EF 2 (MODULE 1) - Biological profile: SEX, ANCESTRY, AGE

AND HEIGHT.
Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
FORENSIC(S) BIOLOGICAL PROFILE
- came from the
Forensis – “before latin word forensis, • Trauma (ante, peri, post).
the forum” meaning “before • Fractures and Dislocations
the forum” • Diseases
• Taphonomy - is the study of how
- is an adjective, organisms decay and become
which means fossilized or preserved in the
“relating to, used paleontological record.
in, or appropriate
for courts of law or SEX
for public
discussion or - Differences due to sexual dimorphism
argumentation”. - PHENOTYPIC differences between
males and females of the same species
- Anything with - Sex is sex in the pelvis
Forensic is - Skull and long bones.
basically as
applied to the
law.
- is an interpretive
science.

- There is no
absolute.
- is
multidisciplinary,
the more fields in - Females have wider pubic
collaboration, the arch.
better. - Females have a broad,
PELVIS shovel-like ilium.
- Females have a flexible
Anthropology pubic symphysis.
A. Male’s cranial mass is
• From the Greek Anthropos, blockier and more massive
meaning “man or human”, and compared to the females
logos for study. which is rounder and tapers
• Simply put, anthropology is the at the top.
study of man. SKULL B. Temporal Ridge – runs
• Views human as both biological along the outer side of the
and cultural beings. upper skull creating the
square shaped of the upper
Four Branches of Anthropology head. More prominent in
men than women.
1. Cultural Anthropology (study of C. A woman’s supraorbital
LIVING CULTURES) margin (the ridge above the
2. Archaeology (study of PAST eyes) is sharper, while the
CULTURE) males is rather round and
3. Linguistic Anthropology (study of dull.
LANGUAGE) D. The Zygomatic bone (the
4. Biological anthropology (study of cheekbone that lies under
HUMAN BIOLOGY) the lower eye ridge) is more
pronounced on the male
Forensic Anthropology skull.
E. The Mandible (lower jaw)
- it is the scientific discipline that appears bone of a woman is rounded,
the methods of physical anthropology while the male's is squared.
and archaeology to the collection and
analysis of legal evidence. F. Frontal bone - forehead
structure terminates at the
 brow. The male forehead is - Tooth morphology
lower and more slopping. - Skull and teeth measurements
G. Men have a deeper - 200 cadavers (100 males, 100 females).
cranial mass.
AGE
H. The supercillary arch is
large and pronounced in the - Ages 0-5: teeth are best. Baby teeth
man. are lost, and adult teeth erupt in
predictable patterns.
I. Male's gonion (most - Ages 6-25: epiphyseal fusion - fusion of
posterior inferior point on bone ends to bone shaft. Epiphyseal
angle of mandible) is more fusion varies with sex and is typically
flared out and sharply complete by age 25.
angled. - Ages 25-40: very hard bones
J. The teeth of men tend to - Ages 40+: basically, wear and tear on
be larger. bones, periodontal disease, arthritis,
TEETH - Males have a larger crown breakdown of pelvis, etc.
diameter than females
- Greater in permanent than EPIPHYSEAL FUSION
in primary dentition
- Varies among populations - The figures are of the epiphyses of the
- Males are more likely to femur or thigh bone the ball end of the
express certain crown joint, joined by a layer of cartilage).
features than females, eg
Carabelli trait. - The lines in the illustrated Image 1 show
the lines or layers of cartilage between
the bone and the epiphyses. The lines are
SKULL very clear the bone when a person,
either on male or female is not out of
- Everyone begins with essentially female- puberty.
like skulls.
- This starts to change at puberty. - In Image 2, you see no visible lines. This
- Give greater weight to male person is out of puberty. The epiphyses
characteristics when sexing. have fully joined when a person reaches
- Less common for females to have male adulthood, closing oft the ability to grow
like cranial characteristics. taller or in the case of the arms, to grow
longer.
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC SEX FORMULA(E)

- Needs more research

- Pelvis, skull, femur, and humerus for sex
- Teeth
- Hand and footprints
- At least 200 samples (100 males, 100
females)

FILIPINO-SPECIFIC ANCESTRAL
ESTIMATION

- Needs to be studied
- Visual assessment of skull
 - Rainfall has little effect on
decomposition and insect activity.
- Bodies on the surface will decay at a
faster rate than buried remains because
it's cooler underground.
- Decomposition (of buried remains)
doesn't slow down when clothed or
wrapped; unless it's nylon or plastic (they
keep things moist).

