breath
• Speak when you have calmed down

6.4.1 Conflict Resolution

What is a Conflict?
A problem or a situation that may be difficult to understand or to deal with.
Why do we need to resolve conflicts?

• If a problem is not solved or addressed at the right time it may blow out of proportion
• An unsolved problem can be like Cancer which spreads and translates itself into all other
areas in life
• Unsolved problems may lead to increased levels of bitterness and frustration
• It may foster bad habits like back-biting, gossiping, etc
• Persons involved in conflict may lose focus and target each other’s character instead of the
specific behaviour to be modified

How to work out Conflicts?

124
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• STOP . . . before you lose your temper and make the conflict worse.
• SAY . . . what you feel is the issue. What is the reason of disagreement? What do you like?
• LISTEN . . . to others ideas and feelings.
• 155parties
THINK . . . of solutions that satisfy both the

If you still can't agree, ask someone else to help you work it out.

6.4.1 Leadership Skills

The ability to lead effectively depends on variety of key skills. These skills are extremely sought after
by employers as they involve managing a number of individuals in such a way on inspire, enthuse
and build respect. Some of the qualities that every good leader should possess are:
• Honesty: If you make honest and ethical behaviour a key value your team will follow the
suit.
• Ability to delegate: delegating task to one of the appropriate person is the one of the most
important skills that needs to be developed. The key to delegation is to identify the core
strengths of the team and capitalizing on them.
• Good communications skills: Being able to communicate clearly is quite important.
• Confidence: Keeps morale of the team high even in the tough times.
• Commitment: If you expect your team to work hard and produce quality content then you
should lead by example.
• Positive Attitude: Keeping teams motivated towards continued success of the company.
• Creativity: During the critical situations it is important to think out of the box solutions than
to prefer the set course of action.
• Be decisive: Plan for the unexpected and nothing will surprise you. If you have thought of
things go wrong in a particular task you will be able to make confident decisions on
corrective actions when necessary.
• Focus on the big picture: Plan future strategies for your department and communicate them
to supervisors and staff members. Set realistic and measurable individual and team goals
and communicate your expectations within the context of massive picture.

How to become a leader:

125
Participant Handbook

• Use initiative to act on opportunities. Become a frontrunner before other people view you
together.
• Take responsibility of own objectives, set156
priorities.
• Attempt to solve the matter instead of to pass on to others.
• Go the extra mile when asked to do tasks. Go beyond your job description.
• Show enthusiasm.
• Take ownership of the issues. Anticipate potential issues, take pre-emptive action and act
quickly to resolve the issues.
• Introduce enhancements to the ways in which things are done.
• Develop innovative practices. Value innovative thinking.
• Learn new skills that may enhance capability.

126
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 6.5: Social Interaction

157

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand what social interaction is and what social interaction behaviour are.
• Give a brief description about him/her in public.
• Follow daily duties.
• Cooperate with peers, family and other members in society.

6.5.1 Social Interaction

Social interaction is a process through which we respond to people talking with us. It includes acts
where people perform toward each other and responses they give in return. Social interaction has a
number of behaviours. Some of them are:

• Exchange: Exchange is the most elementary kind of social interaction. It’s a human process
by that social behaviour is exchanged for some kind of reward for equal or greater value.
• Competition: It’s a process by which two or more individuals plan to accomplish a goal that
just one can attain. It will lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation in social
relationship, difference and even conflict.
• Cooperation: It’s a process in which people work together to achieve shared goals. Task
cannot be completed without their cooperation.
• Conflict: Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power among a society to achieve
control of scarce resources. It happens when two or more individuals oppose each other in
social interaction to achieve incompatible goals.
• Coercion: People or teams are forced to provide in to the desire of other people or teams.

127
Participant Handbook

6.5.1 Self- Introduction

We all, in our lifetime, have to introduce ourselves to the others. The introduction usually lasts for
around 2 minutes to 3 minutes. It is very important that it gives the first impression to other about
us. It has a great impact on your self-esteem and self-confidence. It’s helpful in:
• Feeling better about yourself
• Boosting your confidence
• Building your self esteem
• Making friends
• Feeling in control

Points for Self Introduction

Following are some self-introduction points:
• Wishes: It is the first thing that we need to do before addressing a gathering. At this point
we need to make effort to grab the attention of audience. You have to wish depending on
the time either, Good Morning, Good Afternoon or Good Evening.
o Good Morning! My dear friends
o Respected Sir! Good morning
o Special or lovely or cool morning to you all
• Purpose: We have to tell the purpose of coming in front of the audience. We can say I have
come here to tell you about myself.
• Name: Here you tell about your name….. . To grab the eye of the audience, you have got to
present your name differently. If you know you can tell the meaning of your name or nay
famous celebrity along with your name.
• Father’s Name: Here you have to say concerning your father’s name. begin your father
name as Mr. or Prof. or Dr.
• Family: It’s a good chance to inform about your family, therefore tell the small print what
you want to tell about them.
• Profession: Tell about your profession what you're doing at the moment.
• Location: Tell about your present location, wherever you're staying and if you would like you
can also tell with whom you're living. You can also tell about your native place. It is better to
describe about or tell about your place which is famous for.

128
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Hobbies/Habits: Hobbies means what you like in your leisure and habit means your regular
activities. This part tells about your nature and your life style, be careful while telling this.
• Life Aim: Tell about what is your aim in life, it will be good if your aim is high. You have to
think high and reach high.
• Achievements: Tell about what you achieve up to now, minimum it is good to tell about
three achievements and maximum five. Though achievements are small, tell them it shows
your confidence but don’t say I don’t have any achievements.
• Favourite Person’s or Ideal: It is good to say about your ideal persons.
• Favourite movies, things, colour, places etc.: if you want to tell your favourites, which tell
about your tastes and preferences to others.
• Your Strengths and Weakness: You can tell about your strengths and weaknesses. Make
sure your weakness should not be absurd or incorrigible.
• People you like and dislike: You have to tell what kind people you like or what kind of
people you dislike. Any turning point in your life How are you different from others
• Conclusion: In conclusion offer a memorable answer on the question the listeners probably
will have when they have listen to your public speaking speech. Tell how this aspect of your
life makes you what you are and who you are. It will be perfect ending to your self –
introduction.
• Finally say thank you.

You will have to maintain your speech according to the time, generally 3 minutes and you have to
make the speech depending on the section of people you are giving the speech and what you want
to reveal about yourself.

Improving self-introduction
There are a few things that you can do that helps in making your self-introduction better:
• Listen to what you are saying to yourself: Notice what your inner voice is saying. Take some
time to listen and even write down what you are thinking.
• Monitor you’re self-talk: Analyse that your self-talk is more positive than negative.
• Change your introduction: counter your negative thoughts with positive ones. Avoid
speaking negative and try to look for things that might add a better spin to a tough situation

129
Participant Handbook

6.5.1 Our Duties and Responsibilities

There are certain duties which are laid by the Constitution of India. These duties are very to be
fulfilled by every citizen of India. These are as follows:

• To bear by the Constitution and respect its ideals and establishments, the national flag and
also the national anthem.
• To encourage and respect the noble ideals that galvanized our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of Republic of India.
• To defend the country and render national service once called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and also the spirit of respect amongst all the people of the Republic of
India transcendingreligious, linguistic and regional diversities.
• To forbid practices derogative to the dignity of ladies.
• To preserve the rich and diversified heritage of our culture.
• To conserve the natural surroundings like forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have
compassion for livingcreatures.
• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To safeguard public property and to retract violence.
• To try towards excellence altogether spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation perpetuallyrises to higher levels of endeavour and accomplishment.
These need to be followed by every citizen of India for development of the country.

8.5.1. Cooperation

The process of groups of organisms working or acting together for their mutual benefit is called
cooperation. Cooperation among family members, friends and peers is very common and healthy. It
is the backbone of any society.

Family cooperation provides an avenue for a family to come closer. It increases coping skills and
decision making. Some steps to promote family cooperation are:

161
130
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Plan things together: It calls for negotiation and compromise and teaches everyone to be
more tolerant and considerable to other’s viewpoint.
• Share responsibilities: Diving up necessary household responsibilities can be a good exercise
in family cooperation.

Peer support occurs once individuals give knowledge, experience, and emotional, social or sensible
help to each other. It’s a distinct state of social support in this the source of support may be a peer
an individual who is analogous in ways to the recipient of the support.

The effective peer support can be in form of:

• Social Support: In form of positive psychological interactions with others with whom there is
mutual trust and concern.
• Experiential Knowledge: contributes to solve problems and improve quality of life.
• Emotional support : Esteem, attachment and reassurance
• Instrumental Support: Product and services. How to be a cooperative person: For being a
cooperative person following things needs to be done:
• Listen carefully to others and make sure you perceive what they're expressing.
• Share when you have something those others would really like to have.
• Take Turns once there's something those no-one desires to do, or when more than one
person desires to do a similar factor.
• Compromise when you have a significant conflict.
• Do your part the very best that you just probably can. This can inspire others to do the same.
• Show appreciation to people for what they contribute.
• Encourage people to do their best.
• Make people needed. Working together may be a lot more fun that manner.
• Don’t isolate or exclude anyone. Everyone has something valuable to offer, and nobody likes
being omitted.

162
131
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.6: Group Interactions

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Participate in group discussions in the class
• Give speech in the public
• Understand the importance of team building and team work

6.6.1 Group Interaction

Every day we tend to meet with teams of individuals socially and professionally. However we
interact to play a big role in the impressions we tend to produce. Interaction that happens whereas a
group completes a cooperative task describes how the group works. For a successful and positive
group interaction these steps needs to be followed:

• Put your mobile phone away or place in silent mode.

• Greet everyone.
• Be friendly with everyone in the group.
• Show an interest in others by paying someone a compliment and listen carefully to what is
being discussed.
• Be proactive and introduce yourself to others in the group.
• Sit up straight. Poor body posture is an indication of low self-esteem.
• Focus your attention on the person talking.
• Don’t discount anyone’s comment. Remember everyone is different and have different the
ability to think.
• Think before you speak. Don’t be too quick to jump into the conversation.
• Be a respect listener and observer.
• Include everyone when talking. Be sure to share eye contact with each person in the group.
• Unless there is a clear indication don’t change the topic. Otherwise it will make people feel
you are notinterested in the topic.

132
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Don’t start or participate in a side conversation. Don’t allow their mistake to prevent you
from being a goodlistener.
• Make sure to smile shake hands and embrace and use each person’s name when
conversation and theperson’s name when the discussion is over.

Everything you are doing in a group setting makes an effect on everybody in the group. Don’t ever
suppose something doesn’t matter. Everything matters. Take every chance to take part in informal
and formal group interactions. Begin by creating small contributions to discussion, prepare an issue
to raise or accept as true with another person’s remark. Ask for other person’s opinion.

6.6.1 Importance of Group Interactions

As participant group interactions is important as:

• It helps you to get a subject more deeply
• It improves your strength to think positively
• It helps in solving a serious issue
• It helps the team to go on a final decision
• It provides you the chance to listen to others' ideas
• It improves your listening skills
• It increases your confidence in communications
• It can change your behaviour

As a moderator a group interaction helps in:

• Understanding member interpersonal skills
• Identifying if a member is able to work in a team
• Understanding ones behaviour
• Selecting a perspective member in a perspective methodology

133
Participant Handbook

Dos and Don’ts of Group Interaction

Do’s Don't
• Speak pleasantly and in a well mannered way • Lose your temper. A discussion isn't an
to the group argument
• Shout. Use a moderate tone and medium
• Respect the contribution of each speaker
pitch

• Remember that a discussion isn't AN • Use too several gestures when you speak.
argument. Learn to disagree in a well Gestures like finger pointing and table
mannered way thumping will appear aggressive

• Think about your contribution before you • Dominate the discussion. Confident speakers
speak. How best can you answer the ought to enable quieter students an
question/ contribute to the topic? opportunity to contribute

• Try to follow the discussion topic. do not • Draw too much on personal experience or
introduce tangential information anecdote. Although some tutors
encouragestudents to reflect on their own
• Be aware of your visual communication
expertise, keep in mind to not generalize an
when you are speaking
excessive amount of.
• Agree with and acknowledge what you find • Interrupt. Wait for a speaker to complete
fascinating before you speak

6.6.1 Team Work

Team work is a critical part of professional life. They can have a big impact on:
• The profitability of an organisation.
• People enjoy their work.
• Staff retention rates.
• Team and individual performance.
• Company reputation.

Importance of Team Building

134
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Team building activities not only boost morale of the team members, but it can also increase the
success rate of the teams. Team building is an important activity as it:
• Facilitates better communication: Activities that create discussion results in open
communication among the employees, and among employees and management. This
improves office environment also the quality of work.
• Motivates employees: The more comfortable team members are to share their ideas and
opinions, the more confident they will be. This motivates them to take on new projects or
challenges .
• Promotes creativity: Working closely with other team members increase creativity and
promotes new ideas.
• Develops problem-solving skills: Team building activities that require team members to
work closely to solve problems improves the ability to think rationally and logically. Teams
that determine when a problem arises and knows the solution can work better when a real
problem occurs.
• Breaks the barrier: Team building increases trust among workers.

Do and Don’ts of working in a Team:

• Don’t argue in public: if you have a disagreement with someone in the team find a neutral
place to discuss the situation.
• Do encourage each other: when things get tough the tough gets going. Contribute to the
team in trying situation.
• Don’t talk behind the backs: if you have trouble with some team member don’t share with
others. Go directly to the person in a kind and compassionate manner and share what is in
your mind.
• Do lend a hand: if a team members is asking for help don’t hesitate in helping him.
• Don’t be the weakest link: Live up to your responsibilities, meet team expectations and
communicate effectively in the team.
• Give and receive feedback: As a part of growing team give and receive feedback respectfully
and graciously.

135
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.7: Time Management

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand the importance of time management
• Develop time management skills

6.7.1 Time Management

Time management is the process of planning and practicing control over the time given to a specific
task, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency and productivity. It is an activity with the goal to
increase the overall advantage of a set of activities within the limited condition of a limited time.

Some effective time management

• Delegate tasks
• Identify time wasters
• Combine activities – Plan for them
• Break down big tasks down to the smallest task possible
• Accomplish them one by one
• At the end of the day conduct a simple analysis to see which activity took time

6.7.1 Time Robbers

Time robbers are those activities which create interruption at the workplace. These activities create
a deviation from the objectives which needs to be achieved. Time Robbers could be:

• Poor personal planning and scheduling

• Interruptions by people without appointments
• Poor delegation
• Poor use of the media: Telephone, Mobile, e-mail, and fax, etc

136
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Reading junk mail

• Lack of concern for god time management
• Lack of clear priorities

The Time Robbers can be avoided by:

• Be active all the time

• Develop and maintain an organized personal activity schedule
• Set your priorities
• Proper delegation
• Utilize modern technical media

137
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.8: Resume Preparation

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• Understand the importance of resume
• Learn how to prepare a resume

6.8.1 Introduction

A resume is a self-declaration which once done properly shows how an individual’s skills, experience
and achievements match the need of the work that they wish to get. The sole purpose of aresume is
one to win an interview. It convinces the future employer what he wants from the prospective
employee in new career or position. It also establishes an individual as a professional person with
high standards and excellent writing skills based on the fact that his resume is written well. It also
helps you clarify your direction, qualifications and strengths, boost your confidence or to start out
the process of committing to a job or a career modification.

One must know about a resume that:

• Your resume is an instrument to get you an interview but not a job

• Employer will be screening your resume for just 15-20 seconds. That’s the time your resume
will make an impact on employer

There are different sections on the resume in the same order as mentioned under:

Section What is the employer looking for

Header Your identity and to contact you

Objective To check if their requirement and your objective match

Education To check if you have the basic qualification for the job/internship you are
applying for

138
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Practical To see if you have done anything that reflects your potential capability. Also to
Experience/ see how different you are from your peers
projects
Skills How equipped you are in terms of your personality traits as well as
occupational skills
Interests Professional aspects apart, how meaningful are your life?

Other Is there else significant and relevant you want to showcase, that will add value
to your resume

Preparation work and important tips

Before you start preparing your resume make sure to follow the checklist:
• Educational documents from class ten onwards to calculate scores
• Make list of all things that you need to add to your resume. Like internships, projects, part
time jobs, extracurricular activities, sports, training, skills, interests etc. the list doesn't need
to be complete, you'll always add to the list as you go.

Before preparing resume always remember:

• Every point in your resume should be specific and must be supported be supported by a
number of factual information.
• Use action verbs in all your points. They catch attention immediately and make your
sentences clear.
• Use bullets not paragraphs.
• Do not mention your responsibilities mention what you have accomplished.
• A common mistake we make while constructing the resume is to copy the format from our
friends resume and built it based on that.

Resume Header
Purpose: You have to provide some information about yourself, so that the employer can reach you.
Mandatory fields include: Name, current address, email id, phone number, and date of birth. Your
name should be written in bigger font.
Do Not:

139
Participant Handbook

• Include your photo

• Write RESUME as heading to the file
• Give details like family information, marital status, etc
• Add these details to the bottom of your resume or occupy more space to fill up these details

Framing the Objective

Purpose: To convey the employer what goals you have. The focus should be towards getting a
particular position in a specific industry.
Always remember:Your objective should include the following:
• Position wanted
• Functional area
• Industry wanted
• Be specific and restrict it to minimum words.
• You objective should be different to each role you apply to
• While writing the objective, keep the employers requirement in mind. The objective is not
what you desire from the company, it’s about company’s need.

Education
The next session in your resume is to highlight your educational qualifications.
Purpose: For the employer to know whether you have basic qualification for the job for which you
are applying or not.
Always Remember:
• To write all educational qualifications from class 10 to highest education.
• For class 10 and 12 – include school/college name, Board, Stream/Specialization (If any),
year of study, Marks.
• For undergraduate – include College name, University name, Degree and Specialization, year
of study.
• Write all your qualifications in reverse chronological order, i.e. the latest qualification on
top.
• You may write the educational qualifications in a tabular format or in a simple one after the
other order.

Projects and Internships

140
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

The next part of your resume includes the hands on work that you have done, like projects,
internships, in-plant training, part time jobs, volunteering, starting up a company and other
initiatives. The number and the nature of initiatives taken define whether to keep one heading or
detail them under different headings.
Purpose: This is a mandatory part of a resume, as your hands on work and the initiatives you have
taken apart from your curriculum in what will reflect your real strength as well as separate your
resume from your peers.
Remember:
• The heading should be – title / project name, role, company/organisation name, -2 lines
description about
• The specific time period.
• Time period is must.
• The entries under each heading must be in reverse chronological order.
• Be very specific on what you have accomplished. Add numbers and facts wherever possible.
Do Not:
• Do not write simple statements. It does not give employer a clear picture of the work you
have done. Thus the employer can assume that you have done an internship for the
certificate.

Skills
Heading: You can have multiple headings under skills. Common heading can include:
• Soft Skills: must include, they showcase your personality traits.
• Core occupational skills: Optional include if you possess any core skills. These are skills you
possess relevant to the role you are applying for.
• IT Skills: Optional, suggestive to include if you are applying for IT/software related roles.
Remember:
• List your skill and add a point which supports your skill the best.
• Make specific points. Add numbers and facts wherever possible.
• Pick only three to four soft skills that describes you the best.
• Dig your past to discover the best of these skills you possess and the best example you can
quote to support it.
Interests

141
Participant Handbook

In this section of your resume carefully choose which of interests you want to showcase on your
resume so that they can make your life seem meaningful.

The interests you showcase talk about your character. These interests frequently come up as a
subject of discussions during the interviews, therefore sagely choose what to show.
Remember:
• List interests which are meaningful and display some learning.
• Support the interest you have listed
• Make points specific and add supporting fact to it.
• Do not just list random cluster of interests like: adventure, guitar, reading, environment
• Never include interests like partying, watching movies etc. they create wrong impression.

References
Give References
The very last thing on your resume ought to be a list of 2-4 professional references. These are all
those who you're not related to, but whom you have handled in a professional manner. You would
possibly think about previous leader, faculty member or volunteer coordinator to include on your
reference page.
• Include the name of the reference, their relationship to you, mailing address, e mail and
telephone number.
• The place you're applying to could contact these people, therefore always call them in
advance to allow them to understand that you are using them for a reference and are
presently applying for a job.

Points to Remember
• Make sure that the length of your resume doesn't exceed a pair of pages
• Does a thorough recheck and confirm there are fully no errors in your resume. No
grammatical errors, no spelling mistakes, no punctuation errors
• Run through your resume time and again for to create enhancements and phrasing
sentences better
• Choose a professional font in a size eleven or twelve. You can use multiple fonts for different
elements of resume, but try to limit it most of two fonts. Instead changing between fonts,
strive creating specific sections bold or italicized instead
• The font size of your header and the introduction to a part may be a size fourteen or sixteen

142
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Your text should be printed in solid black ink. Ensure to deactivate any hyperlinks so that
they don’t print in blue or other contrastive colour
• Your page ought to have one inch margin all the way around with 1.5 or 2 point line spacing.
The body of your resume ought to align left and your header should be centred at the top of
the page

143
Participant Handbook

UNIT 6.9: Interview Preparation

Unit Objectives

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Understand the procedure of interview
• Go thorough mock interviews
• Understand how to present them during an interview
• Motivated to work after the training period is over

6.9.1 Interview

An interview is a conversation between two or more individuals (the interviewer(s) and the
interviewee) wherever queries are asked by the interviewer to get information from the
interviewee. An interview is the first and lasthurdle you need to cross in order to get employment.

Common Types of Interview

Traditional HR Interview: Most of the interviews are face to face interviews. The most traditional is
a one-tone conversation with the Human Resources Executive where the candidate’s focus should
be on the person asking question. You are advised to maintain good eye contact, listen keenly and
answer promptly.

Panel Interview: In this situation, there is more than one interviewer. A panel ranging from two to
ten members may conduct this part of the selection process. This is an ideal chance for you to
display group management and group presentation skills.

Technical interview: The objective of this interview is to basically evaluate technical knowledge.
Majority of the questions will be based on the skills sets mentioned in the candidate’s resume.

144
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Telephonic Interview: Telephonic interviews are used for initial screening of candidates who live far
away from the job site.

Before going for an interview, it is important to have clarity of the role you are applying for. It’s also
important that for you to know where you are applying and whom will you be talking to. Your
answers should tell the employer that you are the match they are looking for.

This requires you to do a small research on the following fields:

• Company & Field
• Job Description
• Yourself (Skills, Values & Interests)
• Resume (Experience)

If you were an employer, you would have chosen a person who is sure of himself, calm and
confident. So it’s important that you are:
• Confident
• Relaxed
• Sure of yourself
• Prepared
• Before, during and after the interview, it is important for you to be prepared.
• Dress Professionally

It is important that you dress professionally. It is a proven fact that the way we dress makes a huge
difference in the way we are perceived. 90% of the way you communicate with other people is
through body language (gestures, expressions, etc.) and the first Impression we make. It is very
simple to make a great first impression.
For a good first impression it is important those we:

• Smell good
• Have a professional appearance
• Pay attention to your grooming
• Make eye contact

145
Participant Handbook

• Know what and how you speak

• Our overall personality contributes to our complete perception
How to dress for Interview

6.9.1 During the Interview

• Be confident, not arrogant

• Sell yourself - Keep your energy up
• Maintain your posture
• Be positive, don’t complain
• Know your resume and accomplishments

It isn’t sufficient to have ideas. They have to be expressed effectively in the interview. The
parameters that the candidates are assessed on during the interview are very simple. These are the
parameters that this training program has prepared you for.

6.9.1 Active Listening

• Clarity on ideas and expressions

• Correct language
• Good body language
• Fluency
• Ideas should be expressed fluently in the right tone, right voice, and right articulation

146
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

7. First Aid and CPR

Unit 7.1 – First Aid and CPR

147
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you will be able to:

• Identify different methods of first aid
• Perform first aid
• Understand CPR
• Perform CPR in case of emergency

148
179
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 7.1: First Aid & CPR

Unit Objectives

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Apply first aid on an injured person
• Understand the procedures of doing CPR

.2.1 First Aid

First aid is the help given to any individual suffering from an unforeseen illness or injury, with care
provided to preserve life,stop the condition from
worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial
intervention during a serious condition before skilled
medical help being accessible, like performing CPR while
waiting for the ambulance, also because the complete
treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster
to a cut. First aid is usually performed by the layman,
with many of us trained in providing basic levels of first

aid, and others willing to try and do thus from acquired Fig 7.1.1: First aid objective pyramid
information. Mental health first aid is an extension of the
idea of first aid to cover mental health.

There are many situations which may require first aid, and many countries have legislation,
regulation, or guidance which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain
circumstances. This can embrace specific coaching or equipment to be obtainable within the work
area (such as an Automated External Defibrillator), the availability of specialist first aid cover at
public gatherings, or necessary first aid coaching among learning institutes. First aid, however,
doesn't essentially need any specific equipment or previous information, and may involve
improvisation with materials offered at the time, usually by undisciplined persons.

149
Participant Handbook

Vital Signs Good Poor

Heart beat 60-100 beats per minute <60 or >100 per minute
Respiration 14-16 breaths per minute <14 breaths per minute
Skin warm, pink, dry cool, pale, moist
Consciousness alert, oriented drowsy or unconscious

Awareness Assessment Action Aftercare

Observe Assess what is Do what you can Once you have assisted
required to be the victim, stay with
done him/her till expert care
arrives
Stop to help Ask yourself 'Can I Call for expert
do it?' medical help
Take care of your
and the
bystander's safety

While delivering First Aid always remember:

• Prevent deterioration
• Act swiftly, deliberately and confidently
• Golden Hour – First 60 minutes following an accident
• Platinum Period – First 15 minutes following an accident
• Prevent shock and choking
• Stop bleeding
• Loosen victim’s clothes
• Regulate respiratory system
• Avoid crowding/over-crowding
• Arrange to take victim to safe place/hospital
• Attend to emergencies first with ease and without fear
• Do not overdo. Remember that the person giving first aid is not a doctor

150
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Injury Symptom Do's Don'ts

Fracture • Pain • Immobilise the affected part • Do not move the
181
• Swelling • Stabilise the affected part affected part
• Visible bone • Use a cloth as a sling • Do not wash or
• Use board as a sling probe the injured
• Carefully Transfer the victim on area
a stretcher

Burns (see • Redness of skin • In case of electrical burn, cut- • Do not pull off any
Degrees • Blistered skin off the power supply clothing stuck to
of Burn table) • Injury marks • In case of fire, put out fire with the burnt skin
•Headache/seizures blanket/coat • Do not place ice
• Use water to douse the flames on the burn
• Remove any jewellery from the • Do not use cotton
affected area to cover the burn
• Wash the burn with water

Bleeding • Bruises • Check victim’s breathing • Do not clean the

• Visible blood loss • Elevate the wound above wound from out
from body heart level to in direction
• Coughing blood • Apply direct pressure to the • Do not apply too
•Wound/Inju wound with a clean cloth or much pressure
r y marks hands (not more than 15
• Unconsciousness • Remove any visible objects mins)
due to blood loss from the wounds • Do not give water
• Dizziness • Apply bandage once the to the victim
• Pale skin bleeding stops

Heat Stroke/Sun • High body • Move the victim to a cool, • Do not let people
Stoke temperature shad place crowd around the
• Headache • Wet the victim’s skin with a victim
• Hot and dry skin sponge • Do not give any
• Nausea/Vomiting • If possible apply ice packs to hot drinks to the
• Unconsciousness victim’s neck, back and armpits victim
• Remove any jewellery from
the affected area
• Wash the burn with water

151
Participant Handbook

Unconsciousness • No movement of • Loosen clothing around neck, • Do not throw

limbs waist and chest water or slap the
• No verbal • Check for breathing victim
response or • Place the victim’s legs above • Do not force feed
gestures the level of heart anything
• Pale skin • If victim is not breathing, • Do not raise the
perform CPR head high as it
may block the
airway

1st Degree Burn 2nd Degree Burn 3rd Degree Burn 4th Degree Burn
Extremely Serious
Serious but recovers Very Serious and andrequires many years
Will recover it in a
in afew weeks. willrequire skin withrepeated plastic
fewdays.
grafting. surgeryand skin grafting,
Action Required: Place is lifethreatening.
Action Required:
clean wet cloth over Action Required: Place
Placeunder running
the aclean dry cloth over Action Required:
water
burnt area theburnt area Leaveopen and
preventinfection.

