TUGAS 6 KENDALI MESIN LISTRIK INDUSTRI

“Converting for Feeding Electric Motors”

OLEH :

AULIA SILFANI

NIM : 20130072

Dosen Pengampu :

ASWARDI, MT

PROGRAM STUDI D4 TEKNIK ELEKTRO INDUSTRI

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2022

A. A general Surevy of Converters for Feeding Electric Motors

The speed of a dc motor can be varied by varying the armature voltage or the field
current, for which a variable dc supply is required. The speed of an ac motor, on the
 other hand, can be varied by varying its supply frequency. In order to achieve the
rated torque capability of the motor it is necessary to operate it at rated flux
(maintained constant), which can be obtained by varying the applied voltage also.
Hence, a variable voltage, variable frequency supply is required to control the speed
of an ac motor.
The basic theory and important fundamentals of these converters are well known from
the days of mercury arc rectifiers. A variable frequency supply is possible by means
of inverters employing forced commutation if the ac side of the converter is unable to
provide the necessary reactive power for the converter. The basic principles of
inversion have been known for long, but the devices were not popular because of the
poor dynamic properties of mercury are rectifiers. With the advent of thyristors and
developments in integrating circuits for the control of thyristors there has been a lot of
development in inverters making use of forced commutation. These find application
in industry in the area of electric drives.

B. Phase Controlled Line Commutated Converters

In these Phase Controlled Line Commutated Converters, the commutation voltage, i.e.
the voltage required to transfer current from one thyristor to the other, is provided by
the supply lines to which the converter is connected. The classification of these Line
Commutated Converters is done in several ways. Depending on the direction of power
flow, i.e. the type of energy conversion performed, they may be one quadrant or two
quadrant converters. As has already been explained, a two quadrant converter allows
power in both directions, and can perform both phase controlled rectification and
inversion, i.e. ac to dc as well as dc to ac.

The converter necessarily has thyristors in all positions and, is called a fully
controlled converter. On the other hand, a one quadrant converter has a power flow
from ac to dc and diodes can be used in a few positions of the converter. It can
perform only phase controlled rectification, and is called a half controlled converter.
Line Commutated Converters are also classified according to the pulse number of the ac
voltage superimposing the average dc voltage of the converter. Thus, we have
 Two pulse converters
 Three pulse converters
 Six pulse converters
 Twelve pulse converters

Converters can be Midpoint or bridge type converters depending upon their layout.

Two Quadrant Converter:

Phase controlled converters which perform both phase controlled rectification and
inversion are two quadrant converters. They are used to convert ac to dc and vice versa,
and have thyristors in all positions. These are further classified as midpoint converters and
bridge type converters.

C. DC Choppers
DC Chopper are mainly dc to dc single stage conversion devices which provide a
variable voltage on the load side when fed from a constant dc voltage source. The
commutation of the current from the thyristors cannot be achieved by means of supply
voltage. The necessary reactive power for the converter must be provided by means of
energy storage elements in the circuit itself. A continuously variable voltage is
available at the output terminals for feeding dc motors. This is more effective
method than resistance control because of the absence of losses. The choppers can be
used for two and four quadrant operation of dc motors.
DC Chopper Working Principle
The basic circuit of a dc chopper is shown in Fig. 3.75. The main thyristor T 1 is
turned ON and OFF periodically, so that the supply voltage V d is available at the
output as a pulse train. By changing the ON period of the thyristor, the average
voltage of the load can be varied. The switching of the thyristor is accomplished by
means of a firing pulse from a control circuit. The turn off of the thyristor at the
 desired instant is achieved by a series circuit of an auxiliary thyristor and a capacitor
connected across the main thyristor.

A firing pulse is provided by the same control circuit to the auxiliary thyristor. This
goes into conduction, applying the capacitor voltage to the main thyristor in the
reverse direction. The value of the capacitor is so chosen that the main thyristor has a
negative voltage and remains current free for a time greater than the turn off time (t q)
of the thyristor, so that the thyristor T 1 regains its positive blocking capability and a
satisfac- tory commutation of the load current to the auxiliary thyristor takes place.
The capacitor gets charged further by means of this constant load current, as shown in
Fig. 3.76(b).