- Both carnivores and rodents are

attracted to fresh remains.
- Carnivores may carry remains away
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC AGE ESTIMULATION (=<0.5 km.) from the body and they like
FORMULAE chewing the spongy bones (articular
ends of long bones, hip bones).
- Needs to be studied - Rodents gnaw primarily on dry bones
but may also damage face, hands, and
- Ageing is affected by biological,
environmental, and cultural factors feet.
- Clavicle, Pelvis, 4th Rib
TAPHONOMY MYTHS AND FACTS
- Teeth
- 500 cadavers (250 males, 250 females)
MYTH FACTS
Any penetration Nope
STATURE OR HEIGHT will cause a body
to decay more
- Anatomical method preferred rapidly.
- Long bone length (femur, tibia, Flies are quickly Flies choose
humerus) is proportional to height attracted to open wounds
- There are tables that forensic wounds. secondarily to
anthropologists use facial orifices. Flies
- Should be population-specific Love gases.
- Since this is inexact, there are Maggots feed Yes, but not faster
'Confidence intervals' assigned to each and destroy tissue than they do
calculation surrounding the anywhere else
wound. they have easy
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC HEIGHT FORMULAE access.

- Orophilla, et al. (1991) used only 28 DECOMPOSITION STAGES

cadavers (16 males, 12 females)
1. EARLY DECOMPOSITION – bloating,
(Length of femur in cm × 2.32 + 65.53) / skin lippage, discoloration, features
2.54 = height in inches still recognizable, tattoo still visible.
2. INTERMEDIATE DECOMPOSITION –
(Length of humerus in cm x 2.89 + 78.10) initial maggot activity at orifices,
/ 2.54 = height in inches advanced skin discoloration,
- Needs more s tatistically sound research seepage fluids from orifices.
- Long bones 3. ADVANCED DECOMPOSITION –
- 200 cadavers (100 males, 100 females), normal decomposition pattern is
from 21 to 40 years old evident, with the most advanced
- Anatomical method preferred as of decay around and spreading
now outward from the orifices, profuse
maggot activity.
TAPHONOMY
- refers to everything that happens to a DIFFERENTIAL DECOMPOSITION
body following death.
§ Normally, head is more advanced
Taphonomy Basics than limbs.
§ Embalmed bodies decompose at the
- Temperature affects insects and hands and feet first.
activity. § Bodies decomposing in water have
- Flies will lay eggs down to 13 °C. loosened joints. Loss of body parts is
correlated with time of death. Bones
 turn black when in water for a long • Information about postmortem
time. events

DECOMPOSITION CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Needs more research. - Includes connective tissue proper,
• He used formula from other countries. cartilage, bone, and blood.
• Decomposition rate will be compute - Forms the supporting framework of
in Accumulated degree days (ADD) many large organs.
• Decomposition pattern will be
assessed using TOTAL BODY SCORING • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – More
(TBS) collagen; contributes more
• Insect succession and soil pH directly to skeletal system – (e.g.:
cartilage and bone).
BAD SCIENCE • TISSUE – group of closely
- a report in February 2009 by a associated cells
committee of the National Academy of - Similar structure and performing related
Sciences US found serious problems with functions. Cells are bound of non-living
much if the work performed by forensic extra cellular.
practitioners. - Consist of more or less humerus cells
- The most damning conclusion was that surrounded by extra cellular fibers and
many forensic disciplines were not ground substances.
grounded in the kind of rigorous, peer- - Epithelial – skin, hair, and nails
reviewed research that is the hallmark of - Muscle tissue – nerves
classic science. - is in the bone cartilage fats and blood
which has a main function to support,
EF 2 MODULE 2 protect and migrate.

BONE BIOLOGY GENERAL FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE

TISSUE
OSTEOLOGY - It explores • Support areas that require
development, structure, durable flexibility
function, and variation • Hydration and maintenance of
of bones. body fluids
- It includes effects of • Attachment if various parts to one
genetic origin, age, sex, another
diet, trauma, disease, • Protection for bones and joints
and decomposition. during activity
HUMAN - More durable than the • Encasement of organs and
OSTEOLOGY rest of the human body. groups of structures
- Often the only
surviving record of a file DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
on this earth. - tensile strength
-Reading physical - white fibers parallel to the direction of
record of humankind pull.
• Irregular Dense Connective
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tissue-fibrous capsules
- mostly the bones remain being find is surrounding kidneys, nerve,
insufficient or kulang. bones, aponeurosis), muscles)
- Strongest bone: femur, clavicle, • Regular Dense Connective Tissue -
humerus forms ligaments and
- If the remains are identified beforehand tendons dense connective tissue
then you have antemortem info. • Elastic dense connective-
• Description of living persons combines greater elasticity with
• Evaluation of health of the person- strength makes up our vocal cords
can recognize disease. and some ligaments adjacent to
• Recognition of habitual activities- spinal form.
you can know the person where • Ligaments- connected to bones
you determine what does he do. to bones.
• Identification of the cause and • Tendons- attach muscles to
manner of death- especially bones.
decomposing remains. • Periosteum- encases outer
• Determination of the surfaces of compact bone.
approximate time since death • Endosteum- cover the inner
surface of compact bone.
 - Compose of mineral salts
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE primarily calcium phosphate,
TISSUE crystalline material.
• Support in areas that require
durable flexibility.
• Hydration and maintenance of
body fluids
• Attachment or the various body GROSS ANATOMY OF BONE
parts to one another - The basic macrostructure of a long
• Protection for bones and joints bone is defined by its growth and
during activity development.
• Encasement of organs and
groups of structures Diaphysis – Forms in the primary center of
CARTILAGE ossification
Functions: support, flexibility, friction - it appears first before the shaft of the
reduction and model for growing bone. adult bone
- Consists primarily of water because of
high water contents. Epiphyses – forms the ends of the bone
- Capable of springing back when and provide dense smooth surface for
compressed, resistant to tension. (Due to articular cartilage.
strong network of collagen fibrous but - Pressure
not resistant to sheer forces, twisting and - Traction (attachment areas)
bending which causes torn to cartilages - Atavistic – small, irregular with no
in sports). specific function in humans.
- No blood vessels Metaphysis – an area of active growth.
• Capable of fast growth – but little - Growing cartilage, calcifying at each
capacity for regeneration especially bony surface.
adults. - The site of epiphysis-diaphysis fusion.
Types: *If there is no fusion hindi lalaki yung tao.
§ Hyaline – ends of bone, shapes
nose, completes ribcage, form
fetal skeleton, provides for model
growing bones.
§ Elastic – basically hyaline with
elastic fibers
§ Fibrocartilage – embedded in
dense collagenous tissue which
forms vertebral disk.