7.2.1 Splints and Aids of Torso

A splint can also be called a bandage that immobilizes a

broken bone. Generally this is often done by handling rigid
objects like sticks or boards. For a few injuries, however,
this is not attainable and also the alone possibility is to tie
the broken limb to the body.

Fig 7.1.2: Splinting arm

Splints
When applying a splint, don't commit to straighten the
break. This may solely cause additional injury and
additional pain. Instead, simply apply the splint to the
break the way it is.

When using rigid material Fig 7.1.3: Splinting wrist

152
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Always use long enough items to reach the joints beyond the break. For
instance, once splinting a forearm, the fabric ought to be long enough to
touch each the wrist joint and therefore the elbow. This helps keep the
fabric in place and prevents an excessive amount of pressure from being
applied to the wound.

• Always place cushioning between the rigid material and the body
to stay the victim comfy. Tie knots between the rigid material and

the body (in mid-air) once doable. This makes them easier to untie. Fig 7.1.4: Splinting elbow
If this can be impossible, tie knots over the rigid material
• To splint the forearm, surround the split with rigid material and snugly bandage it to the arm
with wide cloth strips. A newspaper or magazine, curled into a "U" form, works alright
• Splint the wrist joint within the same approach. The whole forearm needs to be immobilized
• To splint the elbow, use enough rigid material to travel from the armpit to the hand.
The entire arm ought to be immobilized. Don't plan to straighten or bend the elbow;splint it
in position
• To splint the upper leg, use long items
of rigid material which will reach from
theankle joint to the armpit. On top of
the hips, tie long straps round the torso

to carrythe top of the splint in place. Fig 7.1.5: Splinting upper leg

• To splint the lower leg, use rigid material long enough to

travel from the knee to the foot. The foot ought to be
immobilized and unable to turn. Make sure to use a lot
of cushioning, particularly round the ankle.

Fig.: Splint the lower leg Fig 7.1.6: Splinting lower leg

153
Participant Handbook

7.2.1 CPR

Basic life support (BLS) is also a level of medical aid that is used for victims of life-threatening
diseases or injuries until they'll be given full medical aid at a hospital.
First aid is as simple as first principle – airway, respiration and CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
In any scenario, apply the DRSABCD Action plan.

DRSABCD stands for:

• Danger: Always check the danger to you, any

bystanders and then the injured or sick
person. Ensure you do not place yourself at
risk once going to give assistance to of
another person.
• Responses: Is the person conscious? Do they
respond when you check with them, hold
their hands or squeeze their shoulder?
• Send for help: Call ambulance
• Airway: Is the person’s airway clear? Is that
person breathing? If the person is
responding, they're acutely aware and their
airway is evident, assess how you'll be able to Fig 7.1.7: Basic life support chart
help them with any injury. If the person isn't
responding and he is also unconscious, then you have to check their airway by opening their
mouth and having a glance within. If their mouth is clear, tilt their head gently back (by
lifting their chin) and check for respiration. If the mouth isn't clear, place the person on their
side, open their mouth and clear the contents, then tilt the head back and check for
respiration.
• Breathing: Check for respiratory by searching for chest movements (up and down). Listen by
bringing your ear near to their mouth and nose. Check for respiratory by bringing your hand
on the lower part of their chest. If the person is unconscious but breathing, flip them onto
their side, delicately ensuring that you simply keep their head, neck and spine in alignment.
Monitor their respiratory till you hand over to the ambulance officers.

154
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation): If an adult is unconscious and not breathing, ensure

they're flat on their back and then place the heel of 1 hand within the centre of their chest
and your alternative hand on top. Press down firmly and smoothly (compressing to at least
one third of their chest depth) thirty times. Provide two breaths. To induce the breath in, tilt
their head back gently by lifting their chin. Pinch their nostrils closed, place your open mouth
firmly over their open mouth and blow firmly into their mouth. Keep going with the thirty
compressions and 2 breaths at the speed of roughly five repeats in 2 minutes till you hand
over to the ambulance officers or another trained person, or until the person you're
resuscitating responds.
• Defibrillator: For unconscious adults who are not breathing, an automated external
defibrillator (AED) is applied. An AED also called a machine that delivers an electric shock to
cancel any irregular heart beat (arrhythmia), in an attempt to get the normal heart beating
to re-establish itself. Please ensure that a trained person is there to apply the AED. If the
person responds to defibrillation, turn them onto their side and tilt their head to maintain
their airway

Airway
Once you have assessed the patient’s level of
consciousness, evaluate the patient’s airway.
Remember, if the patient is alert and talking, the
airway is open. For a patient who is
unresponsive, make sure that he or she is in a
supine (face-up) position to effectively evaluate
the airway. If the patient is face-down, you must

roll the patient onto his or her back, taking care Fig 7.1.8: Blocked and open airway
not to create or worsen an injury. If the patient is
unresponsive and his or her airway is not open, you need to open the airway. Head-tilt/chinlift
technique can be used to open the airway.

Head-tilt/chin-lift technique

• To perform the head-tilt/chin lift technique on an adult:

155
Participant Handbook

• Press down on the forehead while pulling up on the bony part of the chin with 2 to 3 fingers
of the opposite hand.
• Tilt the head past a neutral position to open the airway whereas avoiding hyperextension of
the neck.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation circulates blood that
contains oxygen to the very important organs of a
patient in cardiac arrest once the heart and
respiration have stopped. It includes chest
compressions and ventilations also the use of an
automatic external defibrillator.

Compressions: One part of CPR is chest

compressions. To make sure optimal patient Fig 7.1.9: CPR chart

outcomes, high quality CPR should be performed.
You'll guarantee high-quality CPR by providing high-quality chest compressions, ensuring that the:

o Patient is on a firm, flat surface to allow for adequate compression. In an exceedingly non-
healthcare setting you might found it on the grounds, whereas in an exceedingly healthcare
setting you may found it on a stretcher or bed.
o The chest is exposed to make sure correct hand placement and also the ability to envision
chest recoil.
o Hands are properly positioned with
the heel of 1 hand within the centre
of the chest on the lower 1/2
sternum with the opposite hand on
top. Most rescuers realize that
interlacing their fingers makes it
easier to supply compressions while

keeping the fingers off the chest. Fig 7.1.10: Doing CPR

o Arms are as straight as attainable, with

156
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

the shoulders directly over the hands to build up effective compressions. Lockup elbows can
help maintain straight arms.
o Compressions are given at the proper rate of a minimum of a hundred per minute to a most
of one hundred twenty per minute, and at the correct depth of a minimum of two inches for
an adult to promote adequate circulation.
o The chest should be allowed to completely recoil between every compression to allow blood
to flow back to the heart following the compression.
o For adult co-workers, CPR consists of thirty chest compressions followed by two
ventilations.

Ventilations: Ventilations supply oxygen to a patient who is not breathing. One can give ventilation
via several methods including:

Mouth-to-Mouth
• Open the airway past a neutral position with the help of the head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
• Pinch the nose shut and build a whole seal over the patient’s mouth along with your mouth.
• Provide ventilations by blowing into the patient’s mouth. Ventilations ought to be given one
at a time. Take a break between breaths by breaking the seal slightly between ventilations
and then taking a breath before re-sealing over the mouth.

Pocket mask
CPR respiration barriers, like pocket masks, produce a barrier between your mouth and also the
patient’s mouth and nose. This barrier will help to guard you from contact with patient’s blood,
vomits and saliva, and from breathing the air that the patient exhales.

• Assemble the mask and valve.

• Open the airway past the neutral position with the help of the head-tilt/chin-lift technique
from the patient’s side when alone.
• Place the mask over the mouth and nose of the patient starting from the bridge of the nose,
and then place the bottom of the mask below the mouth to the chin (the mask shouldn't
extend past the chin).
• Seal the mask by putting the “webbing” between your index finger and thumb on the top of
the mask above the valve whereas putting your remaining fingers on the side of the

157
Participant Handbook

patient’s face. along with your different hand (the hand nearest to the patient’s chest), place
your thumb on the bottom of the mask while putting your bent index finger beneath the
patient’s chin, lifting the face into the mask. Your bent index finger under the patient’s chin,
lifting the face into the mask.

Performing CPR for an Adult

Step 1: Check the scene for immediate danger: Check that you’re not putting yourself in harm’s
manner by administering the CPR to somebody unconscious. Do whatever you think is necessary to
move yourself and the other person to safety.

Step 2: Assess the victim’s consciousness: Gently tap on his or her shoulder and ask them “if they
are ok?” in a loud and clear voice. If he or she gives a positive response then the CPR is not required.
Instead, undertake basic first aid and take measures to prevent or treat shock, and assess whether
or not does the victim needs emergency services. If the
victim does not respond, continue with the subsequent
steps.

Step 3: Do not check for a pulse: Unless you’re a trained

medical professional, odds are you’ll spare too much
valuable time to look for a pulse when you should be
doing compressions.

Step 4: Check for breathing: Check that the airway is not blocked. If the mouth is closed, press with
your thumb and forefinger on both cheeks at the end of the teeth and then look inside. Remove any
visible obstacle that is in your reach but never push your fingers inside too far. Place your ear near to
the victim’s nose and mouth, and listen for slight breathing. If the victim is coughing or breathing
normally then you don’t have to perform CPR.

Step 5: Place the victim on his or her back: Make sure he

or she is lying as flat as possible-this can stop injury while
you’re doing chest compressions. Tilt their head back by

158
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

exploitation your palm against their forehead and a push against their chin.

Step 6: Place the heel of 1 hand on the victim’s

breastbone, a pair of finger-widths on top of the meeting
space of the lower ribs, precisely within the middle of the
chest.

Step 7: Place your second hand on top of the first hand,

Palms down, interlock the fingers of the second hand
betweenthe first.

Step 8: Position your body directly over your hands, in

order to straight your arms and somewhat rigid. Don’t
flex the arms to push, however kind of lock your elbows,
and use your upper body strength to push.

Step 9: Perform thirty chest compressions. Press down

with each hand directly over the breastbone to perform a
compression that helps the heartbeat. Chest
compressions are a lot of crucial for correcting abnormal
heart rhythms (ventricular fibrillation or pulse less
ventricular tachycardia, heart rapidly quivering rather
than beating). You ought to press down by about two
inches (5 cm)

Step 10: Minimize pauses in chest compression that

occur when dynamic suppliers or getting ready for a
shock. Commit to limit interruptions to less than ten
seconds.

159
Participant Handbook

Step 11: Make sure the airway is open. Place your

hand on the victim’s forehead and 2 fingers on their
chin and tilt the head back to open the airway. If you
find a neck injury, pull the jaw forward instead of
lifting the chin. If jaw thrust fails to open the airway,
do a careful head tilt and chin raise. If there are not
any signs of life, place a respiratory barrier (if
available) over the victim’s mouth.

Step 12: Give 2 rescue breaths (optional). If you're

trained in mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and totally
assured, provide 2 rescue breaths once your thirty
chest compressions are complete. If you’ve ne'er
done mouth-to-mouth resuscitation before, or you’re
trained however rusty, stick with solely chest
compressions.

Step 13: Repeat the cycle of thirty chest compressions. If you’re conjointly doing rescue breaths,
keep doing a cycle of thirty chest compressions, and then a pair of rescue breaths; repeat the thirty
compressions and a pair of a lot of breaths. You ought to do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for two
minutes (5 cycles of compressions to breaths) before spend time checking for signs of life.

160
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

.2.1 CPR Using AED

Step 1: Use an AED (automated external defibrillator). If
an AED is accessible within the premises, use it as soon
as possible to jump-start the victim’s heart. Ensure that
there aren't any puddles or standing water in the
premises.

Step 2: Expose the victim’s chest totally. Remove any

metalnecklaces or underwire bras. Check for any body
piercings, orevidence that the victim includes a
pacemaker or implantablecardioverter defibrillator
(should be indicated by a medicalbracelet) to avoid
shocking too close to those spots. Confirmthe chest is
completely dry and the victim isn't in a puddle.Note
that, if the person has a lot of chest hair, you oughtto
shave it, if possible. Some AED kits come with razors for thispurpose.

Step 3: Attach the sticky pads with electrodes to the

victim’schest. Follow the directions on the AED for
placement. Movethe pads at least one inch (2.5 cm)
off from any metal piercingsor implanted devices.
Ensure that nobody is touching theperson, when you
apply the shock.

Step 4: Press analyse on the AED machine. If a shock

is requiredfor the patient, the machine can notify
you. If you do shock thevictim, ensure nobody is
touching him/her.

Step 5: Don't remove pads from the victim and

161
Participant Handbook

resume CPRfor another five cycles before using the AED again. Stick onadhesive electrode pads are
meant to be left in place.

7.1.1 Chain of Survival

Chain of Survival could be a sequential process for providing treatment to victims of SCA outside of a
hospital setting. Additional individuals will survive SCA if the subsequent steps occur in fast
succession:
• Cardiac arrest is instantly identified and the emergency response system is begun
• CPR is started with an emphasis on chest compression
• Rapid medical care could start
• Effective life support is started
• Integrated post-cardiac arrest care is given
• Quick execution every step is important because the possibilities of survival decrease 7 to 10
% with each passing minute.

7.1.1 Safety Signs at the Shop Floor

Health and safety signs

A sign informs and instructs about safety and health at work by means of a signboard, a colour, an
illuminated sign or acoustic signal, a voice or hand signal. Some important signs which could be used
at a shop are as below:

Fig 7.1.10: Safety sign

162
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

8. IT Skills
Unit 8.1 - Introduction to Computer
Unit 8.2 - Basic Computer Knowledge
Unit 8.3 - Components of Computer
Unit 8.4 - Concept of Operating System
Unit 8.5 - MS Word
Unit 8.6 - MS PowerPoint
Unit 8.7 - MS Excel
Unit 8.8 - Internet Concepts

163
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you will be able to:

• Familiarise with computers
• Identify and use basic uses of a computer
• Familiarise with a computer motherboard
• Familiarise with a computer operating system
• Use Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint
• Familiarise with Internet and use e-mails

164
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 8.1: Introduction to Computer

Unit Objectives
At the end of the unit, you will be able to:
• Define the computer
• Recognise its various parts
• Differentiate the advantages and disadvantages of computer

8.1.1 What are computers?

Computer is one the greatest technologies of all times. An innovative electronic device that takes
raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions
which is called program, to give the result the output. The first fully electronic computers,
announced in the 1940s, were huge machines. The computer of today’s time is thousands of times
faster and in any size you want. They can fit on your desk, on your lap, or even in your pocket.
Computers work through an interface of hardware and software. Computers work through an
interaction of hardware and software.

Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices: All concrete parts of the computer (or everything
that we can touch) are known as hardware. The most significant piece of hardware is a tiny
quadrangular chip inside the computer called the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor.
It’s the “brain” of the computer— the part that interprets instructions and performs calculations.
Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse and other components are often
called hardware devices.

Software = Programs: Software provides “intelligence” to the computer. Software refers to the
instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-processing program that you
can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is
software that manages your computer and the devices linked to it. Windows is a well-known
operating system.

165
Participant Handbook

UNIT 7.1: Introduction to Computer

8.1.1 Advantages of Computers
196

Compared to conventional systems, computers offer many notable benefits. The main benefits
offered by computers are as follows:
• High Accuracy
• Superior Speed of Operation
• Large Storage Capacity
• User-friendly Features
• Portability
• Platform independence
• Economical in the long term

Fig 8.1.1: Basic parts of a computer

Components like keyboard and mouse are known as input devices as they are used to feed data to
the computer. Components like Monitor and printer are known as output devices as we get
processed data from them.

197

166
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 8.2: Basic Computer Knowledge

Unit Objectives

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

• Use computer.
• Explain the web, email services

8.2.1 What can you do with computers?

In the workstation, many people use computers to keep chronicles, records, analyze data, do
research, and manage projects. At home, you can use computers to find information, track finances,
store pictures and music, play games, and connect with others—and those are just a few of the
opportunities. You can also use your computer to link to the Internet, a network that associates
computers around the world. With Internet access, you can interconnect with people all over the
world, communicate with them and find a vast amount of information. Some of the most prevalent
things we can do with computers are cited in this chapter.

8.2.1 The Web

The World Wide Web is an enormous warehouse of information. The web is the most prevalent part
of the Internet, partly because it exhibits most information in a visually pleasing format. Headlines,
text, and images can be combined on a single webpage—along with sounds and animation. A
website is a collection of interconnected WebPages. The web contains millions of websites and
billions of WebPages.

Surfing the web means reconnoitring or exploring it. You can find information on the web about
almost any topic possible. For example, you can read news stories and movie reviews, check airline
schedules, book a hotel, find places to dine, see street maps, search the route to reach a place, get
the weather forecast for your city, or research a health condition.

167
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.2.1: Google webpage

8.2.2 E-mail

Who writes letters these days? Email which is a

short form for electronic mail, isthe most
appropriate way to communicate with others to
date. When yousend an e mail message, it arrives
almost instantly in the receiver’s email inbox.You
can send email to many people at the same time
and you can save, print,and forward email to
others. You can send almost any type of file in an

emailmessage, including documents, pictures, and Fig 8.2.2: Email services

music files.

8.2.3 Instant Messaging

Instant messaging is like having a real-time

conversation with another person or a
group of people. When you type and send
an instant message, the message is
instantly visible to all participants. Unlike an
email, all participants have to be online
(connected to the Internet) and in front of Fig 8.2.3: Instant messaging services
their computers at the same time.
Interaction by means of instant messaging is called chatting.

168
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

8.2.4 Pictures, Music and Movies

If you have a digital camera, you can move your images from
the camera to your computer. Then you can print them,
create slideshows, or share them with others by e mail or by
posting themon a website. You can also listen to music and
watch movies onyour computer. Computer has become a

Fig 8.2.4: Pictures, Music & Movies

prominent source ofentertainment.

200
169
Participant Handbook

UNIT 8.3: Components of Computer

Unit Objectives

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

• Know the different parts and components of computer.

8.3.1 Motherboard

The motherboard is the main element inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with combined
circuitry this connects the several parts of the computer as the CPU, RAM, Disk drives (CD, DVD,
Hard disk or any others) as well as any other peripherals linked via the ports or the expansion slots.
Components directly attached to the motherboard include the following.

The central processing unit (CPU)

The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations that allow a computer to
function and is sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat
sink and fan.

Fig 8.3.1: Components of a computer

170
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

The chip set

The chip set aids communication between the CPU and the other components of the system,
including main memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) stores all run processes (applications) and the current running OS.

The BIOS
The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are
handled by operating system drivers.

Internal Buses
Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics
and sound.

Fig 8.3.2: Computer Hardware

171
Participant Handbook

UNIT 8.4: Concept of Operating System

Unit Objectives

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

• Familiarise with the concept of operating system
• Work with Windows
• Add or Remove desktop icons, make or delete a folder etc

8.4.1 Windows XP

Windows XP is a personal computer operating system created by Microsoft as part of the Windows
NT family of operating systems. Basically it lets you use different types of applications or software on
the operating system For example, it allows you to use a word processing application to write a
letter and a spread-sheet application to track your financial information. Windows XP is a graphical
user interface (GUI).

Learn more about Windows XP by exploring it

There are various versions of Windows, when you install any version of Windows on your operating
system it is called ‘upgrade´ your system. Below are the images of different versions of windows for
your more clarity.

Desktop: The desktop is your work surface in place of a physical workspace at home or work. It is the
screen you see once your computer has finished booting up and you are ready to get started.

Wallpaper (Desktop Background): The image on your desktop is called Wallpaper or Desktop
Background

172
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.4.1: Evolution of windows

8.4.1 Tools and Parts of an Operating System

Icons: The small pictures are shortcuts to programs called icons. Double-click icons to start a
program. Clicking the Start button also shows a list of programs and other options on the computer.

Taskbar: The blue bar across the bottom of the screen is called the Task Bar.

System Tray: It is an area where you can access programs that are running in the background. The
more programs you have in this area, the longer it takes for the computer to boot up. The system
tray of a desktop area has icons as shown in the image to indicate which programs are currently
running in the background. Once you single click on the left-facing arrow button you would be able
to open and see what else is there.

Fig 8.4.2: Desktop

173
Participant Handbook

Volume Controls: The speaker icon will open the

204volume controls. Once
you do the single click on an icon you can make a quick volume change.
Click and drag on the bar to raise or lower the overall volume, or click in
the check box to mute all sound as shown in the picture.

Fig 8.4.3: Volume controls

To view sound settings, right click on the sound

icon in task bar and left click on open volume
control or double click on the sound icon. To
change the volume settings, click and move the
volume bars up and down in specific
categories. To set volume balance, click and
move balance bars right and left. To mute, click

the check box below the volume categories. Fig 8.4.4: Volume control

External Hardware: You might run across this icon on your operating system frequently. This
appears every time any piece of external hardware is plugged in. for e.g. USBs like pen drives, digital
cameras, external hard drives, etc.

Fig 8.4.5: Safely remove drop down box

Fig 8.4.6: Safe to remove hardware pop up box

174
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Windows Updates: A yellow shield

with an exclamation mark on it will
appear, if the computer has any 205
updates from Microsoft to be

downloaded. Make a single click on Fig 8.4.7: Windows update pop up box
the icon to identify what needs to be
done as shown in the picture, once you single click, your computer
will walk you through the steps.
Power: There are 2 symbols for power one is a battery and the
alternative is a power cord with a blue lightning bolt. The latter
symbol means the laptop is plugged into the wall outlet and is
charging. The battery symbol means the laptop is running purely

off of batter Power. Fig 8.4.8: Power icon

Wireless: Laptop computers are capable of connecting to a wireless

network to achieve access to the web. To connect to a network, right
click on the wireless icon and select.

Fig 8.4.9: Wireless network

icon

View Available Wireless Networks: In the Window that appears, select

the network from the list thatyou just need to connect to and click on
theConnect button that may appear within the lowerRight corner.

Fig 8.4.10: Available wireless

network

8.4.1 Add or Remove Desktop Icons

You can add or delete Icons or Desktop Shortcuts from the Desktop area.

175
Participant Handbook

To add an Icon:
• Step 1: Click on the Start button.
• Step 2: Put your mouse over All Programs. A
menu will appear with all of your programs.
• Step 3: Go to the program that you want to
create a shortcut for and Right-click on it. A
menu will appear.
• Step 4: Point to Send To. Fig 8.4.11: Create Control Panel Shortcut

• Step 5: Left click on Desktop (create shortcut).

To remove an icon:
• Left click on the icon.
• Hit the Delete button on your
keyboard.
• When your computer asks if you
are sure you would like to delete

this program, click on the Delete Fig 8.4.12: Deleting shortcut icon
Shortcut button. The window that
popped up is called a Dialog Box.

Dialogue box: A dialog box is window that appears once your pc encompasses a question for you.
Generally adialog box appears just to tell you something. You must click on the OK button to
acknowledge that you simplyhave scan the message before you’ll be able to continue. For example:

• Step 1: Double click on the My Documents folder on the desktop.

• Step 2: Locate the folder titled Travel Class, and right click on it.
• Step 3: Left click on Rename.
• Step 4: Type eBay and press the enter key on the keyboard.
• Step 5: A dialog box will appear to inform you that you cannot rename the folder to “eBay”
because an item by that name already exists.

176
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.4.13: Renaming a file or folder

8.4.1 Create a Folder

Some individuals wish to keep folders on their desktop

to keeping vital files in. (You might also use the My
Documents folder for this purpose.)
• Step 1: Find an empty area on your desktop
with no icons or windows in the way.
• Step 2: Right click on the empty space.
• Step 3: Point to New. (You do not need to
click.)
• Step 4: In the menu that pops out, left click on
Folder.

• Step 5: Your new folder has been created and Fig 8.4.14: Creating a file or folder
is waiting for a name. Don’t click! Just start
typing to give the folder a name.
• Step 6: When finished, hit the enter key on the keyboard or click beside the folder. Your new
folder is ready to receive files

177
Participant Handbook

8.4.1 Place Your Favourite Webpage as a Desktop Icon

You can create a shortcut of your favourite web page directly on your
Desktop:
• Step 1: To create the shortcut, you must first open your Internet
browser. (Double click on the Internet Explorer icon.).
• Step 2: Type in the web address of the page you want to view
and hit the enter key on your keyboard.
• Step 3: Once the website is open, restore down the windows to
that you can view the Desktop space partially behind the opened
webpage. Fig 8.4.15: Icons on
desktop
• Step 4: Either, point your mouse at the icon to the left of the web
address in the address bar as shown below. Hold down your left mouse button and drag the
small icon onto empty space of your Desktop. Let go and a shortcut of your webpage will be
created on your Desktop.

8.4.1 Managing Multiple Windows

Your taskbar area shows that windows are open, if you

open a lot of windows from the same program, they’re
going to begin to stack up. Let’s open a lot of windows

and see what happens. Fig 8.4.16: Opening new window

• Step 1: In Internet Explorer, click on

the File menu and then on New
Window.
• Step 2: In the address bar type
Yahoo.com and hit the enter key on
the keyboard.
• Step 3: Repeat the first two steps at
least 5 times and go to different Fig 8.4.17: Multiple internet explorers

209
178
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

websites such as Google.com, abc.com, nbc.com,msnbc.com, pbs.org, fox8.com,

andwews.com. Your taskbar will start to get full. Once you have seven windows open, they
will all group together under one item. Normally, if your things aren’t grouped along, you
would be able to select one item from the taskbar to navigate to that window. After they are
all stacked, you have to click on the group and go from there.
• Left click on the group of stacked Internet Explorer windows in the taskbar to open the list.

8.4.1 The Keyboard

A computer keyboard is same as a typewriter keyboard with some extra keys.

Fig 8.4.18: QWERTY Keyboard

The ESC key in the upper left corner will close any menus or dialogs you have opened
but do not want to select an item from. (Try to open the Start menu and then click
Fig 8.4.19: Esc Key
on the Esc key.)

The Function keys along the top of the keyboard each key has its special utilisation, often in
conjunction with the ALT, CTRL or a combination of both keys, depending on the application you are
using. F1 generally opens the program’s Help options. It is different for every application.

Fig 8.4.20: Function keys

In the bottom left corner are three keys unique to the keyboard – CTRL, Windows, and ALT:

210
179
Participant Handbook

• The CTRL key is used in conjunction with other keys to perform various functions. (I.e.
CTRL+P will open the print window when in Microsoft Word.)
• The Windows key works like pressing the Start button on the screen.
• The ALT key is another helper key used in conjunction with other keys.
• The Caps Lock key is used in typing. Pressing this key once will make all letters you type
CAPITALIZED. Press the Caps Lock key again to turn typing into small letters.
• The Shift key is used in typing to make one capital letter. To capitalize a letter, press the
Shift key and hold it down, then press the letter you want capitalized. Release the Shift key
and continue to type.
• Page Up and Page Down move the cursor through a document page by page, either up or
down.
• The Arrow keys help you move the cursor around the screen (when using a program likes
Microsoft Word) or across a line of text when typing in a text box.
• The Insert key is used when typing to replace words you have already typed.
• The Delete key removes text you have typed that is to the right of the cursor or to send
selected items to the Recycle Bin.
• Pressing the Home key sends your cursor to the beginning of a line of text. Pressing the End
key sends the cursor to the end of a line.
• To the right of the spacebar you see another Alt key, Windows key, and Ctrl key. Notice the
new Application key. Pressing this key is the same as pressing the right mouse button (right
clicking).
• The Backspace key removes text you have typed that is to the left of the cursor.
• The Enter key gives a new line (like a carriage return) when you are typing. At other times
the Enter key works like a left mouse click.