When it gets charged to V d in the opposite direction the auxiliary thyristor ceases
conduction. The current has now been transferred to the free wheeling diode (D2) which is
there in the circuit to provide an alternative path for the load current when the main
thyristor is switched off. This is required when the load is inductive. The free-wheeling
diode conducts until the main thyristor is again fired after the completion of T off. Another
circuit, comprising a diode and an inductance is placed in parallel to the auxiliary
thyristor. This forms a resonating circuit with the commutating capacitor of the polarity
needed for commutation of the main thyristor. When T1 is fired in its sequence a local
circuit is formed by the commutating capacitor, main thyristor T1 the inductance L2 and
D1.
The capacitor discharges through the circuit. After half the cycle of oscillation of the
circuit the capac-itor is charged to Vd (in ideal conditions) to a polarity required for the
next commutation. The diode blocks further discharge of the capacitor, thereby trapping
the charge on the capacitor for the next commutation. The volt-age and current waveforms
are depicted in Fig. 3.76, To avoid the high rates of change of current in the thyristors,
additional inductances are provided. Sometimes the line inductances may suffice in
protecting the main

thyristor from di/dt.

During the commutation the time taken by the commutating capacitor to reach zero voltage
after the auxiliary thyristor is fired, is

This is the circuit turn off time and the negative voltage appears across the main
thyristor for ts. For satisfactory commutation the thyristor must acquire its positive
blocking capability. In other words

Using this equation, the minimum value of capacitance can be determined using the
formula Thus, the minimum Value of the capacitance for commutation is directly
proportional to the load current and the turn off time of the thyristor. The capacitance
depends directly upon the source voltage. To limit the size of the capacitor, fast thyristors
with a small turn off time (tq) are used. There is a chance of failure of commutation if the
capacitor is charged to a voltage lower than Vd, for which it has already been designed.
Fluctuations in Vd may also cause difficulties in thyristor commutation. The
load current should not be below the value of ld for which the capacitance is designed.

D. Inverters
It has already been mentioned that Inverter Control providing a variable frequency
supply to three phase motors should be capable of providing a variable voltage. This
is required to avoid saturation and ensure operation at constant flux density. The
Voltage Control Techniques for Inverters can be affected either external to the
Inverter Control or within it.
The Voltage Control Techniques for Inverters can be done in two ways.
 by varying the dc link voltage
 by varying the ac voltage at the output using a variable ratio transformer
(a) The variation of dc link voltage can be achieved in many ways. It has the
advantage that the output voltage waveform is maintained over a wide range
of frequencies. But at very low frequencies, the dc link voltage may be too low
to commutate the inverter. This limits the lowest operating frequency and
hence the frequency range. The dynamic response is also poor.
A variable dc supply can be obtained by using a phase controlled rectifier on the line side.
A closed loop control varies the firing angle depending upon the frequency. The function
generator (Fig. 3.97) gives a relation between the stator frequency and applied voltage to
the stator for constant air gap flux or given flux conditions in the motor. The output of the
function generator is voltage for a given value of fs. This voltage is compared with the
measured value of voltage and the error so obtained is used to change the firing angle of
the converter on the line side. The frequency is obtained by controlling the firing and
conduction of the thyristors of the machine side converter. A current loop is also employed
to limit the current to safe values during dynamic operation of the system.
A combination of a diode rectifier and a dc chopper is used for varying the dc link voltage.
Closed loop control in this case changes the time ratio of the chopper. Yet another way is
to use a variable ratio transformer which operates at constant frequency, before the diode
rectifier. These methods are shown in Fig. 3.97.
(b) The Voltage Control Techniques for Inverters Control can be affected by
means of a variable ratio transformer interposed between the motor and inverter. The
method is very simple. Even in this case the waveforms of output voltage remain