180
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Figure 8.4.21: Enter, Backspace & Delete buttons

8.4.1 Common Windows Commands

One feature of Windows is that there are usually some ways to perform an action. This table shows
the Windows Command, with the Menu, Keyboard and Toolbar ways to inform the computer to
perform that action.
Common Windows Commands
Key Description
Alt+F File menu options in current programme
Alt+E Edit options in current programme
Alt+Tab Switch between open programmes
F1 Universal help in almost all windows programme
F2 Rename a selected file
F5 Refresh the current programme window
Ctrl+S Save current document file
Ctrl+X Cut select item
Shift+Del
Cut select item
Ctrl+C Copy select item
Ctrl+Ins Copy select item
Ctrl+V Paste
Shift+Ins Paste

181
Participant Handbook

Ctrl+K Insert hyperlink for selected text

Ctrl+P Print the current page or document
Home Goes to beginning of current line
Ctrl+Home Goes to end of document
End Goes to end of current line
Ctrl+End Goes to end of document
Shift+Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line
Shift+End Highlights from current position to end of line
Ctrl+Left
arrow Moves one word to the left at a time
Ctrl+Right
arrow Moves one word to the right at a time
Ctrl+Esc Opens Start Menu
Ctrl+Shift+Esc Opens Windows Task manager
Alt+F4 Close the currently active programme
Alt+Enter Open the properties of the selected item

182
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 8.5: MS Word

Unit Objectives

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

• Learn the concept of and practice MS-Word.
• Format a document.
• Print a document etc.

8.5.1 Concepts of word processing - MS Word

Most people who use a computer daily use word processing skills. Word
processing skills enable us to prepare text documents like letters, memos,
and different correspondence. Most up-to-date word processing software
package permits us to create text documents that embody photos and
drawings.

Fig 8.5.1: MS Word icon

8.5.2 Creating a Word Document

Once the document that has opened, type a short paragraph of why you are taking this mini-
session. For example, are you new to Microsoft Word 2007 or are you up your software your skills?
Keep in mind to purposely misspell some words. Later in the session you’ll use this paragraph to
learn the way to spell check and use basic Word 2007 functions.

183
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.5.2: MS word blank page

The above image shows components of the Word window, that also contains a document in the
window. This view displays rulers at the top and along the left aspect that indicate the size of the
page.

Fig 8.5.3: Text area of MS word

184
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

8.5.4 Saving a Document

A Command is used for a first-time save or if you have created
revisions to a document and want to replace the previous version
with the new revised document. Use the ‘Save as’ command to
save a revised document to a new name, so keeping the original
as it was before revisions or to save a copy of a document in a
different folder.
• Step 1: Save your document in the “My Documents”
folder.
• Step 2: In the ‘File Name’ box enter the document name.
• Step 3: Check to make sure in the ‘Save as Type’ box the
word document is (*.docx.)*. Fig8.5.4: Saving a document

8.5.5 Change Font Type and Size

As shown within the image below, the document that you have just created, you are currently going
to format the font size and type different fonts and sizes can offer character to words in your
document i.e. once you are creating your resume, you use bold as an ‘eye-catcher’ also, font size
affects word characteristics.
• Step 1: Highlight the text you wish to change the font and size for; in this practice highlight
your name.
• Step 2: Click on the font menu, select Theme font for e.g. Arial Black and then select the size
of the font (let’s say 16) as shown in the image below.

Fig 8.5.5: Changing font type and size

• Step 3: Now click on SAVE in the Quick Access Toolbar to save your document (Refer to the
second picturebelow, for saving your document).

8.5.6 Create Headers and Footers by Inserting Texts

185
Participant Handbook

Headers and Footers in the word document are needed to insert information like text, page numbers
and date. Information on either header or footer can appear in all current document pages by
default, you don’t have to re-type in the header or the footer column once you add a new page to
your current document. The header information appears at the top of the page whereas the footer
information appears at the bottom of the page.
Follow to the simple steps and refer to the image below to make it work:
• Step 1: Click on the option ‘insert’ right next to ‘Home’ from the bar above the word page
and select ‘Header’.
• Step 2: Choose a style you like, (for now use blank).
• Step 3: Let’s use your last name to fill it; now hit enter.
• Step 4: Add today’s date and then highlight your last name and date.
• Step 5: Click on the Home tab from the menu.
• Step 6: Now select ‘Home’ from the bar and then click on ‘left justification button’.
• Step 7: finally click ‘close Header and Footer’.
NOTE: the Header Menu will close and return you to your document to continue typing.

Fig 8.5.6: Header & Footer Fig 8.5.7: Closing header & footer

217

186
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.5.8: Formatting

8.5.7 Indents and Spacing

Spacing your word document in a right way!

To prepare project reports which needs paragraphs in
double line spacing so it is very important to understand
how you would be able to change the space between lines
and paragraphs by doing the following:
• Step 1: Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish
to change.
• Step 2: Click on the Home Tab then click ‘Paragraph’
Dialog Box.
• Step 3: Click the ‘indents and spacing’ Tab.
• Step 4: In the ‘Line Spacing’ section, adjust your
spacing accordingly.

• Step 5: The image below shows visual version of Fig 8.5.9: Paragraph formatting
how your page would be like.

8.5.8 Modifying Margins

MS-Word 2007 allows you to preview how your paper will

look if the margins are modified. The page margins can be
modified through the following steps:
• Step 1: Click the ‘page layout’ tab from the bar.
Fig 8.5.10: Margins

187
Participant Handbook

• Step 2: Now select ‘Margins’ from there.

• Step 3: Click a default margin Or,
• Step 4: Click custom margins and complete the dialog box.
NOTE: As you roll over each Margin preset, it will show you how the document will look when it
is modified

8.5.1 Lists

Lists enable you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline. instead of using
numbers for steps, an outline list is used to show an example of a type of number lists.

Bulleted and Numbered Lists

Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine numbers
and letters depending on the organization of the list.

How to add list to the existing text?

• Step 1: Select the text you wish to make a list.
• Step 2: Click a bulleted or numbered lists button from the paragraph tab on the home
tab.Now, to create a new list in your document, place your cursor where you want the list to
begin. Click a bulleted or numbered lists button and start typing.

Fig 8.5.11: Bulleted & Numbered lists

188
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Formatting Lists

• Step 1: The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the bullets or
numbering dialog box.
• Step 2: Select the entire list to change all
the bullets or numbers, or place the
cursor on one line within the list to
change a single bullet.
• Step 3: Right click once.
• Step 4: Click the arrow next to the
bulleted or numbered list.
• Step 5: Now, select a bullet or

numbering style. Fig 8.5.12: Different bullets

8.5.1 Spelling and Grammar

There are many features in Ms-Word 2007 to help you proof-read your document these features
include:
• Spelling and Grammar
• Thesaurus
• AutoCorrect
• Default Dictionary

• Word Count Fig 8.5.13: Spelling & Grammar

The most common feature used is the spelling and grammar

checker tool. To check the spelling and grammar of your
document:

• Step 1: Place the cursor at the beginning of the

document or the beginning of the section that you
want to check.

189
Participant Handbook

• Step 2: Click the ‘Review’ Tab on the Ribbon. Fig 8.5.14: Spell Check
• Step 3: Click ‘Spelling & Grammar’ on the Proofing
Group.
Note: Any errors will display a dialog box that permits you to choose an additional appropriate
spelling or phrasing. Go through the spelling and grammar checker to correct any spelling errors you
may have created in your document. Once the spelling and grammar checker has completed, you
will see a dialog box that notifies you ‘The spelling and grammar check is completed’.

Word Count
To count words in one selection, you can select the words you want to count. The status bar displays
the number of words in the section for e.g. 50/1,200 means that the section accounts for 50 words
out of the total number of 1200 in the document.
Note: To select the sections of text that are not next to each other, select the first section and press
hold down CRTL (from the keyboard) and select the additional section.

Fig 8.5.15: Word Count

8.5.1 Different Editing Modes in Word

Insert mode and an overtype mode. When insert mode (default) is active, the data you can type is
inserted at the insertion point where as when over-type mode is active the information is active it
isn’t inserted however; replaces text as you sort. To modify between the two modes double click o
the OVR letters on the standing bar.

Another interesting fact about the word document is that it’s not just a document to write things
however you can add expression to your document by inserting pictures with the document,

190
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

currently let’s see however this will be done. Invariably bear in mind to not use any copyright image
if you are using any pictures from the internet.
The insert picture method supports graphics that may be are too large to fit on the clipboard. The
default setting for inserting or pasting pictures is “In Line With Text.” The Advanced Word options,
located in the office Button Commands Gallery, allow you to change the default settings to any of
the available text wrapping styles.

Fig 8.5.16: Sample Image

8.5.1 Inserting an Image and Table

• Step 1: Place the insertion point at the
location where the image has to be placed in
the document.
• Step 2: Select Insert tab>> illustrations
gallery.
• Step 3: Now select Insert picture.

Fig 8.5.17: Inserting an image

191
Participant Handbook

• Step 4: Navigate to the appropriate location where the image is stored.

• Step 5: Now select the appropriate image which you want to insert in the document by
doing a double click on the image.

Similarly, now let’s see how to insert a table in a

word document
The table feature can be used to organize data
into rows and columns without having to set tabs.
Tables can even be used to produce forms and
side by side paragraphs. A table consists ofvertical
columns and horizontal rows, the inter-section of Fig 8.5.18: Inserting image

these rows and columns produce cells. A cell is

every individual square in which you’ll be able to enter text. The tab key advances thepointer to next
cell (Shift + tab) it moves the pointer backward within a table.

Fig 8.5.19: Inserting a table

Steps below would make it much easier for you to understand how to create a table:

• Step 1: Place the insertion point at the desired location on your word document
• Step 2: From the bar select Insert tab>>tables gallery
• Step 3: Now select insert table

192
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 4: Enter desired no. of columns and rows at insert table dialog box
• Step 5: Now select AutoFit behaviour
• Step 6: Click OK

8.5.1 Inserting a Blank Page

The blank page command permits you to manually insert a blank page at
the required location. When you fill a page with text or graphics,
Microsoft office Word inserts an automatic page break and starts a new
page. However, you’ll manually add pages or delete pages by adding page

breaks or deleting page breaks. Refer to the image Fig 8.5.20: Inserting a blank
page

8.5.1 Inserting a Page Break

You can insert a page break anywhere in the document, or you can
specify wherever Microsoft Word positions automatic page breaks. If you
insert manual page breaks in documents that are quite many pages in
length, you might have to frequently re-break pages as you edit the
document. To avoid the difficult of manually re-breaking pages, you can
Fig 8.5.21: Inserting a page
set choices to control where word positions automatic page breaks. Refer break
to the image below.
• Step 1: From the insert Tab, select Cover Page, the cover page drop down menu will be
displayed.
• Step 2: Select from the pre-formatted options under Cover Page.
• Step 3: To insert a blank page or a page break, position your insertion point at a desired
location.
• Step 4: Now, from the insert tab, select blank page or page break as shown in the image
below.

193
Participant Handbook

8.5.1Inserting a Cover Page

• Step 1: From the insert Tab, select Cover Page, the cover page drop down menu will be
displayed.
• Step 2: Select from the pre-formatted options under Cover Page.
• Step 3: To insert a blank page or a page break, position your insertion point at a desired
location.
• Step 4: Now, from the insert tab, select blank page or page break as shown in the image
below.

Fig 8.5.22: Inserting a cover page

8.5.1. Printing the Word Document

• Step 1: Click the ‘Home’ key, select ‘Print’, and then ‘Print’ again.
• Step 2: Choose the printer you will be printing from (Black & White, or Color printer).
• Step 3: Once you have selected the printer of your choice, reassure to check if you have
selected the right and the complete document for printing.
• Step 4: Once all above steps are performed, select ‘OK’ to print your work.

194
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 5: Now that your document is ready and has been printed as well, let’s see how can we
close and exit this word document completely.

Fig 8.5.23: Printing the word document

Fig 8.5.24: Print Dialog Box

8.5.1. Closing and Exiting Microsoft Word

It’s always good to reassure that your word file has been saved before closing or exiting the word.

Note: Closing word would only close the current document however the word would remain open.

Exiting word would exit the program completely. (You may not have to follow this; it basically
depends on what MS word you are having in the system).

Fig 8.5.25: Closing & Exiting MS Word

195
226
Participant Handbook

UNIT 8.6: MS Power point

Unit Objectives
At the end of the unit, you will be able to:
• Practice MS-Power point
• Make a new presentation
• Format a slide as well

PowerPoint is the presentation graphics software in the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint has
predefined layouts, themes, and templates to create dynamic and professional presentations.

8.6.1. Opening PowerPoint

To open PowerPoint in Windows, click on the:

• Step 1: Start button --> Programs --> Microsoft PowerPoint. OR
• Step 2: Double-click on the PowerPoint icon on the desktop.

When PowerPoint is opened, by default a blank Title slide appearsas the first

slide in your new presentation. However, to change thelayout of an open slide, Fig 8.6.1: MS
PowerPoint logo
click on the Layout button in the Home tab.

196
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.6.2: Selecting a layout

If the PowerPoint is already open, to begin a new presentation, click on the office button on the top
left corner of the screen and choose New.

Fig 8.6.3: Selecting a template

The New Presentation window can appear. Blank presentation is chosen by default. You wish to click
create and a new presentation can open in the PowerPoint window.

197
Participant Handbook

8.6.1. PowerPoint – Understanding the screen

• Office Button: It contains the main File Functions: New, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Print
Preview, etc
• Ribbon Tabs: Each Ribbon Tab displays a Ribbon that provides a set of Tool Groups. Click on
the arrow to open a dialogue box with more options
• Command Tabs: Office 2007 applications automatically open to the Home command tab,
which contains formatting options needed to create a basic document. Specialized features
can be accessed from other command tabs
• Slide and Outline Tabs: The Slides tab shows thumbnail images of your slides, allowing you
to rearrange, add, delete, hide slides and view set transitions as you work. The Outline tab
shows the content of your slides, making it easy to rearrange your text
• Slide: In this area you enter the content of your slides. Slides contain placeholders (enclosed
by dotted borders) containing text, pictures, and charts
• Notes Panel: This is where you can enter notes. If you wish to enter longer notes, you can go
to the View tab and select Notes Page
• View Buttons: These three buttons include:
o Normal View - shown here
o Slide Sorter - This allows you to shuffle your slides
o Slide Show - This shows the slides as viewed during presentation
• Zoom Slider: This allows you to zoom in and out on the Slide Panel

198
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.6.4: Power point Screen

8.6.1. Saving a PowerPoint

• Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar.

OR
• Click the Microsoft Office Button, and then click Save Fig 8.6.5: Saving a power point
As.

In the File name box, enter a new name for the presentation, or do nothing to accept the suggested
file name. In the Save as type list, select the file format that you want, and then click Save.

199
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.6.6: Save as dialogue box

8.6.1. Working with Slides

Insert a New Slide

• Step 1: Click the New Slide command in the Slides group on the
Home tab. A blank slide will be inserted after your active slide.
• Step 2: If you wish to choose the layout while creating your new

slide, click the on the New Slide button and choose a theme. Fig 8.6.7: Inserting a new
slide

200
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

To insert a new slide using the Quick Menu, in the Slides panel right click
the slide after which you want a new slide inserted and select New Slide.

231
Copy and paste a slide

Figure 8.6.8: New

Slidebutton
• Step 1: Select the slide you want to copy.
• Step 2: Click the Copy command on the Home tab.
• Step 3: Click inside the Slides tab on the left task pane. A
horizontal insertion point will appear.
• Step 4: Move the insertion point to the location where
you want the copy of the slide to appear.
• Step 5: Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The
copied slide will appear.
• To insert a new slide using the Quick Menu, in the Slides
panel right click the slide after which you want a new
slide inserted and select New Slide.
• Step 6: You can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C to copy

the slide and Ctrl+V to paste it. Fig8.6.9: Deleting a slide

Delete a slide

• Step 1: Select the slide you want to delete and click the Delete command in the Slides group
on the Home tab.

Move a slide

• Step 1: On the Slides tab in the left task pane, select the slide you want to move.
• Step 2: Click and drag the slide to a new location. The insertion point will appear.
• Step 3: Release the mouse button.
• Step 4: The slide will appear in the new location.

201
Participant Handbook

8.6.1. View Tabs

232

Different views allow you to manage different

aspects of your presentation.
• Step 1: Normal View is the default view.
It splits the window into Slide Frame,

Notes, and the left frame where you can Fig 8.6.10: Slide views
choose either Slides Thumbnails or
Outline.
• Step 2: Slide Sorter is thumbnails view of all the slides in the presentation. The slides are
displayed horizontally
• Step 3: Slide Show plays the presentation from the beginning with animation.

8.6.2. Animating Text and Images

In PowerPoint, you can add animation to text and objects to draw the
audience's attention an add flair to your presentation.

• Step 1: Select the object or text box you wish to animate.

• Step 2: In the Animations tab under the Animations group,
select an option from the animate drop-down menu. As you Fig 8.6.11: Text Animation
hover your mouse over each choice PowerPoint will preview the
effect on your slide.

NOTE: Remember that animations are applied only to the article or the text box selected. For adding
animation across many slides you may need to add them to every.

202
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

To apply a custom animation effect:

• Step 1: After you select the text or object on
the slide you want toanimate, select the
Animations tab.

• Step 2: Click Custom Animation in the Fig 8.6.12: Custom Animation

Animations group. The Custom Animation
task pane will appear on the right.
• Step 3: Click Add Effect in the task pane to add an animation effect to the selected text or
object.

• Step 4: Select Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, or Motion Path to display a submenu of animation
effects for the category.
• Step 5: To customize the speed, properties and timing of your animation, on the Custom
Animation Pane click on the effect you wish to modify.
• Step 6: To modify an animation, use the options in the Modify: [Effect] section of the
Custom Animation Pane. These options will change depending on the effect selected.

Hint: If the button on the Custom Animation Pane says "Change" instead of "Add Effect" click
outside the object to deselect it and then click on it again.

8.6.1. Removing Animations

There are two methods:
1. Animations group (remove all at once):
• Select the slide and then the object with the animation you would like to remove
• In the Animations tab under the Animations group click on the Animate pull-down menu and
select No Animation
2. Custom Animation Pane (remove one by one):
• Select the slide with the animation you would like to remove

203
Participant Handbook

• If the Custom Animations pane is not visible, click on the Custom Animation button in the
Animations group on the Animations tab
• In the Modify: [Effect] list select the animation to be removed
• Click Remove

8.6.1. Working with Charts

A chart is a tool you can use to communicate your data graphically.
Chart elements
Let’s familiarize with different chart element:
• Titles: There are two types of titles:
o Chart Title placed above the chart (default).
o Axes Titles placed besides the axes (The vertical axis is referred to as the Y axis, while the
horizontal axis is referred to as the X axis.)
• Legend: The chart key, which displays captions (and/or color coding) to the series on the
chart.
• Data: This is the range of cells (displayed in excel) that make up a chart. The chart is updated
automatically whenever the information in these cells changes.
Inserting Charts
• Step 1: Select the Insert tab.
• Step 2: Click the Insert Chart command to open the Insert Chart dialog box.
• Step 3: Click a chart to select it.
• Step 4: The chart will appear on your slide, and Excel will open as a split screen with dummy
data already filled in.
• Step 5: You add your data and labels to the Excel spreadsheet and the chart will be
automatically updated on your slide.

204
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.6.13: Charts

• Step 6: When finished, click the Close Window in the upper right hand corner of Excel to
close the worksheet.

Changing To a Different Chart

• Step 1: You can change your present chart to a different format by right-click on the chart
and select Change Series Chart Type. This opens the Change Chart Type dialog.
• Step 2: Make a selection and press OK.

Edit source data

• Step 1: Select the chart

• Step 2: Select the Design tab
• Step 3: Click the Edit Data command. An Excel spreadsheet with the current source data will
appear
• Step 4: After you edit the data in the spreadsheet, the changes will appear on the slide
• Step 5: Close Excel without saving the spreadsheet

Modifying the chart layout

• Step 1: Select the chart
• Step 2: Click on the Design tab
• Step 3: Scroll through the options in the Chart
Fig 8.6.14: Chart Layout
Layout group, or click the More drop-down arrow to see

205
Participant Handbook

all available chart layout options

• Step 4: Select a chart layout by clicking on it. The chart layout will change on the slide

Modify specific areas of the chart layout

• Step 1: Select the chart.
• Step 2: Select the Layout tab.

• Step 3: Locate the Labels group. Fig 8.6.14: Modify chart

o Chart Title: Add, remove, or re-position the

chart title.
o Axis Titles: Add, remove, or re-position the text used to label each axis.
o Legend: Add, remove, or re-position the chart legend.
o Data Labels: Click this command to display or hide data values next to each chart
element.
o Data Table: Adds a table summarizing your data to the chart.

206
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 8.7: MS Excel

Unit Objectives

At the end of the unit, you will be able to:

• Work on MS-Excel
• Format cells and cell content
• Use formulas
• Make Charts and Pivot Table

MS surpass stands for - Microsoft Excel is one of the foremost common electronic spreadsheet
applications supported by both Mac and computer platforms. As with a paper spreadsheet, you’ll be
able to use excel to prepare your data into rows and columns and to perform mathematical
calculations.

MS Excel helps in:

• Managing data online
• Creating visually persuasive charts, and thought‐provoking graphs

• Creating and expense reports Fig 8.7.1: MS Excel

logo
• Building formulas and editing them
• Balancing a check book

This tutorial teaches you how to create an Excel spreadsheet.

Before you start making spreadsheets in excel, you will need to line up your excel setting and
become familiar with many key tasks and options like a way to minimize and maximize the Ribbon,
configure the quick Access toolbar, switch page views, and access your excel choices.

207
Participant Handbook

8.7.1. Exploring the Excel Environment

The tabbed Ribbon menu system is however you navigate through Excel and access the assorted
excel commands. If you have used previous versions of excel, the Ribbon system replaces the
traditional menus. On top of the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the Microsoft office Button. From
here, you’ll access important options like New, Save, Save As, and Print. By default, the short Access
Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft office Button and includes commands like Undo and Redo.

At the bottom-left space of the spreadsheet, you will notice worksheet tabs. By default, 3 worksheet
tabs appear each time you create a new book. On the bottom-right space of the spreadsheet you
will find page view commands, the zoom tool and the horizontal scrolling bar.

Fig 8.7.2: Excel Window

8.7.1. Zoom In and Out

• Step 1: Locate the zoom bar in the bottom-right corner.

• Step 2: Left-click the slider and drag it to the left to zoom
out and right to zoom in Fig 8.7.3: Zoom in and out

To Scroll Horizontally in a Worksheet:

208
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 1: Locate the horizontal scroll bar in the bottom-right corner.

• Step 2: Left-click the bar and move it from left to right.

8.7.1. Page Views

• Step 1: Locate the Page View options in the bottom-right

corner. The Page View options are Normal, Page Layout, and Fig 8.7.4: Page Views
Page Break.
• Step 2: Left-click an option to select it.

8.7.1. Add Commands to the Quick Access Toolbar

• Step 1: Click the arrow to the right of the Quick

Access toolbar.
• Step 2: Select the command you wish to add from
the drop-down list. It will appear in the Quick
Access toolbar.

The Save, Undo, and Redo commands appear by default in

the Quick Access toolbar.

Fig 8.7.5: Quick access toolbar

The Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft office Button appears at the top of the stand out window. Once you left-click the
button, a menu appears.
From this menu, you’ll be able to produce a new spreadsheet, open existing files, save files in a type
of ways and print. You’ll be able to also add security features, send, publish and closefiles.

209
Participant Handbook

8.7.1. Change the Default Excel Options

• Step 1: Click the Excel Options button.

Dialog box will appear.
• Step 2: Select a category on the left to
access different Excel options.
• Step 3: Modify any of the default
settings.
• Step 4: Click OK. You will have to be
compelled to skills to insert text and
numbers into excel workbooks to be
ready to use it to calculate, analyze,
and organize data. During this lesson, Fig 8.7.6 :Excel Options
you will learn how to create a new
workbook, insert and delete text, navigate a worksheet and save an excel workbook.

8.7.1. Create a New Blank

Workbook

• Step 1: Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.

• Step 2: Select New. The New Workbook dialog box
opens, and Blank Workbook is highlighted by default.
• Step 3: Click Create. A new, blank workbook appears

in the window Fig 8.7.7: Creating blank workbook

8.7.1. Insert Text

• Step 1: Left-click a cell to select it. Each rectangle in the worksheet is called a cell. As you
select a cell, the cell address appears in the Name Box.

210
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 2: Enter text into the cell using your keyboard. The text appears in the cell and in the
formula bar.

Fig 8.7.8: Workbook

8.7.1. Cell Addresses

Each cell contains a name, or a cell address, based on the

column and row it is in. for example, this cell is C3 since it is
wherever column C and row 3 intersect.

You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of
cells is known as a cell range. Instead of a single cell address, you
will refer to a cell range using the cell addresses of the first and
last cells in the cell range, separated by a colon. As an example,
a cell range that included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be
written as A1:A5. Fig 8.7.9: Cell Address

Edit or Delete Text

• Step 1: Select the cell.
• Step 2: Press the Backspace key on your keyboard to delete text and make a correction.
• Step 3: Press the Delete key to delete the entire contents of a cell. You can also make
changes to and delete text from the formula bar. Just select the cell and place your insertion
point in the formula bar.

211
Participant Handbook

8.7.1. Move across a Worksheet Using the Keyboard

• Step 1: Press the Tab key to move to the right of the selected cell
• Step 2: Press the Shift key and then the Tab key to move to the left of the selected cell
• Step 3: Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to navigate the worksheet
• Step 4: Use the arrow keys

To Save the Workbook:

• Step 1: Left-click the Microsoft Office Button
• Step 2: Select Save or Save As
• Step 3: Save As allows you to name the file and choose a location to save the spreadsheet

• Choose Save As if you'd like to save the file for the first time or if you'd like to save the file as
a different name
• Select Save if the file has already been named

You can save a workbook in many ways, but the two commonest are as an excel workbook, that
saves it with a 2007 file extension, and as an excel 97-2003 workbook, that saves the file in a
compatible format therefore those who have earlier versions of excel can open the file.

When you open a new, blank workbook, the cells, columns, and rows are set to a default size. You do
have the ability to alter the size of each,
further as to insert new columns, rows, and
cells as needed.

To Modify Column Width:

• Step 1: Position the cursor over the
column line in the column heading
and a double arrow will appear
• Step 2: Left-click the mouse and
drag the cursor to the right to
Fig 8.7.10: Modifying column width
increase the column width or to the
left to decrease the column width
243

212
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 3: Release the mouse button

To Modify the Row Height:

• Step 1: Position the cursor over the
row line you want to modify, and a
double arrow will appear.
• Step 2: Left-click the mouse and
drag the cursor upward todecrease
the row height or downward to
increase the row height.

• Step 3: Release the mouse button. Fig 8.7.11: Modifying row height

To Insert Rows:
• Step 1: Select the row below where you want the new row toappear.
• Step 2: Click the Insert command in the Cells group on the Hometab. The row will appear
• Step 3: The new row always appears above the selected row.

Fig 8.7.12: Inserting row

213
Participant Handbook

To Insert Columns:
• Step 1: Select the column to the right of where you want the
column to appear.
• Step 2: Click the Insert command in the Cells group on the Home
tab. The column will appear. The new column continually
appears to the left of the selected column. For example, if you

wish to insert a column between September and October, choose Fig 8.7.13: Inserting column
the October column and click on the Insert command.
• Make sure that you select the complete column to the right of where you want the new
column to appear and not just the cell. If you choose simply the cell and then click Insert,
only a new cell can appear.

To Delete Rows and Columns:

• Step 1: Select the row or column you’d like to delete.
• Step 2: Click the Delete command in the Cells group on the Home tab.

8.7.1. Formatting

Once you have entered information into a spreadsheet,

you will need to be able to format it.

To Format Text in Bold or Italics:

• Step 1: Left-click a cell to select it or drag your
cursor over the text in the formula bar to select
it.
• Step 2: Click the Bold or Italics command. You
can select entire columns and rows, or specific Fig 8.7.14: Bold Text Format

cells. To select the entire column, simply left-click

the column heading, and the entire column can appear as selected. To select specific cells,
simply left-click a cell and drag your mouse to select the opposite cells. Then, release the
mouse button.

214
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

To Format Text as Underlined:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.

• Step 2: Click the drop-down arrow next to the Underline
command.
Fig 8.7.15: Underlined Text Format
• Step 3: Select the Single Underline or Double Underline
option.

To Change the Font Style:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Step 2: Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Font

Style box on the Home tab. Fig 8.7.16: Changing font style
• Step 3: Select a font style from the list.

To Change the Font Size:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.

• Step 2: Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Font

Size box on the Home tab. Fig 8.7.17: Changing Font Size

• Step 3: Select a font size from the list.

To Change the Text Colour:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Step 2: Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Text
Colour command. A colour palette will appear.

• Step 3: Select a color from the palette. Fig 8.7.18: Changing Font Color

• Step 1: Select More Colours. A dialog box will appear

• Step 2: Select a colour

215
246
Participant Handbook

• Step 3: Click OK

To Add a Border:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.

• Step 2: Click the drop-down arrow next to the Borders
command on the Home tab. A menu will appear with
border options.

• Step 3: Left-click an option from the list to select it. You Fig 8.7.19: Adding Border

can change the line style and colour of the border.

To Add a Fill Color:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to
format.
• Step 2: Click the Fill command. A colour palette
will appear.
• Step 3: Select a colour.
OR

• Step 1: Select More colours. A dialog box will Fig 8.7.20: adding a fill color

appear.
• Step 2: Select a colour.
• Step 3: Click OK.

You can use the fill colour feature to format columns and rows, and format a worksheet so that it is
easier to read.

To Format Numbers and Dates:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Step 2: Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Number
Format box.

• Step 3: Select one of the options for formatting numbers. Fig 8.7.21: Format numbers and
dates
By default, the numbers appear in the General category, which

216
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

means there is nospecial formatting.

8.7.1. Calculations and Analysis

Excel could be used to calculate and analyze numerical data; however, you need to know how to
write formulas to maximize Excel's strength. A formula is an equation performs a calculation using
cell values in the worksheet.

To Create a Simple Formula that Adds Two Numbers:

• Step 1: Click the cell where the formula will be defined (C5, for example).
• Step 2: Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Step 3: Type the first number to be added (e.g., 1500).
• Step 4: Type the addition sign (+) to let Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
• Step 5: Type the second number to be added (e.g., 200).
• Step 6: Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

To Create a Simple Formula that Adds the Contents of Two Cells:

• Step 1: Click the cell where the answer will appear (C5, for example).
• Step 2: Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Step 3: Type the cell number that contains the first number to be added (C3, for example).
• Step 4: Type the addition sign (+) to let Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
• Step 5: Type the cell address that contains the second number to be added (C4, for
example).
• Step 6: Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

248

217
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.7.22: Simple Formula

To Copy and Paste Cell Contents:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you wish to copy.

• Step 2: Click the Copy command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. The border of the
selected cells will change appearance.
• Step 3: Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the information.
• Step 4: Click the Paste command. The copied information will now appear in the new cells.

To select more than one adjoining cell, left-click one of the cells, drag the cursor until all the cells are
selected, and release the mouse button.The copied cell will stay selected until you perform your
next task, or you can double-click the cell to deselect it.

To Cut and Paste Cell Contents:

• Step 1: Select the cell or cells you wish to cut.

• Step 2: Click the Cut command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. The border of the
selected cells will change appearance.

218
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 3: Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the information.
• Step 4: Click the Paste command. The cut information will be removed from the original cells
and now appear in the new cells. 249

Fig 8.7.23: Cut Paste a cell

To View the Spreadsheet in Print Preview:

• Step 1: Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.

• Step 2: Select Print.
• Step 3: Select Print Preview. The spreadsheet

will appear in Print Preview view. Fig 8.7.24: Print Preview

Click the Close Print Preview button to return to the Normal View.

Exploring Print Preview:

If you are in Print Preview, you can use many of the same features that you can from the Ribbon;
however, in PrintPreview you can see how the spreadsheet will appear in hard form.

To Modify Margins, Column Width, or Row Height While in Print

Preview:
• Step 1: Click the Print Preview command on the Quick Accesstoolbar, or select Print Preview
from the Microsoft Office Buttonmenu. The spreadsheet opens in print preview mode.

219
Participant Handbook

• Step 2: However your cursor over one of the black marginmarkers until a double arrow
appears.
• Step 3: Left-click and drag the marker to the desired location.The change will be reflected in
the spreadsheet.

To Modify Margins:
• Step 1: Select the Page Layout tab.
• Step 2: Left-click the Margins command.
• Step 3: Choose one of the predefined settings
or enter custom margins.
Fig 8.7.25: Modifying margins

8.7.1. Change Page Orientation

• Step 1: Select the Page Layout tab.

• Step 2: Left-click the Orientation command.
• Step 3: Select either Portrait or Landscape.
Portrait gets the page oriented vertically, while Landscape
orients the page horizontally.
Fig 8.7.26: Page Orientation

To Change the Paper Size:

• Step 1: Select the Page Layout tab.
• Step 2: Click the Size command.
• Step 3: Select a size option from the list.

To Print from the Microsoft Office Button:

• Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.
• Select Print. The Print dialog box appears.
• Select a printer if you wish to use a printer other
than the default setting.

• Click Properties to change any necessary settings. Fig 8.7.27: Print

220
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Choose if you want to print specific pages, the whole worksheet, a selection, the active sheet
or the complete workbook.
• Select the number of copies you'd like to print.
• Click OK.

8.7.1. Excel's Different Functions

There are many different functions in Excel 2007. Some of the more common functions include:

Statistical Functions:
• SUM - Used to add a range of cells together.
• AVERAGE - This formula can calculate the average of a range of cells.
• COUNT - Used to count the number of chosen data in a range of cells.
• MAX - We can identify the largest number in a range of cells with it.
• MIN - Used to identify the smallest number in a range of cells.

Financial Functions:
• Interest Rates
• Loan Payments
• Depreciation Amounts

Date and Time functions:

• DATE - Converts a serial number to a day of the month.
• Day of Week.
• DAYS360.
• TIME - Returns the particular time.
• HOUR - Converts value to an hour.
• MINUTE - Converts value to a minute.
• TODAY - Returns value to today's date.
• MONTH - Converts value to a month.
• YEAR - Converts value to a year.

221
Participant Handbook

You don't have to memorize the functions but should have an idea of what each can do for you.

To Calculate the Sum of a Range of Data Using AutoSum:

• Step 1: Select the Formulas tab.
• Step 2: Locate the Function Library group. From here,
you can access all the available functions.
• Step 3: Select the cell where you want the function
to appear. In this example, select G42.
• Step 4: Select the drop-down arrow next to the
AutoSum command.

• Step 5: Select Sum. A formula will appear in the Fig 8.7.28: Calculate Sum Range
selected cell, G42.
• Step 6: This formula, =SUM (G2:G41), is called a function. AutoSum command automatically
selects the range of cells from G2 to G41, based on where you inserted the function. You can
alter the cell range, if necessary.
• Step 7: Press the Enter key or Enter button on the formula bar. The total will appear.

To Edit a Function:
• Step 1: Select the cell where the function is
• Defined
• Step 2: Insert the cursor in the formula bar.
• Step 3: Edit the range by deleting and changing necessary cell numbers.
• Step 4: Click the Enter icon.

222
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Fig 8.7.29: Edit a Function

To Format Information as a Table:

• Step 1: Select any cell that contains information.
• Step 2: Click the Format as Table command in the Styles group on the Home tab. A list of
predefined tables will appear.
• Step 3: Left-click a table style to select it.
• Step 4: A dialog box will appear. Excel has automatically selected the cells for your table. The
cells will appear selected in the spreadsheet, and the range will appear in the dialog box.
• Step 5: Change the range listed in the field, if necessary.
• Step 6: Verify the box is selected to indicate your table has headings, if it does. De-select this
box if your table does not have column headings.
• Step 7: Click OK. The table will appear formatted in the style you chose.

254
223
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.7.30: Formatting information Fig 8.7.31: Formatting table

8.7.1. Aligning Text

Excel 2007 left-aligns text (labels) and right-aligns numbers (values). This makes data easier to read,
but you do not have to use these defaults. Text and numbers can be defined as left-aligned, right-
aligned, or centred in Excel.

To Align Text or Numbers in a Cell:

• Step 1: Select a cell or range of cells.
• Step 2: Click on either the Align Left, Centre, or Align Right
commands on the Home tab.
• Step 3: The text or numbers in the cell(s) take on the Fig 8.7.32: Cell Alignment
selected alignment treatment.
• Left-click a column label to select the entire column or a row label to select an entire row.

Changing Vertical Cell Alignment:

You can also define vertical alignment of a cell. In Vertical alignment, information in a cell can be
located at thetop of the cell, middle of the cell, or bottom of the cell. The default is bottom.

224
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

To Change Vertical Alignment from the

Alignment Group:
• Step 1: Select a cell or range of
cells.

• Step 2: Click the Top Align, Fig 8.7.33: Vertical cell alignment

Centre, or Bottom Align

command.

Changing Text Control:

• Step 1: Text Control allows you to control the way Excel 2007
presents information in a cell.
• Step 2: There are two common types of Text control: Wrapped

Text and Merge Cells. Fig 8.7.34: Vertical Alignment

commands
• Step 3: The Wrapped Text wraps the contents of a cell across
several lines if it's too large than the columnwidth. It increases the height of the cell as well.
• Step 4: Merge Cells can also be applied by using the Merge and Centre button on the Home
tab

To Change Text Control:

• Step 1: Select a cell or range of cells.
• Step 2: Select the Home tab.
• Step 3: Click the Wrap Text command or the Merge and Centre command.

Fig 8.7.35: Text wrapping

To Name a Worksheet:
• Step 1: Right-click the sheet tab to select it
• Step 2: Choose Rename from the menu that appears. The text is highlighted by a black box

225
Participant Handbook

• Step 2: Type a new name for the worksheet

• Step 3: Click off the tab. The worksheet now assumes the descriptive name defined

Fig 8.7.36: Renaming a worksheet

To Insert a New Worksheet:

Step 1: Left-click on the Insert Worksheet icon. A new

worksheet appears. It will be named Sheet 4, Sheet 5, or

whatever the next sequential sheet number may be in the Fig 8.7.37: Insert a new worksheet
workbook.

To Delete One or More Worksheets:

• Step 1: Click on the sheet(s) you want to delete.
• Step 2: Right-click the sheet(s) and a menu appears.
• Step 3: Select Delete.

Fig 8.7.38: Deleting a worksheet

226
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

UNIT 8.8: Internet Concepts

Unit Objectives
At the end of the unit, you will be able to:
• Understand internet concepts
• Recognise the different types of URLs
• Use MS-Outlook

8.8.1. URL Concepts

The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator. It is the worldwide address of documents and
other resources on the World Wide Web. The URL is divided into two different elements. The
primary part of the URL is called a protocol identifier as it helps us distinguishing what protocol to
use. The second part of the URL is called a resource name and it indicates the IP address or the
domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are
separated by a colon and two forward slashes it is more clearly understood by looking in to the
following example: the two URLs below purpose two different files at the domain pcwebopedia.com.
Here the primary one specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP protocol; the
second specifies a web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:

1. ftp://www.pcwebopedia.com/stuff.exe
2. http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html

Different Kinds of URLs

There is a wide range of URLs, as well as different terms to describe what a URL looks like. Let’s have
a better understanding of various URLs and their types with an example:
• Messy: Such URL has many distorted and jumbled numbers, letters on it that makes slight
organizational sense i.e. http://www.example.com/woeiruwoei909305820580.
• Dynamic: Dynamic URLs are the end result of database queries that provide content output
based on the result of that query. The URL ends up looking quite mangled, alias “messy”,

227
Participant Handbook

which usually consist of the characters like: &, %, +, =, $. Dynamic URLs are often found as
part of consumer-driven websites: shopping, travel, or anything that requires changing
answers for many different user queries.
• Static: A static URL is the opposite of a dynamic URL. The URL is “hard-wired” into the Web
page’s HTML coding. Static URL does not alter or adjust; it cannot be compromised;
depending on what the user requests.
• Obfuscated: Obfuscated, or hidden, URLs are mostly used in phishing scams. Basically, a
familiar URL is distorted in some way to make it seem legitimate. As soon as the user clicks
on the obfuscated URL redirected to a malicious website.

There are a lot of clues and information that you can garnered from a simple URL, including:
• What kind of server the Web page is hosted on
• What kind of organization the Web page belongs to
• Where the Web page is located in the world
• The names of the directories on the website

By carefully looking at the different parts of any Web address, you can quickly determine quite a bit
of useful information. In addition, by simply deleting parts of the URL, you can learn more about the
website than what might be actually publicly accessible. For example:

• http://www.widget.com/blog/music/: This points to a resource online, and the URL tells

you that yes, indeed, it does point to an online resource. Let’s go further back.
• http://www.widget.com/blog/: By moving backwards in the URL from right to left, we can
see that we’re now at the blog section of this publication.
• http://www.widget.com: The home page of the website.

Of course, this is a very simple example. However, by dissecting complex URLs one step at a
time, quite a bit of information can be uncovered.

228
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

8.8.1. How to create Your E-mail account (Outlook)

You can create a new or additional Outlook account by following the same account creation wizard.
You can follow the steps listed below to configure your Microsoft Outlook Express email client to
work with your email account:
• Step 1: Open Outlook Express and select Tools E-mail Accounts from the main menu. The E-
mail Accounts wizard will appear.
• Step 2: Click Add a new e-mail account. Click Next.
• Step 3: Select the server type. Most ISPs and webmail services use POP3 servers. Click Next.
• Step 4: Enter your Name.
• Step 5: Enter your E-mail Address.
• Step 6: Enter the incoming mail server and outgoing mail server information you obtained
from your ISP or webmail service.
• Step 7: Enter your user name if it is different from the user name that automatically appears
in the wizard form.
• Step 8: Enter your password.
• Step 9: Click Test Account Settings to test the information you entered in the wizard and
confirm that it is valid.
• Step 10: Click Next.
• Step 11: Click Finish.

Note: If you do not have an Outlook email account, you can select Microsoft Office Outlook from
your computer'sStart menu. The wizard will open, and you can follow the steps above to create an
Outlook account.

229
Participant Handbook

Fig 8.8.1: Creating E-mail account in Outlook

8.8.1. Sending an Email

STEP 1: Open Outlook. Now click on

Compose button.

STEP 2: As you click, a new page will

open

STEP 3: In the Tool box, (refer to the

imagebelow) type the email address
ofthe person you want to send anE-
mail to

230
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

STEP 4: Now, In the Subject box as

shown inthe image; type the subject of
themessage, a few words to give
thereceiver an idea of what the emailis
all about.

STEP 5: In the large box under the

tools, compose the body of an email as
shown in the image. Once the writing
and addressing your email is done,
click the Send button.

8.8.1. Reading Emails

Outlook takes care of all email under mail folders. Initially, all of your incoming emails messages
arrive in your Inbox folder (except suspected spam which goes directly into your Spam folder). To
read an email message, open a mail folder and then click on email’s subject.

• Step 1: Select the Inbox in the navigation pane.

• Step 2: If you see Inbox is in bold, it indicates that you have unread messages.
• Step 3: The number of unread messages is indicated by the number to the right of the word
Inbox in parentheses.
• Step 4: Click a message in the inbox once, and Outlook will display it in the reading pane (if
that feature is turned on).
• Step 5: You need to double-click a message, to open the message in a new window.

NOTE: Unread messages are display in bold textin order to make it easy for a reader to identify how
many mails are new or still unread.

Now, to open and read an email, click on email’s subject (bold or not) in the Subject column and you
will be able to read your email.

231
Participant Handbook

8.8.1. Replying E-mails

Often, it is seen that once the mail is read, viewer looks for the option of reverting to that email to
the sender or to add more recipient. Well! This can be done in two separate ways with Outlook i.e.
there are two options as given below:

• Reply: It allows you to respond to the sender

only.
• Reply all: Reply all, allows responding to the
sender and everyone else who received the
message. This includes all email addresses

listed in the To box and the Cc box, except Fig 8.8.2: Replying to e-mail
your own email address.
• Now, Open the your email and click the drop down arrowgiven at the Reply button, then opt for
Reply to reply tothe sender only or Reply All to reply to all recipients of theemail message.

NOTE: To reply to the sender only, you can also click the Reply button and not the arrow.

• Step 1: Click Reply on the Standard

toolbar while viewing the message
you want to reply to. Outlook will
create a pre-addressed reply form to
the email address the original email
came from.
• Step 2: Enter text into the body of

the form. Fig 8.8.3: Email

• Step 3: Click the Send button when

you’re ready to send your email message.

Tip: Original email which you received from the sender will always be included when you are replying
to the sender however, this original text, is editable, you can type your reply anywhere in the text
box. In fact, some of the information or whole mail can be deleted in the original message. Different

232
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

colours can be used (if required) to differentiate between your reply followed by the original text in
the same image.

8.8.1. Receiving Email Attachments

You know you have received an email with an attachment when you see a paper clip sign next to the
email’s subject in the mail folder. Open the message to see what type of file is attached.
In a mail folder, click the subject of an email message that includes an attachment (the paper clip
icon appears to the left of the subject).

When the message opens, a link to download the attachment appears in the message header, and if
the attachment includes images, thumbnails appear at the bottom of the messages.

Fig 8.8.4: Receiving E-mail attachment

8.8.2. Opening and Saving Attachments

When you click the link to an attachment, Outlook automatically uses AntiVirus™ installed on your
system scan the file for viruses. Virus scanning can often "clean" a file that may have viruses, so that
you can safely open and download the file onto your computer.

1. Open the email message with the attachment

2. Click the file name or thumbnail to allow Outlook to scan the file
3. Antivirus scans the attachment and displays the results above the message header.
o If Norton Antivirus detects a virus, you can’t download the file.
o If Antivirus doesn’t detect a virus, you can download the file.

233
Participant Handbook

o To download a virus-free attachment, click the Download File button.

4. The File Download window prompts you to open or save the file. (The appearance of this
window varies,depending on your operating system and other factors.)
5. You can click the Open button to view the attached file in its original application (such as
Microsoft Word or Acrobat Reader), or you can click the Save button to download the file
and save it on your computer.
Tip: When you open a file without saving it, your browser automatically downloads it to a temporary
location on your computer. When you close the file, your browser deletes the temporary file.

8.8.1. Sending Attachments with Outgoing Email

Messages

You can send all types of files as attachments,

including word processor or spreadsheet
documents, audio files, image files (such as .bmp,
.jpg, .gif), and more but not .exe (executable files).
Notes: With Outlook, effective email virus
protection is automatic. Anti-virus software in Mail
automatically detects and cleans viruses in
incoming and outgoing email and attachments. Fig 8.8.5: Attaching files in e-mail

1. While composing a message, click the Attach Files button (You can attach files at any time
before sending the message.). The Attach Files page opens. Click the first Browse button.
2. The Choose File or Open File window opens (depending on your operating system).
3. Locate the file you want to attach, select it, and click the Open or OK button. The selected
file and its location appear in the first attachment box.
4. To attach more files, click the next Browse button, and repeat step 4.
5. 5. You can attach one or more files up to a total combined size of 10 MB.
6. 6. When all the files you want to send are listed, click the Attach Files button.
Tips:
• You cannot attach the same file multiple times to the same email message.
• If you need more attachment boxes, click the Attach More Files link. Outlook adds another
box.

234
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.Employability &
Entrepreneurship Skills
Unit 9.1 - Personal Strengths & Value Systems
Unit 9.2 - Digital Literacy: A Recap
Unit 9.3 - Money Matters
Unit 9.4 - Preparing for Employment & Self Employment
Unit 9.5 - Understanding Entrepreneurship
Unit 9.6 – Preparing to be an Entrepreneur

235
Participant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Explain the meaning of health

• List common health issues
• Discuss tips to prevent common health issues
• Explain the meaning of hygiene
• Understand the purpose of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan
• Explain the meaning of habit
• Discuss ways to set up a safe work environment
• Discuss critical safety habits to be followed by employees
• Explain the importance of self-analysis
• Understand motivation with the help of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Discuss the meaning of achievement motivation
• List the characteristics of entrepreneurs with achievement motivation
• List the different factors that motivate you
• Discuss how to maintain a positive attitude
• Discuss the role of attitude in self-analysis
• List your strengths and weaknesses
• Discuss the qualities of honest people
• Describe the importance of honesty in entrepreneurs
• Discuss the elements of a strong work ethic
• Discuss how to foster a good work ethic
• List the characteristics of highly creative people
• List the characteristics of highly innovative people
• Discuss the benefits of time management
• List the traits of effective time managers
• Describe effective time management technique
• Discuss the importance of anger management
• Describe anger management strategies
• Discuss tips for anger management

236
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Discuss the causes of stress

• Discuss the symptoms of stress
• Discuss tips for stress management
• Identify the basic parts of a computer
• Identify the basic parts of a keyboard
• Recall basic computer terminology
• Recall basic computer terminology
• Recall the functions of basic computer keys
• Discuss the main applications of MS Office
• Discuss the benefits of Microsoft Outlook
• Discuss the different types of e-commerce
• List the benefits of e-commerce for retailers and customers
• Discuss how the Digital India campaign will help boost e-commerce in India
• Explain how you will sell a product or service on an e-commerce platform
• Discuss the importance of saving money
• Discuss the benefits of saving money
• Discuss the main types of bank accounts
• Describe the process of opening a bank account
• Differentiate between fixed and variable costs
• Describe the main types of investment options
• Describe the different types of insurance products
• Describe the different types of taxes
• Discuss the uses of online banking
• Discuss the main types of electronic funds transfers
• Discuss the steps to prepare for an interview
• Discuss the steps to create an effective Resume
• Discuss the most frequently asked interview questions
• Discuss how to answer the most frequently asked interview questions
• Discuss basic tailoring shop terminology
• Discuss the concept of entrepreneurship
• Discuss the importance of entrepreneurship
• Describe the characteristics of an entrepreneur

237
Participant Handbook

• Describe the different types of enterprises

• List the qualities of an effective leader
• Discuss the benefits of effective leadership
• List the traits of an effective team
• Discuss the importance of listening effectively
• Discuss how to listen effectively
• Discuss the importance of speaking effectively
• Discuss how to speak effectively
• Discuss how to solve problems
• List important problem solving traits
• Discuss ways to assess problem solving skills
• Discuss the importance of negotiation
• Discuss how to negotiate
• Discuss how to identify new business opportunities
• Discuss how to identify business opportunities within your business
• Understand the meaning of entrepreneur
• Describe the different types of entrepreneurs
• List the characteristics of entrepreneurs
• Recall entrepreneur success stories
• Discuss the entrepreneurial process
• Describe the entrepreneurship ecosystem
• Discuss the government’s role in the entrepreneurship ecosystem
• Discuss the current entrepreneurship ecosystem in India
• Understand the purpose of the Make in India campaign
• Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and risk appetite
• Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and resilience
• Describe the characteristics of a resilient entrepreneur
• Discuss how to deal with failure
• Discuss how market research is carried out
• Describe the 4 Ps of marketing
• Discuss the importance of idea generation
• Recall basic business terminology

238
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Discuss the need for CRM

• Discuss the benefits of CRM
• Discuss the need for networking
• Discuss the benefits of networking
• Understand the importance of setting goals
• Differentiate between short-term, medium-term and long-term goals
• Discuss how to write a business plan
• Explain the financial planning process
• Discuss ways to manage your risk
• Describe the procedure and formalities for applying for bank finance
• Discuss how to manage your own enterprise
• List important questions that every entrepreneur should ask before starting an enterprise

239
Participant Handbook

UNIT 9.1: Personal Strengths & Value Systems

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Explain the meaning of health

240
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.1.1. Health, Habits, Hygiene: What is Health

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a “State of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This means being healthy does
not simply mean not being unhealthy – it also means you need to be at peace emotionally, and feel
ft physically. For example, you cannot say you are healthy simply because you do not have any
physical ailments like a cold or cough. You also need to think about whether you are feeling calm,
relaxed and happy.

Common Health Issues

• Allergies
• Asthma
• Skin Disorders
• Depression and Anxiety
• Diabetes
• Cough, Cold, Sore Throat
• Difficulty Sleeping
• Obesity

Tips to Prevent Health Issues

Taking measures to prevent ill health is always better than curing a disease or sickness. You can stay
healthy by:

• Eating healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and nuts

• Cutting back on unhealthy and sugary foods
• Drinking enough water everyday
• Not smoking or drinking alcohol
• Exercising for at least 30 minutes a day, 4-5 times a week
• Taking vaccinations when required
• Practicing yoga exercises and meditation

241
Participant Handbook

How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you?

1 Get minimum 7-8 hours of sleep every night.

2 Avoid checking email first thing in the morning and right before you go to bed at night.
3 Don’t skip meals – eat regular meals at correct meal times.
4 Read a little bit every single day.
5 Eat more home cooked food than junk food
6 Stand more than you sit.
7 Drink a glass of water first thing in the morning and have at least 8 glasses of water
through the day.
8 Go to the doctor and dentist for regular checkups
9 Exercise for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week
10 Avoid consuming lots of aerated beverages

What is Hygiene?

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), “Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help
to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.” In other words, hygiene means ensuring
that you do whatever is required to keep your surroundings clean, so that you reduce the chances of
spreading germs and diseases.

For instance, think about the kitchen in your home. Good hygiene means ensuring that the kitchen is
always spick and span, the food is put away, dishes are washed and dustbins are not overflowing
with garbage. Doing all this will reduce the chances of attracting pests like rats or cockroaches, and
prevent the growth of fungus and other bacteria, which could spread disease.

How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you.

1 Have a bath or shower every day with soap – and wash your hair with shampoo 2-3 times
a week
2 Wear a fresh pair of clean undergarments every day
3 Brush your teeth in the morning and before going to bed

4 Cut your fingernails and toenails regularly

242
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

5 Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet

6 Use an anti-perspirant deodorant on your underarms if you sweat a lot
7 Wash your hands with soap before cooking or eating
8 Stay home when you are sick, so other people don’t catch what you have
9 Wash dirty clothes with laundry soap before wearing them again
10 Cover your nose with a tissue/your hand when coughing or sneezing

See how healthy and hygienic you are, by giving yourself 1 point for every ticked statement! Then
take a look at what your score means.

Your Score

• 0-7/20: You need to work a lot harder to stay ft and fine! Make it a point to practice good
habits daily andsee how much better you feel!
• 7-14/20: Not bad, but there is scope for improvement! Try and add a few more good habits to
your dailyroutine.
• 14-20/20: Great job! Keep up the good work! Your body and mind thank you!

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

We have already discussed the importance of following good hygiene and health practices for
ourselves. But, it is not enough for us to be healthy and hygienic. We must also extend this standard
to our homes, our immediate surroundings and to our country as a whole.

The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ (Clean India Mission) launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi
on 2nd October 2014, believes in doing exactly this. The aim of this mission is to clean the streets
and roads of India and raise the overall level of cleanliness. Currently this mission covers 4,041 cities
and towns across the country. Millions of our people have taken the pledge for a clean India. You
should take the pledge too, and do everything possible to keep our country clean!

What are Habits?

A habit is a behavior that is repeated frequently. All of us have good habits and bad habits. Keep in
mind the phrase by John Dryden: “We first make our habits, and then our habits make us.” This is

243
Participant Handbook

why it is so important that you make good habits a way of life, and consciously avoid practicing bad
habits.

Some good habits that you should make part of your daily routine are:

• Always having a positive attitude

• Making exercise a part of your daily routine
• Reading motivational and inspirational stories
• Smiling! Make it a habit to smile as often as possible
• Making time for family and friends
• Going to bed early and waking up early
• Some bad habits that you should quit immediately are:
• Skipping breakfast
• Snacking frequently even when you are not hungry
• Eating too much fattening and sugary food
• Smoking, drinking alcohol and doing drugs
• Spending more money than you can afford
• Worrying about unimportant issues
• Staying up late and waking up late

Tips
Following healthy and hygienic practices every day will make you feel good mentally and physically.
Hygiene is two-thirds of health – so good hygiene will help you stay strong and healthy!

Negotiable Employee Safety Habits

Every employer is obligated to ensure that his tailoring shop follows the highest possible safety
protocol. When setting up a business, owners must make it a point to:
• Immediately report unsafe conditions to a supervisor
• Recognize and report safety hazards that could lead to slips, trips and falls

244
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Report all injuries and accidents to a supervisor

• Wear the correct protective equipment when required
• Learn how to correctly use equipment provided for safety purposes
• Be aware of and avoid actions that could endanger other people
• Take rest breaks during the day and some time off from work during the week

9.1.1. Self Analysis – Attitude, Achievement Motivation

To truly achieve your full potential, you need to take a deep look inside yourself and find out what
kind of person you really are. This attempt to understand your personality is known as self-analysis.
Assessing yourself in this manner will help you grow, and will also help you to identify areas within
yourself that need to be further developed, changed or eliminated. You can better understand
yourself by taking a deep look at what motivates you, what your attitude is like, and what your
strengths and weaknesses are.

What is Motivation?

Famous American psychologist Abraham Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He
believed that people have five types of needs, ranging from very basic needs (called physiological needs)
to more important needs that are required for self-growth (called self- actualization needs). Between the
physiological and self-actualization needs are three other needs – safety needs, belongingness and love
needs, and esteem needs. These needs are usually shown as a pyramid with five levels and are known as
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

245
Participant Handbook

Fig 9.2.1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

As you can see from the pyramid, the lowest level depicts the most basic needs. Maslow believed
that our behavior is motivated by our basic needs, until those needs are met. Once they are
fulfilled, we move to the next level and are motive by the next level of needs. Let’s understand
this better with an example.

Rupa comes from a very poor family. She never has enough food, water, warmth or rest.
According to Maslow, until Rupa is sure that she will get these basic needs, she will not even think
about the next level of needs – her safety needs. But, once Rupa is confident that her basic needs
will be met, she will move to the next level, and her behavior will then be motivated by her need
for security and safety. Once these new needs are met, Rupa will once again move to the next
level, and be motivated by her need for relationships and friends. Once this need is satisfied,
Rupa will then focus on the fourth level of needs – her esteem needs, after which she will move
up to the fifth and last level of needs – the desire to achieve her full potential.

246
277
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Understanding Achievement Motivation

We now know that people are motivated by basic, psychological and self-fulfillment needs.
However, certain people are also motivated by the achievement of highly challenging
accomplishments. This is known as Achievement Motivation, or ‘need for achievement’.

The level of motivation achievement in a person differs from individual to individual. It is important that
entrepreneurs have a high level of achievement motivation – a deep desire to accomplish something
important and unique. It is equally important that they hire people who are also highly motivated by
challenges and success.

What Motivates You?

What are the things that really motivate you? List down five things that really motivate you.
Remember to answer honestly!

I am motivated by:

..................................................................................................................................................................

247
278
Participant Handbook

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs with Achievement Motivation

• Entrepreneurs with achievement motivation can be described as follows:

• Unafraid to take risks for personal accomplishment
• Love being challenged Future-oriented Flexible and adaptive
• Value negative feedback more than positive feedback
• Very persistent when it comes to achieving goals
• Extremely courageous
• Highly creative and innovative
• Restless - constantly looking to achieve more
• Feel personally responsible for solving problems

Think about it:

• How many of these traits do you have?

• Can you think of entrepreneurs who display these traits?

How to Cultivate a Positive Attitude

The good news is attitude is a choice. So it is possible to improve, control and change our attitude, if
we decide we want to! The following tips help foster a positive mindset:

• Remember that you control your attitude, not the other way around
• Devote at least 15 minutes a day towards reading, watching or listening to something
positive
• Avoid negative people who only complain and stop complaining yourself
• Expand your vocabulary with positive words and delete negative phrases from your mind
• Be appreciative and focus on what’s good in yourself, in your life, and in others
• Stop thinking of yourself as a victim and start being proactive
• Imagine yourself succeeding and achieving your goals

248
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.1.1. What is Attitude?

Now that we understand why motivation is so important for self-analysis, let’s look at the role our
attitude plays in better understanding ourselves. Attitude can be described as your tendency
(positive or negative), to think and feel about someone or something. Attitude is the foundation for
success in every aspect of life. Our attitude can be our best friend or our worst enemy. In other
words:

“The only disability in life is a bad attitude.”

When you start a business, you are sure to encounter a wide variety of emotions, from difficult
times and failures to good times and successes. Your attitude is what will see you through the tough
times and guide you towards success. Attitude is also infectious. It affects everyone around you,
from your customers to your employees to your investors. A positive attitude helps build confidence
in the tailoring shop while a negative attitude is likely to result in the de-motivation of your people.

What Are Your Strengths and Weaknesses

Another way to analyze you is by honestly identifying your strengths and weaknesses. This will help
you use your strengths to your best advantage and reduce your weaknesses.

Note down all your strengths and weaknesses in the two columns below. Remember to be honest with
yourself!

Strengths Weaknesses

249
Participant Handbook

9.1.1. Honesty & Work Ethics: What is Honesty?

Honesty is the quality of being fair and truthful. It means speaking and acting in a manner that
inspires trust. A person who is described as honest is seen as truthful and sincere, and as someone
who isn’t deceitful or devious and doesn’t steal or cheat. There are two dimensions of honesty – one
is honesty in communication and the other is honesty in conduct.

Honesty is an extremely important trait because it results in peace of mind and builds relationships
that are based on trust. Being dishonest, on the other hand, results in anxiety and leads to
relationships full of distrust and conflict.

Qualities of Honest People

Honest individuals have certain distinct characteristics. Some common qualities among honest
people are:

They don’t worry about what others think of them. They believe in being themselves – they don’t
bother about whether they are liked or disliked for their personalities.
They stand up for their beliefs. They won’t think twice about giving their honest opinion, even if they
are aware that their point of view lies with the minority.
They are thinking skinned. This means they are not affected by others judging them harshly for their
honest opinions.
They forge trusting, meaningful and healthy friendships. Honest people usually surround themselves
with honest friends. They have faith that their friends will be truthful and upfront with them at all
times.
They are trusted by their peers. They are seen as people who can be counted on for truthful and
objective feedback and advice.

Honesty and employees: When entrepreneurs build honest relationships with their employees, it
leads tomore transparency in the tailoring shop, which results in higher work performance and
better results.
Honesty and investors: For entrepreneurs, being honest with investor’s means not only sharing
strengthsbut also candidly disclosing current and potential weaknesses, problem areas and solution
strategies. Keep in mind that investors have a lot of experience with startups and are aware that all

250
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

new companies have problems. Claiming that everything is perfectly fine and running smoothly is a
red flag for most investors.

Honesty with oneself: The consequences of being dishonest with oneself can lead to dire results,
especiallyin the case of entrepreneurs. For entrepreneurs to succeed, it is critical that they remain
realistic about their situation at all times, and accurately judge every aspect of their enterprise for
what it truly is.

Importance of Honesty in Entrepreneurs

One of the most important characteristics of entrepreneurs is honesty. When entrepreneurs are
honest with their customers, employees and investors, it shows that they respect those that they
work with. It is also important that entrepreneurs remain honest with themselves. Let’s look at how
being honest would lead to great benefits for entrepreneurs.

Honesty and customers: When entrepreneurs are honest with their customers it leads to
strongerrelationships, which in turn results in business growth and a stronger customer network.

9.1.1. What are Work Ethics?

Being ethical in the tailoring shop means displaying values like honesty, integrity and respect in all
your decisions and communications. It means not displaying negative qualities like lying, cheating
and stealing.

Tailoring Shop ethics play a big role in the profitability of a company. It is as crucial to an enterprise
as high morale and teamwork. This is why most companies lay down specific tailoring shop ethic
guidelines that must compulsorily be followed by their employees. These guidelines are typically
outlined in a company’s employee handbook.

Elements of a Strong Work Ethic

An entrepreneur must display strong work ethics, as well as hire only those individuals who believe
in and display the same level of ethical behavior in the tailoring shop. Some elements of a strong
work ethic are:

251
Participant Handbook

Professionalism: This involves everything from how you present yourself in a corporate setting to
the mannerin which you treat others in the tailoring shop.
Respectfulness: This means remaining poised and diplomatic regardless of how stressful or volatile a
situationis.
Dependability: This means always keeping your word, whether it’s arriving on time for a meeting or
deliveringwork on time.
Dedication: This means refusing to quit until the designated work is done, and completing the work
at thehighest possible level of excellence.
Determination: This means embracing obstacles as challenges rather than letting them stop you,
and pushingahead with purpose and resilience to get the desired results.
Accountability: This means taking responsibility for your actions and the consequences of your
actions, andnot making excuses for your mistakes.
Humility: This means acknowledging everyone’s efforts and had work, and sharing the credit
foraccomplishments.
How to Foster a Good Work Ethic

As an entrepreneur, it is important that you clearly define the kind of behavior that you expect from
each and every team member in the tailoring shop. You should make it clear that you expect
employees to display positive work ethics like:

Honesty: All work assigned to a person should be done with complete honesty, without any deceit
or lies.
Good attitude: All team members should be optimistic, energetic, and positive.
Reliability: Employees should show up where they are supposed to be, when they are supposed to be
there.
Good work habits: Employees should always be well groomed, never use inappropriate language;
conductthemselves professionally at all times, etc.
Initiative: Doing the bare minimum is not enough. Every team member needs to be proactive and
showinitiative.
Trustworthiness: Trust is non-negotiable. If an employee cannot be trusted, it’s time to let that employee
go.

252
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Respect: Employees need to respect the company, the law, their work, their colleagues and
themselves.
Integrity: Each and every team member should be completely ethical and must display above board
behaviorat all times.
Efficiency: Efficient employees help a company grow while inefficient employees result in a waste of
timeand resources.

9.1.1. Creativity & Innovation

What is Creativity?

Creativity means thinking outside the box. It means viewing things in new ways or from different
perspectives, and then converting these ideas into reality. Creativity involves two parts: thinking and
producing. Simply having an idea makes you imaginative, not creative. However, having an idea and
acting on it makes you creative.

Characteristics of Highly Creative People

• They are imaginative and playful

• They see issues from different angles
• They notice small details
• They have very little tolerance for boredom
• They detest rules and routine
• They love to daydream
• They are very curious
What is Innovation?

There are many different definitions of innovation. In simple terms, innovation means turning an
idea into a solution that adds value. It can also mean adding value by implementing a new product,
service or process, or significantly improving on an existing product, service or process.

Characteristics of Highly Innovative People

253
Participant Handbook

• They embrace doing things differently

• They don’t believe in taking shortcuts
• They are not afraid to be unconventional
• They are highly proactive and persistent
• They are organized, cautious and risk-averse

9.1.1. Time Management

Time management is the process organizing your time, and deciding how to allocate your time
between different activities. Good time management is the difference between working smart
(getting more done in less time) and working hard (working for more time to get more done).

Effective time management leads to an efficient work output, even when you are faced with tight
deadlines and high pressure situations. On the other hand, not managing your time effectively
results in inefficient output and increases stress and anxiety.

Benefits of Time Management

Time management can lead to huge benefits like:

• Greater productivity
• Higher efficiency
• Better professional reputation
• Reduced stress
• Higher chances for career advancement
• Greater opportunities to achieve goals
Not managing time effectively can result in undesirable consequences like:

• Missing deadlines
• Inefficient work output
• Substandard work quality
• Poor professional reputation

254
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Stalled career
• Increase in stress and anxiety

Traits of Effective Time Managers

Some traits of effective time managers are:

• They begin projects early

• They set daily objectives
• They modify plans if required, to achieve better results
• They are flexible and open-minded
• They inform people in advance if their help will be required
• They know how to say no
• They break tasks into steps with specific deadlines
• They continually review long term goals
• They think of alternate solutions if and when required
• They ask for help when required They create backup plans

Effective Time Management Techniques

You can manage your time better by putting into practice certain time management techniques.
Some helpful tips are:

Plan out your day as well as plan for interruptions. Give yourself at least 30 minutes to figure out
your timeplan. In your plan, schedule some time for interruptions.
Put up a “Do not disturb” sign when you absolutely have to complete a certain amount of work.
Close your mind to all distractions. Train yourself to ignore ringing phones, don’t reply to chat
messages anddisconnect from social media sites.
Delegate your work. This will not only help your work get done faster, but will also show you the
unique skillsand abilities of those around you.
Stop procrastinating. Remind yourself that procrastination typically arises due to the fear of failure
or thebelief that you cannot do things as perfectly as you wish to do them.
Prioritize. List each task to be completed in order of its urgency or importance level. Then focus on
completingeach task, one by one.

255
Participant Handbook

Maintain a log of your work activities. Analyze the log to help you understand how efficient you are,
and howmuch time is wasted every day.
Create time management goals to reduce time wastage.

9.1.1. Anger Management

Anger management is the process of:

• Learning to recognize the signs that you, or someone else, is becoming angry
• Taking the best course of action to calm down the situation in a positive way Anger
management does not mean suppressing anger
Importance of Anger Management

Anger is a perfectly normal human emotion. In fact, when managed the right way, anger can be
considered a healthy emotion. However, if it is not kept in check, anger can make us act
inappropriately and can lead to us saying or doing things that we will likely later regret.

Extreme anger can:

• Hurt you physically: It leads to heart disease, diabetes, a weakened immune system,
insomnia, and highblood pressure.
• Hurt you mentally: It can cloud your thinking and lead to stress, depression and mental
health issues.
• Hurt your career: It can result in alienating your colleagues, bosses, clients and lead to the
loss of respect.
• Hurt your relationships: It makes it hard for your family and friends to trust you, be honest
with you and feelcomfortable around you.
This is why anger management, or managing anger appropriately, is so important.

Anger Management Strategies

256
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Here are some strategies that can help you control your anger:

Strategy 1: Relaxation
287
• Something as simple as breathing deeply and looking at relaxing images works wonders in
calming down angry feelings. Try this simple breathing exercise:
• Take a deep breath from your diaphragm (don’t breathe from your chest)
• Visualize your breath coming up from your stomach
• Keep repeating a calming word like ‘relax’ or ‘take it easy’ (remember to keep breathing
deeply while repeating the word)
• Picture a relaxing moment (this can be from your memory or your imagination)
• Follow this relaxation technique daily, especially when you realize that you’re starting to feel
angry.
Strategy 2: Cognitive Restructuring

Cognitive restructuring means changing the manner in which you think. Anger can make you curse,
swear, exaggerate and act very dramatically. When this happens, force yourself to replace your
angry thoughts with more logical ones. For instance, instead of thinking ‘Everything is ruined’ change
your mindset and tell yourself ‘It’s not the end of the world and getting angry won’t solve this’.

Strategy 3: Problem Solving

Getting angry about a problem that you cannot control is a perfectly natural response. Sometimes,
try as you may, there may not be a solution to the difficulty you are faced with. In such cases, stop
focusing on solving the problem, and instead focus on handling and facing the problem. Remind
yourself that you will do your best to deal with the situation, but that you will not blame yourself if
you don’t get the solution you desire.

Strategy 4: Better Communication

When you’re angry, it is very easy to jump to inaccurate conclusions. In this case, you need to force
yourself to stop reacting, and think carefully about what you want to say, before saying it. Avoid

257
Participant Handbook

saying the first thing that enters your head. Force yourself to listen carefully to what the other
person is saying. Then think about the conversation before responding.

Strategy 5: Changing Your Environment

If you find that your environment is the cause of your anger, try and give yourself a break from your
surroundings. Make an active decision to schedule some personal time for yourself, especially on
days that are very hectic and stressful. Having even a brief amount of quiet or alone time is sure to
help calm you down.

Tips for Anger Management

The following tips will help you keep your anger in check:

• Take some time to collect your thoughts before you speak out in anger.
• Express the reason for your anger in an assertive, but non-confrontational manner once you
have calmed down.
• Do some form of physical exercise like running or walking briskly when you feel yourself
getting angry?
• Make short breaks part of your daily routine, especially during days that are stressful. Focus on
how to solve a problem that’s making you angry, rather than focusing on the fact that the
problem is making you angry.

9.1.1. Stress Management

We say we are ‘stressed’ when we feel overloaded and unsure of our ability to deal with the
pressures placed on us. Anything that challenges or threatens our well-being can be defending as a
stress. It is important to note that stress can be good and bad. While good stress keeps us going,
negative stress undermines our mental and physical health. This is why it is so important to manage
negative stress effectively.

258
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Causes of Stress

Internal causes of stress:

• Constant worry
• Rigid thinking
• Unrealistic expectations
• Pessimism
• Negative self-talk
• All in or all out attitude
External causes of stress:

• Major life changes

• Difficulties with relationships
• Having too much to do
• Difficulties at work or in school
• Financial difficulties
• Worrying about one’s children and/or family
Symptoms of Stress

Stress can manifest itself in numerous ways. Take a look at the cognitive, emotional, physical and
behavioral symptoms of stress.

Cognitive Symptoms Emotional Symptoms

• Memory problems • Depression

• Concentration issues • Agitation
• Lack of judgment • Irritability
• Pessimism • Loneliness
• Anxiety • Anxiety
• Constant worrying • Anger

259
Participant Handbook

Physical Symptoms Behavioral Symptoms

• Aches and pain • Increase or decrease in appetite

• Diarrhea or constipation • Over sleeping or not sleeping
• Nausea enough
• Dizziness • Withdrawing socially
• Chest pain and/or rapid heartbeat • Ignoring responsibilities
• Frequent cold or flu like feelings • Consumption of alcohol or
cigarettes
• Nervous habits like nail biting,
pacing etc.

Tips to Manage Stress

The following tips can help you manage your stress better:

• Note down the different ways in which you can handle the various sources of your stress.
• Remember that you cannot control everything, but you can control how you respond.
• Discuss your feelings, opinions and beliefs rather than reacting angrily, defensively or
passively.
• Practice relaxation techniques like meditation, yoga or tai chi when you start feeling stressed.
• Devote a part of your day towards exercise.
• Eat healthy foods like fruits and vegetables. Avoid unhealthy foods especially those
containing large amounts of sugar.
• Plan your day so that you can manage your time better, with less stress.
• Say no to people and things when required.
• Schedule time to pursue your hobbies and interests.
• Ensure you get at least 7-8 hours of sleep.
• Reduce your caffeine intake.
• Increase the time spent with family and friends.

260
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Unit 9.2- Digital Literacy: A Recap

Unit Objectives

At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Identify the basic parts of a computer

• Identify the basic parts of a keyboard
• Recall basic computer terminology
• Recall basic computer terminology
• Recall the functions of basic computer keys
• Discuss the main applications of MS Office
• Discuss the benefits of Microsoft Outlook
• Discuss the different types of e-commerce
• List the benefits of e-commerce for retailers and customers
• Discuss how the Digital India campaign will help boost e-commerce in India
• Describe how you will sell a product or service on an e-commerce platform

1.2.1 Computer and Internet Basics

261
Participant Handbook

Basic Parts of a Computer

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out program
instructions.
• Hard Drive: A device that stores large amounts of data.
• Monitor: The device that contains the computer screen where the information is visually
displayed.
• Desktop: The first screen displayed after the operating system loads.
• Background: The image that fills the background of the desktop.
• Mouse: A hand-held device used to point to items on the monitor.
• Speakers: Devices that enable you to hear sound from the computer.
• Printer: A device that converts output from a computer into printed paper documents.
• Icon: A small picture or image that visually represents something on your computer.
• Cursor: An arrow which indicates where you are positioned on the screen.
• Program Menu: A list of programs on your computer that can be accessed from the Start
menu.
• Taskbar: The horizontal bar at the bottom of the computer screen that lists applications that
are currently inuse.
• Recycle Bin: A temporary storage for deleted files.

Basic Internet Terms

• The Internet: Avast, international collection of computer networks that transfer’s

information.
• The World Wide Web: A system that lets you access information on the Internet.
• Website: A location on the World Wide Web (and Internet) that contains information about
a specific topic.
• Homepage: Provides information about a website and directs you to other pages on that
website.
• Link/Hyperlink: A highlighted or underlined icon, graphic, or text that takes you to another
file or object.
• Web Address/URL: The address for a website.
• Address Box: A box in the browser window where you can type in a web address.

262
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Basic Computer Keys

• Arrow Keys: Press these keys to move your cursor.

• Space bar: Adds a space.
• Enter/Return: Moves your cursor to a new line.
• Shift: Press this key if you want to type a capital letter or the upper symbol of a key.
• Caps Lock: Press this key if you want all the letters you type to be capital letters. Press it again
to revert backto typing lowercase letters.
• Backspace: Deletes everything to the left of your cursor.

MS Office and Email

About MS Office

MS Office or Microsoft Office is a suite of computer programs developed by Microsoft. Although

meant for all users, it offers different versions that cater specifically to students, home users and
business users. All the programs are compatible with both, Windows and Macintosh.

Most Popular Office Products

• Microsoft Word: Allows users to type text and add images to a document.
• Microsoft Excel: Allows users to enter data into a spreadsheet and create calculations and
graphs.
• Microsoft PowerPoint: Allows users to add text, pictures and media and create slideshows and
presentations.
• Microsoft Outlook: Allows users to send and receive email.
• Microsoft OneNote: Allows users to make drawings and notes with the feel of a pen on
paper.
• Microsoft Access: Allows users to store data over many tables.

Why Choose Microsoft Outlook

A popular email management choice especially in the tailoring shop, Microsoft Outlook also includes
an address book, notebook, web browser and calendar. Some major benefits of this program are:

263
Participant Handbook

• Integrated search function: You can use keywords to search for data across all Outlook
programs.
• Enhanced security: Your email is safe from hackers, junk mail and phishing website email.
• Email syncing: Sync your mail with your calendar, contact list, notes in One Note and…your
phone!
• Offline access to email: No Internet? No problem! Write emails offline and send them when
you’re connectedagain.

9.2.1. E-Commerce
What is E-Commerce

E-commerce is the buying or selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of money or data,
electronically on the internet. E-Commerce is the short form for “electronic commerce.”

Examples of E-Commerce:

• Online shopping Online auctions

• Online ticketing
• Electronic payments
• Internet banking
Types of E-Commerce

E-commerce can be classified based on the types of participants in the transaction. The main types
of e-commerce are:

• Business to Business (B2B): Both the transacting parties are businesses.

• Business to Consumer (B2C): Businesses sell electronically to end-consumers.
• Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Consumers come together to buy, sell or trade items to other
consumers.
• Consumer-to-Business (C2B): Consumers make products or services available for purchase to
companieslooking for exactly those services or products.

264
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Business-to-Administration (B2A): Online transactions conducted between companies and

publicadministration.
• Consumer-to-Administration (C2A): Online transactions conducted between individuals and
publicadministration.
Benefits of E-Commerce
The e-commerce business provides some benefits for retailers and customers.

Benefits for retailers:

• Establishes an online presence

• Reduces operational costs by removing overhead costs
• Increases brand awareness through the use of good keywords
• Increases sales by removing geographical and time constraints
Benefits for customers:

• Offers a wider range of choice than any physical store

• Enables goods and services to be purchased from remote locations
• Enables consumers to perform price comparisons

9.2.1. Digital India Campaign

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Digital India campaign in 2015, with the objective of
offering every citizen of India access to digital services, knowledge and information. The campaign
aims to improve the country’s online infrastructure and increase internet connectivity, thus boosting
the e-commerce industry.

Currently, the majority of online transactions come from tier 2 and tier 3 cities. Once the Digital India
campaign is in place, the government will deliver services through mobile connectivity, which will help
deliver internet to remote corners of the country. This will help the e-commerce market to enter India’s
tier 4 towns and rural areas.

265
Participant Handbook

E-Commerce Activity

Choose a product or service that you want to sell online. Write a brief note explaining how you will
use existing e-commerce platforms, or create a new e-commerce platform, to sell your product or
service.

266
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Unit 9.3: Money Matters

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Discuss the importance of saving money

• Discuss the benefits of saving money
• Discuss the main types of bank accounts
• Describe the process of opening a bank account
• Differentiate between fixed and variable costs
• Describe the main types of investment options
• Describe the different types of insurance products
• Describe the different types of taxes
• Discuss the uses of online banking
• Discuss the main types of electronic funds transfers

9.3.1. Personal Finance – Why to Save

Importance of Saving

We all know that the future is unpredictable. You never know what will happen tomorrow, next week or
next year. That’s why saving money steadily through the years is so important. Saving money will help
improve your financial situation over time. But more importantly, knowing that you have money stashed
away for an emergencywill give you peace of mind. Saving money also opens the door to many more
options and possibilities.

Benefits of Saving

Inculcating the habit of saving leads to a vast number of benefits. Saving helps you:

Become financially independent: When you have enough money saved up to feel secure you can start
makingyour choices, from taking a vacation whenever you want, to switching careers or starting your
own business.

267
Participant Handbook

Invest in yourself through education: Through saving, you can earn enough to pay up for courses
that willadd to your professional experience and ultimately result in higher paying jobs.

Get out of debt: Once you have saved enough as a reserve fund, you can use your savings to pay off
debtslike loans or bills that have accumulated over time.

Be prepared for surprise expenses: Having money saved enables you to pay for unforeseen
expenses likesudden car or house repairs, without feeling financially stressed.

Pay for emergencies: Saving helps you deal with emergencies like sudden health issues or
emergency tripswithout feeling financially burdened.

Afford large purchases and achieve major goals: Saving diligently makes it possible to place down
paymentstowards major purchases and goals, like buying a home or a car.

Retire: The money you have saved over the years will keep you comfortable when you no longer
have theincome you would get from your job.

9.3.1. Types of Bank Accounts

In India, banks offer four main types of bank accounts. These are:

• Current Accounts
• Savings Accounts
• Recurring Deposit Accounts
• Fixed Deposit Accounts

Current Accounts

Current accounts offer the most liquid deposits and thus, are best suited for businessmen and
companies. As these accounts are not meant for investments and savings, there is no imposed limit

268
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

on the number or amount of transactions that can be made on any given day. Current account
holders are not paid any interest on the amounts held in their accounts. They are charged for certain
services offered on such accounts.

Savings Accounts

Savings accounts are meant to promote savings, and are therefore the number one choice for
salaried individuals, pensioners and students. While there is no restriction on the number and
amount of deposits made, there are usually restrictions on the number and amount of withdrawals.
Savings account holders are paid interest on their savings.

Recurring Deposit Accounts

Recurring Deposit accounts, also called RD accounts, are the accounts of choice for those who want
to save an amount every month, but are unable to invest a large sum at one time. Such account
holders deposit a small, fixed amount every month for a pre-determined period (minimum 6
months). Defaulting on a monthly payment results in the account holder being charged a penalty
amount. The total amount is repaid with interest at the end of the specified period.

Fixed Deposit Accounts

Fixed Deposit accounts, also called FD accounts, are ideal for those who wish to deposit their savings
for a long term in return for a high rate of interest. The rate of interest offered depends on the
amount deposited and the time period, and also differs from bank to bank. In the case of an FD, a
certain amount of money is deposited by the account holder for a fixed period of time. The money
can be withdrawn when the period expires. If necessary, the depositor can break the fixed deposit
prematurely. However, this usually attracts a penalty amount which also differs from bank to bank.

269
Participant Handbook

9.3.1. Opening a Bank Account

Opening a bank account is quite a simple process. Take a look at the steps to open an account of
your own:

Step 1: Fill in the Account Opening Form

2
This form requires you to provide the following information:

• Personal details (name, address, phone number, date of birth, gender, occupation, address)
• Method of receiving your account statement (hard copy/email)
• Details of your initial deposit (cash/cherub)
• Manner of operating your account (online/mobile banking/traditional via cheque, slip books
• Ensure that you sign wherever required on the form.

Step 2: Affix your Photograph

Stick a recent photograph of yourself in the allotted space on the form.

Step 3: Provide your Know Your Customer (KYC) Details

KYC is a process that helps banks verifies the identity and address of their customers. To open an
account, every individual needs to submit certain approved documents with respect to photo
identity (ID) and address proof. Some Officially Valid Documents (OVDs) are:

• Passport
• Driving License
• Voters’ Identity Card
• PAN Card
• UIDAI (Aadhaar) Card

Step 4: Submit All your Documents

Submit the completed Account Opening Form and KYC documents. Then wait until the forms are
processed and your account has been opened!

270
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.3.1. Costs: Fixed vs Variable

What are Fixed and Variable Costs

Fixed costs and variable costs together make up a company’s total cost. These are the two types of
costs that companies have to bear when producing goods and services.

A fixed cost does not change with the volume of goods or services a company produces. It always
remains the same.

A variable cost, on the other hand, increases and decreases depending on the volume of goods and
services produced. In other words, it varies with the amount produced.

Differences between Fixed and Variable Costs

Let’s take a look at some of the main differences between fixed and variable costs:

Criteria Fixed Costs Variable Costs

Meaning A cost that stays the same, A cost that changes when the
regardless of the output produced.

Nature Time related. Volume related.

Incurred Incurred irrespective of units being Incurred only when units are produced.
produced.

Unit cost Inversely proportional to the Remains the same, per unit.

Number of units produced.

Examples Depreciation, rent, salary, Material consumed, wages, commission on

insurance, tax etc. sales, packing expenses, etc.

271
Participant Handbook

9.3.1. Investment, Insurance and Taxes

Investment: Investment means that money is spent today with the aim of reaping financial gains at a
future time. The main types of investment options are as follows:

Bonds: Bonds are instruments used by public and private companies to raise large sums of money –
too largeto be borrowed from a bank. These bonds are then issued in the public market and are
bought by lenders.

Stocks: Stocks or equity are shares that are issued by companies and are bought by the general
public.

Small Savings Schemes: Small Savings Schemes are tools meant to save money in small amounts.
Somepopular schemes are the Employees Provident Fund, Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme and National
Pension Scheme.

Mutual Funds: Mutual Funds are professionally managed financial instruments that invest money in
differentsecurities on behalf of investors.

Fixed Deposits: A fixed amount of money is kept aside with a financial institution for a fixed amount
of timein return for interest on the money.

Real Estate: Loans are taken from banks to purchase real estate, which is then leased or sold with
the aim ofmaking a profit on the appreciated property price.

Hedge Funds: Hedge funds invest in both financial derivatives and/or publicly traded securities.

Private Equity: Private Equity is trading in the shares of an operating company that is not publicly
listed andwhose shares are not available on the stock market.

Venture Capital: Venture Capital involves investing substantial capital in a budding company in
return forstocks in that company.

Insurance: There are two types of insurance:

272
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Life Insurance
• Non-Life or General Insurance.

Life Insurance Products

The main life insurance products are:

• Term Insurance: This is the simplest and cheapest form of insurance. It offers financial
protection for specified tenure, say 15 to 20 years. In the case of your death, your family is
paid the sum assured. In the case of your surviving the term, the insurer pays nothing.
• Endowment Policy: This offers the dual benefit of insurance and investment. Part of the
premium is allocated towards the sum assured, while the remaining premium gets invested
in equity and debt. It pays a lump sum amount after the specified duration or on the death
of the policyholder, whichever is earlier.
• Unit-Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP): Here part of the premium is spent on the life cover, while
the remaining amount is invested in equity and debt. It helps develop a regular saving habit.
• Money Back Life Insurance: While the policyholder is alive, periodic payments of the partial
survival benefits are made during the policy tenure. On the death of the insured, the
insurance company pays the full sum assured along with survival benefits.
• Whole Life Insurance: It offers the dual benefit of insurance and investment. It offers
insurance cover for the whole life of the person or up to 100 years whichever is earlier.

General Insurance

General Insurance deals with all insurance covering assets like animals, agricultural crops, goods,
factories, cars and so on.

General Insurance Products:

• Motor Insurance: This can be divided into Four Wheeler Insurance and Two Wheeler
Insurance.
• Health Insurance: The main types of health insurance are individual health insurance, family
floater health insurance, comprehensive health insurance and critical illness insurance.
• Travel Insurance: This can be categorized into Individual Travel Policy, Family Travel Policy,
Student Travel Insurance and Senior Citizen Health Insurance.

303
273
Participant Handbook

• Home Insurance: This protects the house and its contents from risk.
• Marine Insurance: This insurance covers goods, freight, cargo etc. against loss or damage
during transit by rail, road, sea and/or air.
Taxes

There are two types of taxes:

• Direct Taxes
• Indirect Taxes

Direct Tax: Direct taxes are levied directly on an entity or a person and are non-transferrable. Some
examples of Direct Taxes are:

• Income Tax: This tax is levied on your earning in a financial year. It is applicable to both,
individuals and companies.
• Capital Gains Tax: This tax is payable whenever you receive a sizable amount of money. It is
usually of two types – short term capital gains from investments held for less than 36
months and long term capital gains from investments held for longer than 36 months.
• Securities Transaction Tax: This tax is added to the price of a share. It is levied every time
you buy or sell shares.
• Perquisite Tax: This tax is levied is on perks that have been acquired by a company or used
by an employee.
• Corporate Tax: Corporate tax is paid by companies from the revenue they earn.
Indirect Tax: Indirect taxes are levied on goods or services. Some examples of Indirect Taxes are:

• Sales Tax: Sales Tax is levied on the sale of a product.

• Service Tax: Service Tax is added to services provided in India.
• Value Added Tax: Value Added Tax is levied at the discretion of the state government. The
tax is levied on goods sold in the state. The tax amount is decided by the state.
• Customs Duty & Octroi: Customs Duty is a charge that is applied on purchases that are
imported from another country. Octroi is levied on goods that cross state borders within
India.
• Excise Duty: Excise Duty is levied on all goods manufactured or produced in India.

274
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.3.1. Online Banking, NEFT, RTGS etc

What is Online Banking

Internet or online banking allows account holders to access their account from a laptop at any
location. In this way, instructions can be issued. To access an account, account holders simply need
to use their unique customer ID number and password.

Internet banking can be used to:

• Find out an account balance

• Transfer amounts from one account to another
• Arrange for the issuance of cheques
• Instruct payments to be made
• Request for a cheque book
• Request for a statement of accounts
• Make a fixed deposit

Electronic Funds Transfers

Electronic funds transfer is a convenient way of transferring money from the comfort of one’s own
home, using integrated banking tools like internet and mobile banking.

Transferring funds via an electronic gateway is extremely convenient. With the help of online
banking, you can choose to:

• Transfer funds into your own accounts of the same bank.

• Transfer funds into different accounts of the same bank.
• Transfer funds into accounts in different banks, using NEFT.
• Transfer funds into other bank accounts using RTGS.
• Transfer funds into various accounts using IMPS.

NEFT

275
Participant Handbook

NEFT stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer. This money transfer system allows you to
electronically transfer funds from your respective bank accounts to any other account, either in the
same bank or belonging to any other bank. NEFT can be used by individuals, forms and corporate
organizations to transfer funds between accounts.

In order to transfer funds via NEFT, two things are required:

• A transferring bank
• A destination bank
• Before you can transfer funds through NEFT, you will need to register the beneficiary who
will be receiving the funds. In order to complete this registration, you will require the
following
• Recipient’s name
• Recipient’s account number
• Recipient’s bank’s name
• Recipient’s bank’s IFSC code

RTGS

RTGS stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. This is a real time funds transfer system which enables you
to transfer funds from one bank to another, in real time or on a gross basis. The transferred amount is
immediately deducted from the account of one bank, and instantly credited to the other bank’s account.
The RTGS payment gateway is maintained by the Reserve Bank of India. The transactions between banks
are made electronically.

RTGS can be used by individuals, companies and firms to transfer large sums of money. Before
remitting funds through RTGS, you will need to add the beneficiary and his bank account details via
your online banking account. In order to complete this registration, you will require the following
information:

• Name of the beneficiary

• Beneficiary’s account number
• Beneficiary’s bank address
• Bank’s IFSC code

276
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

IMPS

IMPS stands for Immediate Payment Service. This is a real-time, inter-bank, electronic funds transfer
system used to transfer money instantly within banks across India. IMPS enable users to make
instant electronic transfer payments using mobile phones through both, Mobile Banking and SMS. It
can also be used through ATMs and online banking. IMPS are available 24 hours a day and 7 days a
week. The system features a secure transfer gateway and immediately confirms orders that have
been fulfilled.

To transfer money through IMPS, the you need to:

• Register for IMPS with your bank

• Receive a Mobile Money Identifier (MMID) from the bank
• Receive a MPIN from the bank
• Once you have both these, you can login or make a request through SMS to transfer a
particular amount to a beneficiary.

For the beneficiary to receive the transferred money, he must:

• Link his mobile number with his respective account

• Receive the MMID from the bank

In order to initiate a money transfer through IMPS, you will need to enter the following information:

• The beneficiary’s mobile number

• The beneficiary’s MMID
• The transfer amount
• Your MPIN

As soon as money has been deducted from your account and credited into the beneficiary’s account,
you will be sent a confirmation SMS with a transaction reference number, for future reference.

Differences between NEFT, RTGS & IMPS

277
Participant Handbook

278
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Unit 9.4: preparing for Employment & Self Employment

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Discuss the steps to prepare for an interview

• Discuss the steps to create an effective Resume
• Discuss the most frequently asked interview questions
• Discuss how to answer the most frequently asked interview questions
• Discuss basic tailoring shop terminology

9.4.1. Interview Preparation: How to Prepare for an

Interview

The success of your getting the job that you want depends largely on how well your interview for
that job goes. Therefore, before you go in for your interview, it is important that you prepare for it
with a fair amount of research and planning. Take a look at the steps to follow in order to be well
prepared for an interview:

Research the organization that you are having the interview with.
Studying the company beforehand will help you be more prepared at the time of the interview. Your
knowledge of the organization will help you answer questions at the time of the interview, and will
leave you looking and feeling more confident. This is sure to make you stand out from other, not as
well informed, candidates.
Look for background information on the company. Try and find an overview of the company and its
industry profile.
Visit the company website to get a good idea of what the company does. A company website offers
a wealth of important information. Read and understand the company’s mission statement. Pay
attention to the company’s products/services and client list. Read through any press releases to get
an idea of the company’s projected growth and stability.
Note down any questions that you have after your research has been completed.

279
Participant Handbook

Think about whether your skills and qualifications match the job requirements.
• Carefully read through and analyze the job description.

• Make a note of the knowledge, skills and abilities required to fulfill the job requirements.

• Take a look at the organization hierarchy. Figure out where the position you are applying for
fits into this hierarchy.
• Go through the most typical interview questions asked, and prepare your responses.
• Remember, in most interviews a mix of resume-based, behavioral and case study questions
are asked.
• Think about the kind of answers you would like to provide to typical questions asked in these
three areas.
• Practice these answers until you can express them confidently and clearly.

Plan your attire for the interview.

• It is always safest to opt for formal business attire, unless expressly informed to dress in
business casual (in which case you should use your best judgment).
• Ensure that your clothes are clean and well-ironed. Pick neutral colors – nothing too bright or
flashy.
• The shoes you wear should match your clothes, and should be clean and suitable for an
interview.
• Remember, your aim is to leave everyone you meet with the impression that you are a
professional and highly efficient person.

Ensure that you have packed everything that you may require during the interview.
• Carry a few copies of your resume. Use a good quality paper for your resume print outs.
• Always take along a notepad and a pen.
• Take along any information you may need to refer to, in order to fill out an application form.
• Carry a few samples of your work, if relevant.

280
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Remember the importance of non-verbal communication.

• Practice projecting confidence. Remind yourself to smile and make eye contact. Practice
giving a firm handshake.
• Keep in mind the importance of posture. Practice sitting up straight. Train yourself to stop
nervous gestures like fidgeting and foot-tapping.
• Practice keeping your reactions in check. Remember, your facial expressions provide a good
insight into your true feelings. Practice projecting a positive image.

Make a list of questions to end the interview with.

Most interviews will end with the interviewer(s) asking if you have any questions. This is your chance
to show that you have done your research and are interested in learning more about the company.
If the interviewer does not ask you this question, you can inform him/her that you have some
queries that you would like to discuss. This is the time for you to refer to the notes you made while
studying the company.
Some good questions to ask at this point are:
• What do you consider the most important criteria for success in this job?
• How will my performance be evaluated?
• What are the opportunities for advancement?
• What are the next steps in the
hiring process?

Remember to never ask for information that is easily available on the company website.

9.4.1. Preparing an Effective Resume

A resume is a formal document that lists a candidate’s work experience, education and skills. A good
resume gives a potential employer enough information to believe the applicant is worth
interviewing. That’s why it is so important to create a résumé that is effective. Take a look at the
steps to create an effective resume:

311
281
Participant Handbook

Step 1: Write the Address Section

The Address section occupies the top of your resume. It includes information like your name,
address, phone number and e-mail address. Insert a bold line under the section to separate it from
rest of your resume.

Example:

Step 2: Add the Profile Summary Section

This part of your resume should list your overall experiences, achievements, awards, certifications and
strengths.

You can make your summary as short as 2-3 bullet points or as long as 8-10 bullet points.

Example:

Step 3:Include Your Educational Qualifications

When listing your academic records, first list your highest degree. Then add the second highest
qualification under the highest one and so on. To provide a clear and accurate picture of your
educational background, it is critical that include information on your position, rank, percentage or
CPI for every degree or certification that you have listed.

If you have done any certifications and trainings, you can add a Trainings & Certifications section
under your Educational Qualifications section.

282
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Example:

Step 4: List Your Technical Skills

When listing your technical skills, start with the skills that you are most confident about. Then add
the skills that you do not have as good a command over. It is perfectly acceptable to include just one
skill, if you feel that particular skill adds tremendous value to your résumé. If you do not have any
technical skills, you can omit this step.

Example:

Step 5: Insert Your Academic Project Experience

List down all the important projects that you have worked on. Include the following information in
this section:

Example:

283
Participant Handbook

Step 6: List Your Strengths

This is where you list all your major strengths. This section should be in the form of a bulleted list.

Example:

Step 7: List Your Extracurricular Activities

It is very important to show that you have diverse interests and that your life consists of more than
academics. Including your extracurricular activities can give you an added edge over other
candidates who have similar academic scores and project experiences. This section should be in the
form of a bulleted list.

Step 8: Write Your Personal Details

The last section of your résumé must include the following personal information:

• Date of birth
• Gender & marital status
• Nationality
• Languages known
Example:

284
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.4.1. Interview FAQs

Take a look at some of the most frequently asked interview questions, and some helpful tips on how
to answer them.

Can you tell me a little about yourself?

Tips to answer:

• Don’t provide your full employment or personal history.

• Offer 2-3 specific experiences that you feel are most valuable and relevant.
• Conclude with how those experiences have made you perfect for this specific role.

How did you hear about the position?

Tips to answer:

• Tell the interviewer how you heard about the job – whether it was through a friend (name
the friend), event or article (name them) or a job portal (say which one).
• Explain what excites you about the position and what in particular caught your eye about
this role.

What do you know about the company?

Tips to answer:

• Don’t recite the company’s About Us page.

• Show that you understand and care about the company’s goals.
• Explain why you believe in the company’s mission and values.

Why do you want this job?

Tips to answer:

• Show that you are passionate about the job.

• Identify why the role is a great ft for you.
• Explain why you love the company.

285
Participant Handbook

Why should we hire you?

Tips to answer:

• Prove through your words that you can not only do the work, but can definitely deliver
excellent results.
• Explain why you would be a great ft with the team and work culture.
• Explain why you should be chosen over any other candidate.

What are your greatest professional strengths?

Tips to answer:

• Be honest – share some of your real strengths, rather than give answers that you think sound
good.
• Offer examples of specific strengths that are relevant to the position you are applying for.
• Provide examples of how you’ve demonstrated these strengths.

What do you consider to be your weaknesses?

Tips to answer:

• The purpose of this question is to gauge your self-awareness and honesty.

• Give an example of a trait that you struggle with, but that you’re working on to improve.

What are your salary requirements?

Tips to answer:

• Do your research beforehand and find out the typical salary range for the job you are
applying for.
• Figure out where you lie on the pay scale based on your experience, education, and skills.
• Be flexible. Tell the interviewer that you know your skills are valuable, but that you want the
job and are willing to negotiate.

286
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

What do you like to do outside of work?

Tips to answer:

• The purpose of this question is to see if you will fit in with the company culture.

• Be honest – open up and share activities and hobbies that interest and excite you.

If you were an animal, which one would you want to be?

Tips to answer:

• The purpose of this question is to see if you are able to think on your feet.
• There’s no wrong answer – but to make a great impression try to bring out your strengths or
personality traits through your answer.

What do you think we could do better or differently?

Tips to answer:

• The purpose of this question is to see if you have done your research on the company, and to
test whether you can think critically and come up with new ideas.
• Suggest new ideas. Show how your interests and expertise would help you execute these
ideas.

Do you have any questions for us?

Tips to answer:

• Do not ask questions to which the answers can be easily found on the company website or
through a quick online search.
• Ask intelligent questions that show your ability to think critically.

9.4.1 Work Readiness Terms and Terminologies

Every employee should be well versed in the following terms:

• Annual leave: Paid vacation leave given by employers to employees.

287
Participant Handbook

• Background Check: A method used by employers to verify the accuracy of the information
provided by potential candidates.
• Benefits: A part of an employee’s compensation package.
• Breaks: Short periods of rest taken by employees during working hours.
• Compensation Package: The combination of salary and benefits that an employer provides
to his/her employees.
• Compensatory Time (Comp Time): Time off in lieu of pay

• Contract Employee: An employee who works for one organization that sells said employee’s
services to another company, either on a project or time basis.
• Contract of Employment: When an employee is offered work in exchange for wages or
salary, and accepts the offer made by the employer, a contract of employment exists.
• Corporate Culture: The beliefs and values shared by all the members of a company, and
imparted from one generation of employees to another.
• Counter Offer/Counter Proposal: A negotiation technique used by potential candidates to
increase the amount of salary offered by a company.
• Cover Letter: A letter that accompanies a candidate’s resume. It emphasizes the important
points in the candidate’s resume and provides real examples that prove the candidate’s
ability to perform the expected job role.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV)/Resume: A summary of a candidate’s achievements, educational
background, work experience, skills and strengths.
• Declining Letter: A letter sent by an employee to an employer, turning down the job offer
made by the employer to the employee.
• Deductions: Amounts subtracted from an employee’s pay and listed on the employee’s pay
slip.
• Discrimination: The act of treating one person not as favorably as another person.
• Employee: A person who works for another person in exchange for payment.
• Employee Training: A workshop or in-house training that an employee is asked to attend by
his or her superior, for the benefit of the employer.
• Employment Gaps: Periods of unemployed time between jobs.
• Fixed-Term Contract: A contract of employment which gets terminated on an agreed-upon
date.

288
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Follow-Up: The act of contacting a potential employer after a candidate has submitted his or
her resume.
• Freelancer/Consultant/Independent Contractor: A person who works for him or herself and
pitches for temporary jobs and projects with different employers.
• Holiday: Paid time-off from work.
• Hourly Rate: The amount of salary or wages paid for 60 minutes of work.
• Internship: A job opportunity offered by an employer to a potential employee, called an
intern, to work at the employer’s company for a fixed, limited time period.
• Interview: A conversation between a potential employee and a representative of an
employer, in order to determine if the potential employee should be hired.
• Job Application: A form which asks for a candidate’s information like the candidate’s name,
address, contact details and work experience. The purpose of a candidate submitting a job
application is to show that candidate’s interest in working for a particular company.
• Job Offer: An offer of employment made by an employer to a potential employee.
• Job Search Agent: A program that enables candidates to search for employment
opportunities by selecting criteria listed in the program, for job vacancies.
• Lay Off: A lay off occurs when an employee is temporarily let go from his or her job, due to
the employer not having any work for that employee.
• Leave: Formal permission given to an employee, by his or her employer, to take a leave of
absence from work. Letter of Acceptance: A letter given by an employer to an employee,
confirming the offer of employment made by the employer, as well as the conditions of the
offer.
• Letter of Agreement: A letter that outlines the terms of employment.
• Letter of Recommendation: A letter written for the purpose of validating the work skills of a
person.
• Maternity Leave: Leave taken from work by women who are pregnant, or who have just
given birth.
• Mentor: A person who is employed at a higher level than you, who offers you advice and
guides you in your career.
• Minimum wage: The minimum wage amount paid on an hourly basis.
• Notice: An announcement made by an employee or an employer, stating that the
employment contract will end on a particular date.

289
Participant Handbook

• Offer of Employment: An offer made by an employer to a prospective employee that

contains important information pertaining to the job being offered, like the starting date,
salary, working conditions etc.
• Open-Ended Contract: A contract of employment that continues till the employer or employee
terminates it.
• Overqualified: A person who is not suited for a particular job because he or she has too
many years of work experience, or a level of education that is much higher than required for
the job, or is currently or was previously too highly paid.
• Part-Time Worker: An employee who works for fewer hours than the standard number of
hours normally worked.
• Paternity Leave: Leave granted to a man who has recently become a father.
• Recruiters/Headhunters/Executive Search Firms: Professionals who are paid by employers
to search for people to fill particular positions.
• Resigning/Resignations: When an employee formally informs his or her employer that he or
she is quitting his or her job.
• Self-Employed: A person who has his or her own business and does not work in the capacity of
an employee.
• Time Sheet: A form that is submitted to an employer, by an employee, that contains the
number of hours worked every day by the employee.

290
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Unit 9.5: understanding Entrepreneurship

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

• Discuss the concept of entrepreneurship

• Describe the different types of enterprises
• List the qualities of an effective leader
• Discuss the benefits of effective leadership
• List the traits of an effective team
• Discuss the importance of listening effectively
• Discuss how to listen effectively
• Discuss the importance of speaking effectively
• Discuss how to speak effectively
• List important problem solving traits
• Discuss ways to assess problem solving skills
• Discuss the importance of negotiation
• Discuss how to negotiate
• Discuss how to identify new business opportunities
• Discuss how to identify business opportunities within your business
• Understand the meaning of entrepreneur
• Describe the different types of entrepreneurs
• List the characteristics of entrepreneurs
• Recall entrepreneur success stories
• Discuss the entrepreneurial process
• Describe the entrepreneurship ecosystem
• Discuss the government’s role in the entrepreneurship ecosystem
• Discuss the current entrepreneurship ecosystem in India
• Understand the purpose of the Make in India campaign
• Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and risk appetite
• Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and resilience
• Describe the characteristics of a resilient entrepreneur
• Discuss how to deal with failure

291
Participant Handbook

9.5.1 Concept Introduction

Anyone who is determined to start a business, no matter what the risk, is an entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurs run their own start-up, take responsibility for the financial risks and use creativity,
innovation and vast reserves of self-motivation to achieve success. They dream big and are
determined to do whatever it takes to turn their idea into a viable offering. The aim of an
entrepreneur is to create an enterprise. The process of creating this enterprise is known as
entrepreneurship.

9.5.1 Importance of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is very important for the following reasons:

• It results in the creation of new organizations

• It brings creativity into the marketplace
• It leads to improved standards of living
• It helps develop the economy of a country

9.5.1 Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

All successful entrepreneurs have certain characteristics in common.

They are all:

• Extremely passionate about their work

• Confident in themselves
• Disciplined and dedicated
• Motivated and driven
• Highly creative
• Visionaries
• Open-minded
• Decisive
• Have a high risk tolerance

292
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Thoroughly plan everything

• Manage their money wisely
• Make their customers their priority
• Understand their offering and their market in detail
• Ask for advice from experts when required
• Know when to cut their losses

9.5.1 Examples of Famous Entrepreneurs

Some famous entrepreneurs are:

• Bill Gates (Founder of Microsoft)

• Steve Jobs (Co-founder of Apple)
• Mark Zuckerberg (Founder of Facebook)
• Pierre Omidyar (Founder of eBay)

9.5.1 Types of Enterprises

As an entrepreneur in India, you can own and run any of the following types of enterprises:

Sole Proprietorship

In a sole proprietorship, a single individual owns, manages and controls the enterprise. This type of
business is the easiest to form with respect to legal formalities. The business and the owner have no
separate legal existence. All profit belongs to the proprietor, as do all the losses- the liability of the
entrepreneur is unlimited.

Partnership

A partnership firm is formed by two or more people. The owners of the enterprise are called
partners. A partnership deed must be signed by all the partners. The firm and its partners have no
separate legal existence. The profits are shared by the partners. With respect to losses, the liability
of the partners is unlimited. A firm has a limited life span and must be dissolved when any one of the
partners dies, retires, claims bankruptcy or goes insane.

293
Participant Handbook

Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

In a Limited Liability Partnership or LLP, the partners of the firm enjoy perpetual existence as well as
the advantage of limited liability. Each partner’s liability is limited to their agreed contribution to the
LLP. The partnership and its partners have a separate legal existence.

9.5.1 Leadership & Teamwork

Leadership means setting an example for others to follow. Setting a good example means t asking
someone to do something that you wouldn’t willingly want to do yourself. Leadership is about
figuring out what to do in order to win as a team, and as a company.

Leaders believe in doing the right things. They also believe in helping others to do the right things.
An effective leader is someone who:

• Creates an inspiring vision of the future

• Motivates and inspires his team to pursue that vision

Leadership Qualities That All Entrepreneurs Need

Building a successful enterprise is only possible if the entrepreneur in charge possesses excellent
leadership qualities. Some critical leadership skills that every entrepreneur must have are:

Pragmatism: This means having the ability to highlight all obstacles and challenges, in order to
resolve issuesand reduce risks.
Humility: This means admitting to mistakes often and early, and being quick to take responsibility
for youractions. Mistakes should be viewed as challenges to overcome, not opportunities to point
blame.
Flexibility: It is critical for a good leader to be very flexible and quickly adapt to change. It is equally
critical toknow when to adapt and when not to.
Authenticity: This means showing both, your strengths and your weaknesses. It means being human
andshowing others that you are human.

294
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Reinvention: This means refreshing or changing your leadership style when necessary. To do this,
it’simportant to learn where your leadership gaps lie and find out what resources are required to
close them.
Awareness: This means taking the time to recognize how others view you. It means understanding
how yourpresence affects those around you.

Benefits of Effective Leadership

Effective leadership results in numerous benefits. Great leadership leads to the leader successfully:

• Gaining the loyalty and commitment of the team members

• Motivating the team to work towards achieving the company’s goals and objectives
• Building morale and instilling confidence in the team members
• Fostering mutual understanding and team-spirit among team members
• Convincing team members about the need to change when a situation requires adaptability

Teamwork and Teams

Teamwork occurs when the people in a tailoring shop combine their individual skills to pursue a
common goal. Effective teams are made up of individuals who work together to achieve this
common goal. A great team is one who holds themselves accountable for the end result.

Importance of Teamwork in Entrepreneurial Success

For an entrepreneurial leader, building an effective team is critical to the success of a venture. An
entrepreneur must ensure that the team he builds possesses certain crucial qualities, traits and
characteristics. An effective team is one which has:
Unity of purpose: All the team members should clearly understand and be equally committed to the
purpose,vision and goals of the team.
Great communication skills: Team members should have the ability to express their concerns, ask
questionsand use diagrams, and charts to convey complex information.
The ability to collaborate: Every member should feel entitled to provide regular feedback on new
ideas.
Initiative: The team should consist of proactive individuals. The members should have the
enthusiasm tocome up with new ideas, improve existing ideas, and conduct their own research.

295
Participant Handbook

Visionary members: The team should have the ability to anticipate problems and act on this
potential problem before they turn into real problems.
Great adaptability skills: The team must believe that change is a positive force. Change should be
seen as thechance to improve and try new things.
Excellent organizational skills: The team should have the ability to develop standard work
processes, balanceresponsibilities, properly plan projects, and set in place methods to measure
progress and ROI.

9.5.1 Communication Skills

Listening is the ability to correctly receive and understand messages during the process of
communication. Listening is critical for effective communication. Without effective listening skills,
messages can easily be misunderstood. This results in a communication breakdown and can lead to
the sender and the receiver of the message becoming frustrated or irritated.

It’s very important to note that listening is not the same as hearing. Hearing just refers to sounds
that you hear. Listening is a whole lot more than that. To listen, one requires focus. It means not
only paying attention to the story, but also focusing on how the story is relayed, the way language
and voice is used, and even how the speaker uses their body language. The ability to listen depends
on how effectively one can perceive and understand both, verbal and non-verbal cues.

How to Listen Effectively

To listen effectively you should:

• Stop talking
• Stop interrupting
• Focus completely on what is being said
• Nod and use encouraging words and gestures
• Be open-minded
• Think about the speaker’s perspective
• Be very, very patient
• Pay attention to the tone that is being used
• Pay attention to the speaker’s gestures, facial expressions and eye movements

296
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Not try and rush the person

• Not let the speaker’s mannerisms or habits irritate or distract you

How to Speak Effectively

To speak effectively you should:

• Incorporate body language in your speech like eye contact, smiling, nodding, gesturing etc.
• Build a draft of your speech before actually making your speech.
• Ensure that all your emotions and feelings are under control.
• Pronounce your words distinctly with the correct pitch and intensity. Your speech should be
crystal clear at all times.
• Use a pleasant and natural tone when speaking. Your audience should not feel like you are
putting on an accent or being unnatural in any way.
• Use precise and specific words to drive your message home. Ambiguity should be avoided at
all costs.
• Ensure that your speech has a logical flow.
• Be brief. Don’t add any unnecessary information.
• Make a conscious effort to avoid irritating mannerisms like fidgeting, twitching etc.
• Choose your words carefully and use simple words that the majority of the audience will have
no difficulty understanding.
• Use visual aids like slides or a whiteboard.
• Speak slowly so that your audience can easily understand what you’re saying. However, be
careful not to speak too slowly because this can come across as stiff, unprepared or even
condescending.
• Remember to pause at the right moments.

9.5.1 Problem Solving & Negotiation skills

Solving a problem requires a level of rational thinking. Here are some logical steps to follow when
faced with an issue:

• Step 1: Identify the problem

• Step 2: Study the problem in detail

297
Participant Handbook

• Step 3: List all possible solutions

• Step 4: Select the best solution
• Step 5: Implement the chosen solution
• Step 6: Check that the problem has really been solved

Important Traits for Problem Solving

Highly developed problem solving skills are critical for both, business owners and their employees.
The following personality traits play a big role in how effectively problems are solved:

• Being open minded

• Asking the right questions
• Being proactive
• Not panicking
• Having a positive attitude
• Focusing on the right problem

As an entrepreneur, it would be a good idea to assess the level of problem solving skills of potential
candidates before hiring them. Some ways to assess this skill are through:

• Application forms: Ask for proof of the candidate’s problem solving skills in the application
form.
• Psychometric tests: Give potential candidates logical reasoning and critical thinking tests and
see how theyfare.
• Interviews: Create hypothetical problematic situations or raise ethical questions and see how
the candidatesrespond.
• Technical questions: Give candidates examples of real life problems and evaluate their
thought process.

What is Negotiation?

Negotiation is a method used to settle differences. The aim of negotiation is to resolve differences
through a compromise or agreement while avoiding disputes. Without negotiation, conflicts are

298
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

likely to lead to resentment between people. Good negotiation skills help satisfy both parties and go
a long way towards developing strong relationships.

Why Negotiate

Starting a business requires many, many negotiations. Some negotiations are small while others are
critical enough to make or break a startup. Negotiation also plays a big role inside the tailoring shop. As
an entrepreneur, you need to know not only know how to negotiate yourself, but also how to train
employees in the art of negotiation.

How to Negotiate

Take a look at some steps to help you negotiate:

• Step 1: Pre-Negotiation Preparation: Agree on where to meet to discuss the problem,

decide who all will bepresent and set a time limit for the discussion.
• Step 2: Discuss the Problem: This involves asking questions, listening to the other side,
putting your viewsforward and clarifying doubts.
• Step 3: Clarify the Objective: Ensure that both parties want to solve the same problem and
reach the same goal.
• Step 4: Aim for a Win-Win Outcome: Try your best to be open minded when negotiating.
Compromise and offeralternate solutions to reach an outcome where both parties win.
• Step 5: Clearly Define the Agreement: When an agreement has been reached, the details of
the agreementshould be crystal clear to both sides, with no scope for misunderstandings.
• Step 6: Implement the Agreed upon Solution: Agree on a course of action to set the solution

9.5.1 Business Opportunities Identification

“The entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity.”Peter
Drucker
The ability to identify business opportunities is an essential characteristic of an entrepreneur.

What is an Opportunity?

329
299
Participant Handbook

The word opportunity suggests a good chance or a favorable situation to do something offered by
circumstances.

A business opportunity means a good or favorable change available to run a specific business in a
given environment, at a given point of time.

Common Questions Faced by Entrepreneurs

• A critical question that all entrepreneurs face is how to go about finding the business
opportunity that is right for them.
• Some common questions that entrepreneurs constantly think about are:
• Should the new enterprise introduce a new product or service based on an unmet need?
• Should the new enterprise select an existing product or service from one market and offer it
in another where it may not be available?
• Should the enterprise be based on a tried and tested formula that has worked elsewhere?
• It is therefore extremely important that entrepreneurs must learn how to identify new and
existing business opportunities and evaluate their chances of success.

When is an Idea an Opportunity?

An idea is an opportunity when:

• It creates or adds value to a customer

• It solves a significant problem, removes a pain point or meets a demand
• as a robust market and profit margin
• Is a good fit with the founder and management team at the right
time and place

Factors to Consider When Looking for Opportunities

Consider the following when looking for business opportunities:

• Economic trends Changes in funding

• Changing relationships between vendors, partners and suppliers
• Market trends
• Changes in political support

300
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Shift in target audience

Ways to Identify New Business Opportunities

• Identify Market Inefficiencies: When looking at a market, consider what inefficiencies are
present in themarket. Think about ways to correct these inefficiencies.
• Remove Key Hassles: Rather than create a new product or service, you can innovatively
improve a product,service or process.
• Create Something New: Think about how you can create a new experience for customers,
based on existingbusiness models.
• Pick a Growing Sector/Industry: Research and find out which sectors or industries are
growing and thinkabout what opportunities you can tap in the same.
• Think About Product Differentiation: If you already have a product in mind, think about
ways to set it apartfrom the existing ones.

Ways to Identify Business Opportunities within Your Business

SWOT Analysis: An excellent way to identify opportunities inside your business is by creating a
SWOT analysis.

The acronym SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. SWOT analysis
framework:

301
Participant Handbook

Consider the following when looking for business opportunities:

By looking at yourself and your competitors using the SWOT framework, you can uncover
opportunities that you can exploit, as well as manage and eliminate threats that could derail your
success.

Establishing Your USP

Establish your USP and position yourself as different from your competitors. Identify why customers
should buy from you and promote that reason.

Opportunity Analysis

Once you have identified an opportunity, you need to analyze it. To analyze an opportunity, you
must:

• Focus on the idea

• Focus on the market of the idea
• Talk to industry leaders in the same space as the idea
• Talk to players in the same space as the idea

302
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

9.5.1 Entrepreneurship Support Eco-System

An entrepreneur is a person who:

• Does not work for an employee

• Runs a small enterprise
• Assumes all the risks and rewards of the enterprise, idea, good or service

Types of Entrepreneurs

There are four main types of entrepreneurs:

• The Traditional Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur usually has some kind of skill – they
can be a carpenter,mechanic, cook etc. They have businesses that have been around for
numerous years like restaurants, shops and carpenters. Typically, they gain plenty of
experience in a particular industry before they begin their own business in a similar field.
• The Growth Potential Entrepreneur: The desire of this type of entrepreneur is to start an
enterprise that willgrow, win many customers and make lots of money. Their ultimate aim is
to eventually sell their enterprise for a nice profit. Such entrepreneurs usually have a science
or technical background.
• The Project-Oriented Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur generally has a background in
the Arts orpsychology. Their enterprises tend to be focus on something that they are very
passionate about.
• The Lifestyle Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur has usually worked as a teacher or a
secretary. Theyare more interested in selling something that people will enjoy, rather than
making lots of money.

Characteristics of an Entrepreneur

Successful entrepreneurs have the following characteristics:

• They are highly motivated

• They are creative and persuasive
• They are mentally prepared to handle each and every task

303
Participant Handbook

• They have excellent business skills – they know how to evaluate their cash flow, sales and
revenue
• They are willing to take great risks
• They are very proactive – this means they are willing to do the work themselves, rather than
wait for someone else to do it 333
• They have a vision – they are able to see the big picture
• They are flexible and open-minded
• They are good at making decisions
Entrepreneur Success Stories
Dhiru Bhai Ambani

Dhirubhai Ambani began his entrepreneurial career by selling “bhajias” to pilgrims in Mount Girnar on
weekends. At 16, he moved to Yemen where he worked as a gas-station attendant, and as a clerk in an oil
company. He returned to India with Rs. 50,000 and started a textile trading company. Reliance went on to
become the first Indian company to raise money in global markets and the first Indian company to feature
in Forbes 500 list.

Dr. Karsanbhai Patel

Karsanbhai Patel made detergent powder in the backyard of his house. He sold his product door-to-
door and offered a money back guarantee with every pack that was sold. He charged Rs. 3 per kg
when the cheapest detergent at that time was Rs.13 per kg. Dr. Patel eventually started Nirma which
became a whole new segment in the Indian domestic detergent market.

9.5.1 The Entrepreneurial Process

Let’s take a look at the stages of the entrepreneurial process.

• Stage 1: Idea Generation. The entrepreneurial process begins with an idea that has been
thought of by theentrepreneur. The idea is a problem that has the potential to be solved.
• Stage 2: Germination or Recognition. In this stage a possible solution to the identified problem is
thought of.
• Stage 3: Preparation or Rationalization. The problem is studied further and research is done
to find out howothers have tried to solve the same problem.

304
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Stage 4: Incubation or Fantasizing. This stage involves creative thinking for the purpose of
coming up withmore ideas. Less thought is given to the problem areas.
• Stage 5: Feasibility Study: The next step is the creation of a feasibility study to determine if
the idea will makea profit and if it should be seen through.
• Stage 6: Illumination or Realization. This is when all uncertain areas suddenly become clear.
The entrepreneurfeels confident that his idea has merit.
• Stage 7: Verification or Validation. In this final stage, the idea is verified to see if it works
and if it is useful.Take a look at the diagram below to get a better idea of this process.

What is an Entrepreneur?

The entrepreneurship support ecosystem signifies the collective and complete nature of
entrepreneurship. New companies emerge and flourish not only because of the courageous,
visionary entrepreneurs who launch them, but they thrive as they are set in an environment or
‘ecosystem’ made of private and public participants. These players nurture and sustain the new
ventures, facilitating the entrepreneurs’ efforts.

An entrepreneurship ecosystem comprises of the following six domains:

305
335
Participant Handbook

• Favorable Culture: This includes elements such as tolerance of risk and errors, valuable
networking andpositive social standing of the entrepreneur.
• Facilitating Policies & Leadership: This includes regulatory framework incentives and
existence of publicresearch institutes.
• Financing Options: Angel financing, venture capitalists and micro loans would be good
examples of this.
• Human Capital: This refers to trained and untrained labor, entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship trainingprogrammes etc.
• Conducive Markets for Products & Services: This refers to an existence or scope of
existence of a market forthe product/service.
• Institutional & Infrastructural Support: This includes legal and financing advisers,
telecommunications,digital and transportation infrastructure, and entrepreneurship
networking programmes.

These domains indicate whether there is a strong entrepreneurship support ecosystem and what
actions should the government put in place to further encourage this ecosystem. The six domains
and their various elements have been graphically depicted.

306
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Every entrepreneurship support ecosystem is unique and all the elements of the ecosystem are
interdependent. Although every region’s entrepreneurship ecosystem can be broadly described by the

307
337
Participant Handbook

above features, each ecosystem is the result of the hundred elements interacting in highly complex and
particular ways.

Entrepreneurship ecosystems eventually become (largely) self-sustaining. When the six domains are
resilient enough, they are mutually beneficial. At this point, government involvement can and should
be significantly minimized. Public leaders do not need to invest a lot to sustain the ecosystem. It is
imperative that the entrepreneurship ecosystem incentives are formulated to be self-liquidating,
hence focusing on sustainability of the environment.

Government’s Role in the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

Encouraging new ventures is a major focus for policymakers. Governments across the world are
recognizing that new businesses flourish in distinctive types of supportive environments.
Policymakers should study the scenario and take into account the following points whilst they
formulate policies and regulations that enable successful entrepreneurship support ecosystems.
Policymakers should avoid regulations that discourage new entrants and work towards building
efficient methods for business startups. Policies and regulations that favor existing, dominant firms
over entrepreneurial ventures restrict competition and obstruct entry for new companies.
Instead of developing policies conceptually intended to correct market failures, policymakers should
interact with entrepreneurs and understand the challenges faced by them. The feedback should be
used to develop policies that incite idea exploration, product development and increased rates of
deal flow.
Entrepreneurial supporters should create a database that enables identifying who the participants in
the ecosystem are and how they are connected. These ecosystem maps are useful tools in
developing engagement strategies.
Disruptions are unavoidable in economic and social life. However, it’s important to note that
economic disruption gives rise to entrepreneurial opportunities. Architects of the entrepreneurship
ecosystems (entrepreneurs, mentors, policymakers and consumers,) should anticipate these dips,
thus capitalizing on the opportunities they create.
The need for effective strategies to enable local entrepreneurship support ecosystems is a practical
one. Better understanding of the actual ecosystems provides a framework within which policy

308
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

makers can ask relevant questions, envisage more efficient approaches, and assess ensuing
outcomes.

Snapshot of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in India

Entrepreneurship has earned a newfound respect in India. Many Indians, with exposure to the world
of business, who traditionally would have opted for a job, are setting up their own ventures. Many
elements of the entrepreneurship ecosystem are beginning to come together. For example, increase
in venture capitalists, government schemes and incubators, academia industry linkages, and
emerging clusters and support to rural economy. All these initiatives are effective but there is a need
to scale up and enrich the ecosystem further in the following ways:

• We need to review our attitude towards failures and accept them as learning experiences.
• We must encourage the educated to become entrepreneurs and provide students in schools
and colleges with entrepreneurship skills.
• Universities, research labs and the government need to play the role of enablers in the
entrepreneurship support ecosystem.
• Policymakers need to focus on reducing the obstacles such as corruption, red tape and
bureaucracy.
• We need to improve our legal systems and court international venture capital firms and bring
them to India.
• We must devise policies and methods to reach the secondary and tertiary towns in India,
where people do not have access to the same resources available in the cities.
• Today, there is a huge opportunity in this country to introduce innovative solutions that are
capable of scaling up, and collaborating within the ecosystem as well as enriching it.

9.5.1 Make in India Campaign

Every entrepreneur has certain needs. Some of their important needs are:

• To easily get loans

• To easily find investors
• To get tax exemptions

309
Participant Handbook

• To easily access resources and good infrastructure

• To enjoy a procedure that is free of hassles and is quick
• To be able to easily partner with other firms
• The Make in India campaign, launched by Prime Minister Modi aims to satisfy all these needs
of young, aspiring entrepreneurs. Its objective is to:

• Make investment easy

• Support new ideas
• Enhance skill development
• Safeguard the ideas of entrepreneurs
• Create state-of-the-art facilities for manufacturing goods

9.5.1 Risk Appetite & Resilience

Entrepreneurship and Risk

Entrepreneurs are inherently risk takers. They are path-makers not path-takers. Unlike a normal,
cautious person, an entrepreneur would not think twice about quitting his job (his sole income) and
taking a risk on himself and his idea.

An entrepreneur is aware that while pursuing his dreams, assumptions can be proven wrong and
unforeseen events may arise. He knows that after dealing with numerous problems, success is still
not guaranteed. Entrepreneurship is synonymous with the ability to take risks. This ability, called
risk-appetite, is an entrepreneurial trait that is partly genetic and partly acquired.

What is Risk Appetite?

Risk appetite is defend as the extent to which a company is equipped to take risk, in order to achieve
its objectives. Essentially, it refers to the balance, struck by the company, between possible profits
and the hazards caused by changes in the environment (economic ecosystem, policies, etc.). Taking
on more risk may lead to higher rewards but have a high probability of losses as well. However,
being too conservative may go against the company as it can miss out on good opportunities to grow
and reach their objectives.

310
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

The levels of risk appetite can be broadly categorized as “low”, “medium” and “high.” The
company’s entrepreneur(s) have to evaluate all potential alternatives and select the option most
likely to succeed. Companies have varying levels of risk appetites for different objectives. The levels
depend on:

The type of industry

• Market pressures
• Company objectives
For example, a startup with a revolutionary concept will have a very high risk appetite. The startup
can afford short term failures before it achieves longer term success. This type of appetite will not
remain constant and will be adjusted to account for the present circumstances of the company.

Risk Appetite Statement

Companies have to define and articulate their risk appetite in sync with decisions made about their
objectives and opportunities. The point of having a risk appetite statement is to have a framework
that clearly states the acceptance and management of risk in business. It sets risk taking limits within
the company. The risk appetite statement should convey the following:

• The nature of risks the business faces.

• Which risks the company is comfortable taking on and which risks are unacceptable.
• How much risk to accept in all the risk categories.
• The desired tradeoff between risk and reward.
• Measures of risk and methods of examining and regulating risk exposures.

Entrepreneurship and Resilience

Entrepreneurs are characterized by a set of qualities known as resilience. These qualities play an
especially large role in the early stages of developing an enterprise. Risk resilience is an extremely
valuable characteristic as it is believed to protect entrepreneurs against the threat of challenges and
changes in the business environment.

What is Entrepreneurial Resilience?

Resilience is used to describe individuals who have the ability to overcome setbacks related to their life
and careeraspirations. A resilient person is someone who is capable of easily and quickly recovering

311
Participant Handbook

from setbacks. For the entrepreneur, resilience is a critical trait. Entrepreneurial resilience can be
enhanced in the following ways:

• By developing a professional network of coaches and mentors

• By accepting that change is a part of life
• By viewing obstacles as something that can be overcome
Characteristics of a Resilient Entrepreneur

The characteristics required to make an entrepreneur resilient enough to go the whole way in their
business enterprise are:

• A strong internal sense of control

• Strong social connections
• Skill to learn from setbacks
• Ability to look at the bigger picture
• Ability to diversify and expand
• Survivor attitude
• Cash-flow conscious habits
• Attention to detail

9.5.1 Success & Failures

Understanding Successes and Failures in Entrepreneurship

Shyam is a famous entrepreneur, known for his success story. But what most people don’t know is
that Shyam failed numerous times before his enterprise became a success. Read his interview to get
an idea of what entrepreneurship is really about, straight from an entrepreneur who has both, failed
and succeeded.

Interviewer: Shyam, I have heard that entrepreneurs are great risk-takers who are never afraid of
failing. Is thistrue?

Shyam: Ha ha, no of course it’s not true! Most people believe that entrepreneurs need to be
fearlesslyenthusiastic. But the truth is, fear is a very normal and valid human reaction, especially

312
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

when you are planning to start your own business! In fact, my biggest fear was the fear of failing.
The reality is entrepreneurs fail as much as they succeed. The trick is to not allow the fear of failing
to stop you from going ahead with your plans. Remember, failures are lessons for future success!

Interviewer: What, according to you, is the reason that entrepreneurs fail?

Shyam: Well, there is no one single reason why entrepreneurs fail. An entrepreneur can fail due to
numerousreasons. You could fail because you have allowed your fear of failure to defeat you. You
could fail because you are unwilling to delegate (distribute) work. As the saying goes, “You can do
anything, but not everything!” You could fail because you gave up too easily – maybe you were not
persistent enough. You could fail because you were focusing your energy on small, insignificant tasks
and ignoring the tasks that were most important. Other reasons for failing are partnering with the
wrong people, not being able to sell your product to the right customers at the right time at the right
price… and many more reasons!

Interviewer: As an entrepreneur, how do you feel failure should be looked at?

Shyam: I believe we should all look at failure as an asset, rather than as something negative. The
way I see it, ifyou have an idea, you should try to make it work, even if there is a chance that you will
fail. That’s because not trying is failure right there, anyway! And failure is not the worst thing that
can happen. I think having regrets because of not trying and wondering ‘what if’ is far worse than
trying and actually failing.

Interviewer: How did you feel when you failed for the first time?

Shyam: I was completely heartbroken! It was a very painful experience. But the good news is you do
recoverfrom the failure. And with every subsequent failure, the recovery process gets a lot easier.
That’s because you start to see each failure more as a lesson that will eventually help you succeed,
rather than as an obstacle that you cannot overcome. You will start to realize that failure has many
benefits.

Interviewer: Can you tell us about some of the benefits of failing?

Shyam: One of the benefits that I have experienced personally from failing is that the failure made
me see thingsin a new light. It gave me answers that I didn’t have before. Failure can make you a lot
stronger. It also helps keep your ego in control.

313
Participant Handbook

Interviewer: What advice would you give entrepreneurs who are about to start their own
enterprises?

Shyam: I would tell them to do their research and ensure that their product is something that is
actually wantedby customers. I’d tell them to pick their partners and employees very wisely and
cautiously. I’d tell them that it’s very important to be aggressive – push and market your product as
aggressively as possible. I would warn them that starting an enterprise is very expensive and that
they should be prepared for a situation where they run out of money.

I would tell them to create long term goals and put a plan in action to achieve that goal. I would tell
them to build a product that is truly unique. Be very careful and ensure that you are not copying
another startup. Lastly, I’d tell them that it’s very important that they find the right investors.

Interviewer: That’s some really helpful advice, Shyam! I’m sure this will help all entrepreneurs to be
moreprepared before they begin their journey! Thank you for all your insight!

314
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Unit 9.6: Preparing to be an Entrepreneur

Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

1. Discuss how market research is carried out

2. Describe the 4 Ps of marketing
3. Discuss the importance of idea generation
4. Recall basic business terminology
5. Discuss the need for CRM
6. Discuss the benefits of CRM
7. Discuss the need for networking
8. Discuss the benefits of networking
9. Understand the importance of setting goals
10. Differentiate between short-term, medium-term and long-term goals
11. Discuss how to write a business plan
12. Explain the financial planning process
13. Discuss ways to manage your risk
14. Describe the procedure and formalities for applying for bank finance
15. Discuss how to manage your own enterprise
16. List important questions that every entrepreneur should ask before starting an enterprise

9.6.1. Market Study / The 4 Ps of Marketing / Importance

of an IDEA
Understanding Market Research

Market research is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting market information on a
product or service that is being sold in that market. It also includes information on:

• Past, present and prospective customers

315
Participant Handbook

• Customer characteristics and spending habits

• The location and needs of the target market
• The overall industry
• Relevant competitors

Market research involves two types of data:

• Primary information. This is research collected by yourself or by someone hired by you.

• Secondary information. This is research that already exists and is out there for you to find and
use.

Primary research

Primary research can be of two types:

• Exploratory: This is open-ended and usually involves detailed, unstructured interviews.

• Specific: This is precise and involves structured, formal interviews. Conducting specific
research is the moreexpensive than conducting exploratory research.

Secondary research

Secondary research uses outside information. Some common secondary sources are:

• Public sources: These are usually free and have a lot of good information. Examples are
governmentdepartments, business departments of public libraries etc.
• Commercial sources: These offer valuable information but usually require a fee to be paid.
Examples areresearch and trade associations, banks and other financial institutions etc.
• Educational institutions: These offer a wealth of information. Examples are colleges,
universities, technicalinstitutes etc.

9.6.1. The 4 Ps of Marketing

The 4 Ps of marketing is:

• Product,

316
346
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Price,
• Promotion and
• Place.

Let’s look at each of these 4 Ps in detail.

Product

A product can be:

• A tangible good
• An intangible service

Whatever your product is, it is critical that you have a clear understanding of what you are offering,
and what its unique characteristics are, before you begin with the marketing process. Some
questions to ask you are:

• What does the customer want from the product/service?

• What needs does it satisfy?
• Are there any more features that can be added?
• Does it have any expensive and unnecessary features?
• How will customers use it?
• What should it be called?
• How is it different from similar products?
• How much will it cost to produce?
• Can it be sold at a profit?

Price

Once all the elements of Product have been established, the Price factor needs to be considered.
The Price of a Product will depend on several factors such as profit margins, supply, demand and the
marketing strategy. Some questions to ask you are:

• What is the value of the product/service to customers?

• Do local products/services have established price points?

317
Participant Handbook

• Is the customer price sensitive?

• Should discounts be offered?
• How is your price compared to that of your competitors?
Promotion

Once you are certain about your Product and your Price, the next step is to look at ways to promote
it. Some key elements of promotion are advertising, public relations, social media marketing, email
marketing, search engine marketing, video marketing and more. Some questions to ask you are:

• Where should you promote your product or service?

• What is the best medium to use to reach your target audience?
• When would be the best time to promote your product?
• How are your competitors promoting their products?

Place

According to most marketers, the basis of marketing is about offering the right product, at the right
price, at the right place, at the right time. For this reason, selecting the best possible location is
critical for converting prospective clients into actual clients. Some questions to ask you are:

• Will your product or service be looked for in a physical store, online or both?
• What should you do to access the most appropriate distribution channels?
• Will you require a sales force?
• Where are your competitors offering their products or services?
• Should you follow in your competitors’ footsteps?
• Should you do something different from your competitors?

Importance of an IDEA

Ideas are the foundation of progress. An idea can be small or ground-breaking, easy to accomplish or
extremely complicated to implement. Whatever the case, the fact that it is an idea gives it merit.
Without ideas, nothing is possible. Most people are afraid to speak out their ideas, out for fear of
being ridiculed. However, if are an entrepreneur and want to remain competitive and innovative,
you need to bring your ideas out into the light. Some ways to do this are by:

318
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Establishing a culture of brainstorming where you invite all interested parties to contribute
• Discussing ideas out loud so that people can add their ideas, views, opinions to them
• Being open minded and not limiting your ideas, even if the idea who have seems ridiculous
• Not discarding ideas that you don’t work on immediately, but instead making a note of them
and shelving them so they can be revisited at a later date.

9.6.1. Business Entity Concepts: Basic Business

Terminology
If your aim is to start and run a business, it is crucial that you have a good understanding of basic business
terms. Every entrepreneur should be well versed in the following terms:

• Accounting: A systematic method of recording and reporting financial transactions.

• Accounts payable: Money owed by a company to its creditors.
• Accounts Receivable: The amount a company is owed by its clients.
• Assets: The value of everything a company owns and uses to conduct its business.
• Balance Sheet: A snapshot of a company’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a given
moment.
• Bottom Line: The total amount a business has earned or lost at the end of a month.
• Business: An organization that operates with the aim of making a profit.
• Business to Business (B2B): A business that sells goods or services to another business.
• Business to Consumer (B2C): A business that sells goods or services directly to the end user.
• Capital: The money a business has in its accounts, assets and investments. The two main
types of capital aredebt and equity.
• Cash Flow: The overall movement of funds through a business each month, including income and
expenses.
• Cash Flow Statement: A statement showing the money that entered and exited a business
during a specificperiod of time.
• Contract: A formal agreement to do work for pay.
• Depreciation: The degrading value of an asset over time.
• Expense: The costs that a business incurs through its operations.
• Finance: The management and allocation of money and other assets.

319
Participant Handbook

• Financial Report: A comprehensive account of a business’ transactions and expenses.

• Fixed Cost: A one-time expense.
• Income Statement (Profit and Loss Statement): Shows the profitability of a business during a
period of time.
• Liabilities: The value of what a business owes to someone else.
• Marketing: The process of promoting, selling and distributing a product or service.
• Net Income/Profit: Revenues minus expenses.
• Net Worth: The total value of a business.
• Payback Period: The amount of time it takes to recover the initial investment of a business.
• Profit Margin: The ratio of profit, divided by revenue, displayed as a percentage.
• Return on Investment (ROI): The amount of money a business gets as return from an
investment.
• Revenue: The total amount of income before expenses is subtracted.
• Sales Prospect: A potential customer.
• Supplier: A provider of supplies to a business.
• Target Market: A specific group of customers at which a company’s products and services are
aimed.
• Valuation: An estimate of the overall worth of the business.
• Variable Cost: Expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business.
• Working Capital: Calculated as current assets minus current liabilities.

9.6.1. CRM & Networking

What is CRM?

CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. Originally the expression Customer
Relationship Management meant managing one’s relationship with customers. However, today it
refers to IT systems and software designed to help companies manage their relationships.

The Need for CRM

The better a company can manage its relationships with its customers, the higher the chances of the
company’s success. For any entrepreneur, the ability to successfully retain existing customers and
expand the enterprise is paramount. This is why IT systems that focus on addressing the problems of
dealing with customers on a daily basis are becoming more and more in demand.

320
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Customer needs change over time, and technology can make it easier to understand what customers
really want. This insight helps companies to be more responsive to the needs of their customers. It
enables them to modify their business operations when required, so that their customers are always
served in the best manner possible. Simply put CRM helps companies recognize the value of their
clients and enables them to capitalize on improved customer relations.

Benefits of CRM

CRM has a number of important benefits:

• It helps improve relations with existing customers which can lead to:
o Increased sales
o Identification of customer needs
o Cross-selling of products
• It results in better marketing of one’s products or services
• It enhances customer satisfaction and retention
• It improves profitability by identifying and focusing on the most profitable customers

9.6.1. What is networking?

In business, networking means leveraging your business and personal connections in order to bring
in a regular supply of new business. This marketing method is effective as well as low cost. It is a
great way to develop sales opportunities and contacts. Networking can be based on referrals and
introductions, or can take place via phone, email, and social and business networking websites.

The Need for Networking

Networking is an essential personal skill for business people, but it is even more important for
entrepreneurs. The process of networking has its roots in relationship building. Networking results in
greater communication and a stronger presence in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. This helps build
strong relationships with other entrepreneurs.

Business networking events held across the globe play a huge role in connecting like-minded
entrepreneurs who share the same fundamental beliefs in communication, exchanging ideas and
converting ideas into realities. Such networking events also play a crucial role in connecting
entrepreneurs with potential investors. Entrepreneurs may have vastly different experiences and

321
Participant Handbook

backgrounds but they all have a common goal in mind – they all seek connection, inspiration, advice,
opportunities and mentors. Networking offers them a platform to do just that. Benefits of
Networking

Networking offers numerous benefits for entrepreneurs. Some of the major benefits are:

• Getting high quality leads

• Increased business opportunities
• Good source of relevant connections
• Advice from like-minded entrepreneurs
• Gaining visibility and raising your profile
• Meeting positive and enthusiastic people
• Increased self-confidence
• Satisfaction from helping others
• Building strong and lasting friendships

9.6.1. Business Plan: Why Set Goals

Setting goals is important because it gives you long-term vision and short-term motivation. Goals can
be short term, medium term and long term.

Short-Term Goals

• These are specific goals for the immediate future. Example: Repairing a machine that has
failed. Medium-Term Goals
• These goals are built on your short term goals.
• They do not need to be as specific as your short term goals.

Example: Arranging for a service contract to ensure that your machines don’t fail again.

Long-Term Goals

• These goals require time and planning. They usually take a year or more to achieve.

Example: Planning your expenses so you can buy new machinery

322
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Why Create a Business Plan

A business plan is a tool for understanding how your business is put together. It can be used to
monitor progress, foster accountable and control the fate of the business. It usually offers a 3-5 year
projection and outlines the plan that the company intends to follow to grow its revenues. A business
plan is also a very important tool for getting the interest of key employees or future investors. A
business plan typically comprises of eight elements.

9.6.1. Elements of a Business Plan

Executive Summary

The executive summary follows the title page. The summary should clearly state your desires as the
business owner in a short and businesslike way. It is an overview of your business and your plans.
Ideally this should not be more than 1-2 pages.

Your Executive Summary should include:

The Mission Statement: Explain what your business is all about.

Example: Nike’s Mission Statement

Nike’s mission statement is “To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world.”

• Company Information: Provide information like when your business was formed, the
names and roles ofthe founders, the number of employees, your business location(s)
etc.
• Growth Highlights: Mention examples of company growth. Use graphs and charts where
possible.
• Your Products/Services: Describe the products or services provided.
• Financial Information: Provide details on current bank and investors.
• Summarize future plans: Describe where you see your business in the future.
• Business Description

The second section of your business plan needs to provide a detailed review of the different
elements of your business. This will help potential investors to correctly understand your business
goal and the uniqueness of your offering.

323
Participant Handbook

Your Business Description should include:

• A description of the nature of your business

• The market needs that you are aiming to satisfy
• The ways in which your products and services meet these needs
• The specific consumers and organizations that you intend to serve
• Your specific competitive advantages

Market Analysis

The market analysis section usually follows the business description. The aim of this section is to
showcase your industry and market knowledge. This is also the section where you should lay down
your research findings and conclusions.

Your Market Analysis should include:

• Your industry description and outlook

• Information on your target market
• The needs and demographics of your target audience
• The size of your target market
• The amount of market share you want to capture
• Your pricing structure
• Your competitive analysis
• Any regulatory requirements

Organization & Management

This section should come immediately after the Market Analysis. Your Organization & Management
section should include:

• Your company’s organizational structure

• Details of your company’s ownership
• Details of your management team

• Qualifications of your board of directors

324
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Detailed descriptions of each division/department and its function

• The salary and benefits package that you offer your people

The incentives that you offer

Service or Product Line

The next section is the service or product line section. This is where you describe your service or
product, and stress on their benefits to potential and current customers. Explain in detail why your
product of choice will fulfill the needs of your target audience.

Your Service or Product Line section should include:

• A description of your product/service

• A description of your product or service’s life cycle

A list of any copyright or patent flings. A description of any R&D activities that you are involved in or
planning
Marketing & Sales

Once the Service or Product Line section of your plan has been completed, you should start on the
description of the marketing and sales management strategy for your business.

Your Marketing section should include the following strategies:

• Market penetration strategy: This strategy focuses on selling your existing products or
services in existingmarkets, in order to increase your market share.
• Growth strategy: This strategy focuses on increasing the amount of market share, even if it
reduces earningsin the short-term.
• Channels of distribution strategy: These can be wholesalers, retailers, distributors and even
the internet.
• Communication strategy: These can be written strategies (e-mail, text, and chat), oral
strategies (phone calls,video chats, and face-to-face conversations), non-verbal strategies
(body language, facial expressions, tone of voice) and visual strategies (signs, web-pages,
illustrations).

325
Participant Handbook

Your Sales section should include the following information:

A sales force strategy: This strategy focuses on increasing the revenue of the enterprise.
A breakdown of your sales activities: This means detailing out how you intend to sell your products
orservices – will you sell it offline or online, how many units do you intend to sell, what price do you
plan to selleach unit at, etc.

Funding Request

This section is specifically for those who require funding for their venture. The Funding Request
section should include the following information:

• How much funding you currently require.

• How much funding you will require over the next five years. This will depend on your long-
term goals.
• The type of funding you wants and how you plan to use it. Do you want funding that can be
used only for a specific purpose, or funding that can be used for any kind of requirement?
• Strategic plans for the future. This will involve detailing out your long-term plans – what
these plan are and how much money you will require to put these plans in motions.
• Historical and prospective financial information. This can be done by creating and
maintaining all your financial records, right from the moment your enterprise started, to the
present day. Documents required for this are your balance sheet which contains details of
your company’s assets and liabilities, your income statement which lists your company’s
revenues, expenses and net income for the year, your tax returns (usually for the last three
years) and your cash flow budget which lists the cash that came in, the cash that went out
and states whether you had a cash deficit (negative balance) or surplus (positive balance) at
the end of each month.

Financial Planning

Before you begin building your enterprise, you need to plan your finances. Take a look at the
steps for financial planning:

326
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Step 1: Create a financial plan. This should include your goals, strategies and timelines for
accomplishingthese goals.
• Step 2: Organize all your important financial documents. Maintain a file to hold your
investment details,bank statements, tax papers, credit card bills, insurance papers and any
other financial records.
• Step 3: Calculate your net worth. This means figure out what you own (assets like your
house, bank accounts,investments etc.), and then subtract what you owe (liabilities like loans,
pending credit card amounts etc.) the amount you are left with is your net worth.
• Step 4: Make a spending plan. This means write down in detail where your money will come
from, andwhere it will go.
• Step 5: Build an emergency fund. A good emergency fund contains enough money to cover
at least 6 months’worth of expenses.
• Step 6: Set up your insurance. Insurance provides long term financial security and protects
you against risk.

Risk Management

As an entrepreneur, it is critical that you evaluate the risks involved with the type of enterprise that
you want to start, before you begin setting up your company. Once you have identified potential
risks, you can take steps to reduce them. Some ways to manage risks are:

Research similar business and find out about their risks and how they were minimized.
Evaluate current market trends and find out if similar products or services that launched a while ago
are still being well received by the public.
Think about whether you really have the required expertise to launch your product or service.
Examine your finances and see if you have enough income to start your enterprise.
Be aware of the current state of the economy, consider how the economy may change over time,
and think about how your enterprise will be affected by any of those changes.

327
Participant Handbook

9.6.1. Procedure and Formalities for Bank Finance

The Need for Bank Finance

For entrepreneurs, one of the most difficult challenges faced involves securing funds for startups.
With numerous funding options available, entrepreneurs need to take a close look at which funding
methodology works best for them. In India, banks are one of the largest funders of startups, offering
funding to thousands of startups every year.

What Information Should Entrepreneurs Offer Banks for Funding

When approaching a bank, entrepreneurs must have a clear idea of the different criteria that banks use
to screen, rate and process loan applications. Entrepreneurs must also be aware of the importance of
providing banks with accurate and correct information. It is now easier than ever for financial institutions
to track any default behavior of loan applicants. Entrepreneurs looking for funding from banks must
provide banks with information relating to their general credentials, financial situation and guarantees or
collaterals that can be offered.

General Credentials

This is where you, as an entrepreneur, provide the bank with background information on yourself.
Such information includes:

• Letter(s) of Introduction: This letter should be written by a respected business person who
knows you wellenough to introduce you. The aim of this letter is set across your
achievements and vouches for your character and integrity.
• Your Profile: This is basically your resume. You need to give the bank a good idea of your
educationalachievements, professional training, qualifications, employment record and
achievements.
• Business Brochure: A business brochure typically provides information on company
products, clients, howlong the business has been running for etc.
• Bank and Other References: If you have an account with another bank, providing those bank
references is agood idea.
• Proof of Company Ownership or Registration: In some cases, you may need to provide the
bank with proofof company ownership and registration. A list of assets and liabilities may
also be required.

328
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

• Financial Situation: Banks will expect current financial information on your enterprise. The
standard financial reports you should be prepared with are:
o Balance Sheet
o Profit-and-Loss Account
o Cash-Flow Statement
o Projected Sales and Revenues
o Business Plan
o Feasibility Study
• Guarantees or Collaterals: Usually banks will refuse to grant you a loan without security.
You can offer assets which the bank can seize and sell off if you do not repay the loan.
Fixed assets like machinery, equipment, vehicles etc. are also considered to be security
for loans.

9.6.1. The Lending Criteria of Banks

Your request for funding will have a higher chance of success if you can satisfy the following
lending criteria:

• Good cash flow

• Adequate shareholders’ funds
• Adequate security
• Experience in business
• Good reputation

The Procedure
• To apply for funding the following procedure will need to be followed.
• Submit your application form and all other required documents to the bank.
• The bank will carefully assess your credit worthiness and assign ratings by analyzing your
business information with respect to parameters like management, financial, operational
and industry information as well as past loan performance.
• The bank will make a decision as to whether or not you should be given funding.

329
Participant Handbook

9.6.1. Enterprise Management - An Overview

To manage your enterprise effectively you need to look at many different aspects, right from
managing the day-to-day activities to figuring out how to handle a large scale event. Let’s take a look
at some simple steps to manage your company effectively.

Step 1: Use your leadership skills and ask for advice when required.

Let’s take the example of Ramu, an entrepreneur who has recently started his own enterprise. Ramu
has good leadership skills – he is honest, communicates well, knows how to delegate work etc.
These leadership skills definitely help Ramu in the management of his enterprise. However,
sometimes Ramu comes across situations that he is unsure how to handle. What should Ramu do in
this case? One solution is for him to find a more experienced manager who is willing to mentor him.
Another solution is for Ramu to use his networking skills so that he can connect with managers from
other organizations, who can give him advice on how to handle such situations.

Step 2: Divide your work amongst others – realize that you cannot handle everything
yourself.

Even the most skilled manager in the world will not be able to manage every single task that an
enterprise will demand of him. A smart manager needs to realize that the key to managing his enterprise
lies in his dividing all his work between those around him. This is known as delegation. However,
delegating is not enough. A manager must delegate effectively if he wants to see results. This is
important because delegating, when done incorrectly, can result in you creating even more work for
yourself. To delegate effectively, you can start by making two lists. One list should contain the things that
you know you need to handle yourself. The second list should contain the things that you are confident
can be given to others to manage and handle. Besides incorrect delegation, another issue that may arise
is over-delegation. This means giving away too many of your tasks to others. The problem with this is, the
more tasks you delegate, the more time you will spend tracking and monitoring the work progress of
those you have handed the tasks to. This will leave you with very little time to finish your own work.

Step 3: Hire the right people for the job.

Hiring the right people goes a long way towards effectively managing your enterprise. To hire the
best people suited for the job, you need to be very careful with your interview process. You should

330
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

ask potential candidates the right questions and evaluate their answers carefully. Carrying out
background checks is always a good practice. Running a credit check is also a good idea, especially if
the people you are planning to hire will be handling your money. Create a detailed job description
for each role that you want filled and ensure that all candidates have a clear and correct
understanding of the job description. You should also have an employee manual in place, where you
put down every expectation that you have from your employees. All these actions will help ensure
that the right people are approached for running your enterprise.

Step 4: Motivate your employees and train them well.

Your enterprise can only be managed effectively if your employees are motivated to work hard for
your enterprise. Part of being motivated involves your employees believing in the vision and mission
of your enterprise and genuinely wanting to make efforts towards pursuing the same. You can
motivate your employees with recognition, bonuses and rewards for achievements. You can also
motivate them by telling them about how their efforts have led to the company’s success. This will
help them feel pride and give them a sense of responsibility that will increase their motivation.

Besides motivating your people, your employees should be constantly trained in new practices and
technologies.

Remember, training is not a one-time effort. It is a consistent effort that needs to be carried out
regularly.

Step 5: Train your people to handle your customers well.

Your employees need to be well-versed in the art of customer management. This means they should be
able to understand what their customers want, and also know how to satisfy their needs. For them to
truly understand this, they need to see how you deal effectively with customers. This is called leading by
example. Show them how you sincerely listen to your clients and the efforts that you put into understand
their requirements. Let them listen to the type of questions that you ask your clients so they understand
which questions are appropriate.

Step 6: Market your enterprise effectively.

Use all your skills and the skills of your employees to market your enterprise in an effective manner.
You can also hire a marketing agency if you feel you need help in this area.

331
Participant Handbook

Now that you know what is required to run your enterprise effectively, put these steps into play, and
see how much easier managing your enterprise becomes!

9.6.1. Considering Entrepreneurship

Questions to Ask Yourself before Considering Entrepreneurship

• Why am I starting a business?

• What problem am I solving?
• Have others attempted to solve this problem before? Did they succeed or fail?
• Do I have a mentor1 or industry expert that I can call on?
• Who is my ideal customer2?
• Who are my competitors3?
• What makes my business idea different from other business ideas?
• What are the key features of my product or service?
• Have I done a SWOT4 analysis?
• What is the size of the market that will buy my product or service?
• What would it take to build a minimum viable product5 to test the market?
• How much money do I need to get started?
• Will I need to get a loan?
• How soon will my products or services be available?
• When will I break even6 or make a profit?
• How will those who invest in my idea make a profit?
• How should I set up the legal structure7 of my business?
• What taxes8 will I need to pay?
• What kind of insurance9 will I need?
• Have I reached out to potential customers for feedback
Tips

It is very important to validate your business ideas before you invest significant time, money and
resources into it.

The more questions you ask yourself, the more prepared you will be to handle to highs and lows of
starting an enterprise.

332
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Footnotes:

• A mentor is a trusted and experienced person who is willing to coach and guide you.
• A customer is someone who buys goods and/or services.
• A competitor is a person or company that sells products and/or services similar to your
products and/or services.
• SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. To conduct a SWOT
analysis of your company, you need to list down all the strengths and weaknesses of your
company, the opportunities that are present for your company and the threats faced by
your company.
• A minimum viable product is a product that has the fewest possible features, that can be sold
to customers, for the purpose of getting feedback from customers on the product.
• A company is said to break even when the profits of the company are equal to the costs.

333
Participant Handbook

334
Housekeeping Attendant (Manual Cleaning)
Actor

Address: Media & Entertainment Skills Council, 522-524,5th Floor

DLF Tower A Jasola New Delhi-110025
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.mescindia.org
Phone: +911149048335/49048336
CIN No.: 00000000
978-1-111-22222-45-7
Not for Sale- For Internal Circulation only

Price: ₹ 335

Dancer Participant Handbook
No ratings yet
Dancer Participant Handbook
470 pages
Eduqas A Level Film Studies Spec From 2017 e 14 08 2023
100% (1)
Eduqas A Level Film Studies Spec From 2017 e 14 08 2023
57 pages
Hiring A Full Time Editor (Responses) - Ankit Bhatia
100% (1)
Hiring A Full Time Editor (Responses) - Ankit Bhatia
148 pages
Assistant Cameraman Participant Handbook
No ratings yet
Assistant Cameraman Participant Handbook
128 pages
Animator Participant Handbook
No ratings yet
Animator Participant Handbook
289 pages
Fine Jewelry Auction - Skinner
100% (4)
Fine Jewelry Auction - Skinner
124 pages
Cinematography Lecture Notes (Editing)
No ratings yet
Cinematography Lecture Notes (Editing)
52 pages
Cinema of Prayoga
No ratings yet
Cinema of Prayoga
86 pages
Position Description Form DBM-CSC Form No 1
100% (1)
Position Description Form DBM-CSC Form No 1
4 pages
Film Trailers and Posters
100% (1)
Film Trailers and Posters
13 pages
Video Editing: Sem Ii - Paper Ii
100% (1)
Video Editing: Sem Ii - Paper Ii
30 pages
Elements of Cinema
No ratings yet
Elements of Cinema
28 pages
Cuts in Editing
100% (2)
Cuts in Editing
31 pages
Moving Pictures
No ratings yet
Moving Pictures
137 pages
Cine Montaje Vol 08
100% (1)
Cine Montaje Vol 08
76 pages
90's Film
100% (1)
90's Film
23 pages
Cuts in Editing
100% (1)
Cuts in Editing
32 pages
Understanding Experimental Film
0% (1)
Understanding Experimental Film
24 pages
Reading Comprehension and Skills: Fifth Grade Basic Skills
No ratings yet
Reading Comprehension and Skills: Fifth Grade Basic Skills
49 pages
Shodhganga PHD Thesis in Commerce and Management
100% (1)
Shodhganga PHD Thesis in Commerce and Management
5 pages
Film 1110 Syllabus
No ratings yet
Film 1110 Syllabus
9 pages
Books On Editing
100% (1)
Books On Editing
4 pages
Group 3 Report
100% (1)
Group 3 Report
49 pages
Cinematography
100% (1)
Cinematography
28 pages
Community Journalist Participant Handbook
No ratings yet
Community Journalist Participant Handbook
194 pages
Film Editing: Cutting Begins
50% (2)
Film Editing: Cutting Begins
12 pages
Teaching The Aesthetic of Lighting in Cinema: Pietro Piazzolla, Marco Gribaudo
No ratings yet
Teaching The Aesthetic of Lighting in Cinema: Pietro Piazzolla, Marco Gribaudo
8 pages
Film Trailer Analysis
0% (1)
Film Trailer Analysis
4 pages
Filmmaking Communication
100% (1)
Filmmaking Communication
7 pages
Effect of Movies On Youth
No ratings yet
Effect of Movies On Youth
4 pages
The Art of Film and Video Editing Part-1 Video University
0% (1)
The Art of Film and Video Editing Part-1 Video University
3 pages
36 SyllabusFile
No ratings yet
36 SyllabusFile
32 pages
The Story of Film An Odyssey
100% (1)
The Story of Film An Odyssey
32 pages
Editing Documentary Script
No ratings yet
Editing Documentary Script
3 pages
Teaching Pe and Health in The Elementary Grades Introduction
No ratings yet
Teaching Pe and Health in The Elementary Grades Introduction
28 pages
Co-Ordinating The Shots:: Film Editing
100% (1)
Co-Ordinating The Shots:: Film Editing
28 pages
AS Media Studies Unit G322a
100% (1)
AS Media Studies Unit G322a
18 pages
Teaching - Trailers - Plan
100% (1)
Teaching - Trailers - Plan
11 pages
Chapter 2
No ratings yet
Chapter 2
58 pages
Editing Techniques and Transitions - Alternative Editing
100% (1)
Editing Techniques and Transitions - Alternative Editing
3 pages
Camera Gear
No ratings yet
Camera Gear
6 pages
10 Cinematic Techniques You Need To Know For A Better Essay
No ratings yet
10 Cinematic Techniques You Need To Know For A Better Essay
9 pages
Film Editing Glossary
100% (1)
Film Editing Glossary
2 pages
MES Q0206 v2.0 Eng
No ratings yet
MES Q0206 v2.0 Eng
28 pages
Destiny Matrix Calculator Free Online Chart & Readings
No ratings yet
Destiny Matrix Calculator Free Online Chart & Readings
1 page
Set 3 Soal Uji Pengetahuan PPG
No ratings yet
Set 3 Soal Uji Pengetahuan PPG
18 pages
A Ranking of Ratios
No ratings yet
A Ranking of Ratios
10 pages
Tourism PDF
No ratings yet
Tourism PDF
31 pages
Editing: Ujmb 1003 Intro To Broadcasting
No ratings yet
Editing: Ujmb 1003 Intro To Broadcasting
40 pages
Welcome: Watch The Video Podcast. Do The People Talk About Your Country?
No ratings yet
Welcome: Watch The Video Podcast. Do The People Talk About Your Country?
3 pages
Chaterjee & Lal - Rati Chakravyuh Catalog 2014
No ratings yet
Chaterjee & Lal - Rati Chakravyuh Catalog 2014
16 pages
A2 Teaser Trailer Analysis BEAST
100% (1)
A2 Teaser Trailer Analysis BEAST
19 pages
A Pedagogy For Teaching Screenwriting
50% (2)
A Pedagogy For Teaching Screenwriting
3 pages
GC Method Development Tree
No ratings yet
GC Method Development Tree
9 pages
Editing Assignment 1 20
No ratings yet
Editing Assignment 1 20
4 pages
Tle CSS9 Q4 M12
No ratings yet
Tle CSS9 Q4 M12
11 pages
Data Mining: Dosen: Dr. Vitri Tundjungsari
No ratings yet
Data Mining: Dosen: Dr. Vitri Tundjungsari
64 pages
Horror Trailer Analysis PDF
No ratings yet
Horror Trailer Analysis PDF
6 pages
Analysis of The Trailer For The Movie Stomp The Yard
100% (1)
Analysis of The Trailer For The Movie Stomp The Yard
5 pages
Dissertation Complete
No ratings yet
Dissertation Complete
47 pages
Stefan Scharf - Editing
No ratings yet
Stefan Scharf - Editing
30 pages
Business English at Work: © 2003 Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill
No ratings yet
Business English at Work: © 2003 Glencoe/Mcgraw-Hill
32 pages
The Cut 2
0% (1)
The Cut 2
14 pages
Aristotle's Six Golden Rules of Screenwriting - ScreenCraft1
No ratings yet
Aristotle's Six Golden Rules of Screenwriting - ScreenCraft1
6 pages
Shi2016 PDF
No ratings yet
Shi2016 PDF
43 pages
مراجعة شهر فبراير للصف الأول الإعدادي د محمد شوقي النجار 2025 الترم الثاني
No ratings yet
مراجعة شهر فبراير للصف الأول الإعدادي د محمد شوقي النجار 2025 الترم الثاني
20 pages
Editing History
No ratings yet
Editing History
16 pages
Sound New Books 2009
No ratings yet
Sound New Books 2009
19 pages
Editing
No ratings yet
Editing
2 pages
Soviet Montage Theory: "The Foundation of Film Art Is Editing."-Pudovkin
No ratings yet
Soviet Montage Theory: "The Foundation of Film Art Is Editing."-Pudovkin
4 pages
XII Pre-Board (Morning)
100% (1)
XII Pre-Board (Morning)
5 pages
Conventions of Title Sequences
No ratings yet
Conventions of Title Sequences
11 pages
AS Editing Lesson
No ratings yet
AS Editing Lesson
10 pages
Questions
No ratings yet
Questions
11 pages
Alternative Editing Handout
No ratings yet
Alternative Editing Handout
2 pages
EPE462 - Introduction
No ratings yet
EPE462 - Introduction
4 pages
Cinematographer
No ratings yet
Cinematographer
21 pages
A Grammar of Film
No ratings yet
A Grammar of Film
5 pages
SUPERSTITION - Reading and Listening Comprehension Test (B1)
No ratings yet
SUPERSTITION - Reading and Listening Comprehension Test (B1)
4 pages
MC - Props Master
No ratings yet
MC - Props Master
16 pages
Introduction To Film Editing Techniques
No ratings yet
Introduction To Film Editing Techniques
1 page
Pseudocode and Flowcharts
No ratings yet
Pseudocode and Flowcharts
5 pages
Williams v. Trammell, 10th Cir. (2015)
No ratings yet
Williams v. Trammell, 10th Cir. (2015)
68 pages
Test 3 U6
No ratings yet
Test 3 U6
5 pages
International Business Group Presentation Word Document
No ratings yet
International Business Group Presentation Word Document
18 pages
The US Legislature
No ratings yet
The US Legislature
11 pages
The Hajj Its Spiritual and Social Significance
No ratings yet
The Hajj Its Spiritual and Social Significance
3 pages
FRIA (Posters)
No ratings yet
FRIA (Posters)
1 page
Motion To Modify Release Conditions
No ratings yet
Motion To Modify Release Conditions
17 pages
Kirschner 2009
No ratings yet
Kirschner 2009
9 pages
Mid-Term Year 5 Paper 2 (2021)
No ratings yet
Mid-Term Year 5 Paper 2 (2021)
6 pages
Chapter 3 Q and A
No ratings yet
Chapter 3 Q and A
3 pages
Anesthetic Management For Woman With Single Ventricle Heart After BCPS Who Undergoes Curretage Procedure
No ratings yet
Anesthetic Management For Woman With Single Ventricle Heart After BCPS Who Undergoes Curretage Procedure
3 pages
Project Organizational Officer (Finance and Secretary)
No ratings yet
Project Organizational Officer (Finance and Secretary)
2 pages