BONE
- Support is the primary function of bone.
- Protection, movement, blood cell
formation, and mineral storage.

Types:
• Dense – known as compact, lamellar,
or cortical bone.
- Forms bone cortex (main portion of
the shaft surrounding the medullar
cavity)
• Spongy – also called as cancellous or
trabecular bone, have thin bones
spicules/trabeculae.
• Woven – not seen in healthy adult but
its normal in the embryonic or skeletal
bone.

Bone Chemistry:
§ Organic – 35% bone mass,
compose of cells, collagen, fibers
substances.
§ Inorganic – 65% bone mass
 o Intramembranous ossification – bone
LAYERS OF A LONG BONE SHAFT growth take place within the
§ Periosteum – outermost layer membrane. Begins early in fetal
§ Sharpey’s fibers – holds periosteum development and continues
tightly in place. throughout life as bone heals and
§ Nutrient foramen – pierces the remodels beneath the terioustal
periosteum and the bone providing membrane cartilaginous model
access to nutrient vessels. which takes place after a template
§ Medullary cavity – where the vessels for the bones is form in cartilage and
pass through compact and muscular and vascular.
trabecular bone inside the shaft. o Endochondral ossification – bone
growth that takes place within
o Stress is the key to form – formation
of bones which the shape of each
bone is a result of stress most
commonly place on it.
o Wolff’s law – based from the fact
that bone grows and thrives under
tension due to the balance of
muscle groups. Form of bone
changes when it used changes.

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

BONES

• Location – action skeleton which is

the foundation/base of
Micro verse appendicular is attached.
3 Basic types of cells in bones - Action skeleton is composed of skull,
• Osteoblast – build bone matrix. hyoid bone, back bone, sternum, and
• Osteoclast – large multi nucleated ribs.
cells capable breaking down bone. - Appendicular skeleton is attach to
• Osteocytes – long term maintenance actual skeleton.
cells. - All appendicular bones are paired (left
and right such as the arms, hands, etc.)
- Bone is built by cells called osteoblast • Size and shape
- Maintained by osteocytes • Origin – bone are endochondral
- Broken down by osteoclasts and built • Structure – either dense or spongy
again.
JOINTS
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

ANATOMICAL POSITION
- Correct orientation of the body

1. Anatomical Planes
2. Anatomical Directional Terms

IMPORTANCE:
• Osteons – Basic structural • Provide a universal way and
components of dense bone. consistent way of
- Made of vascular Haversian describing/discussing anatomy.
canal surrounded by calcified • Describe location of pain, injury, and
concentric lamellae. surgical procedure.
• Creating a reference point when
Osteogenesis – Bone formation and describing anatomical positions.
growth.
o All bone develops by replacing a BODY PLANES – Imaginary lines drawn
pre-existing connective tissue, either vertically or horizontally in an upright
a connective tissue membrane or a body position that is in anatomical
cartilaginous model. position.
2 Types of Ossification
 o Trans – meaning horizontal or
cutting across
o In the X axis

MEDIAL AND LATERAL (left and right)

- uses sagittal plane
Reference point: midsagittal plane

MEDIAL – moves towards the middle or

midline.
LATERAL – moves away from the middle
or midline.

BODY SECTION – portions of the body

created by a cut through a plane.

Examples:
o nose is medial to your eyes
BODY PLANES
o arms are lateral to your torso
1. Sagittal plane
2. Coronal plane
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR (top and
3. Transverse plane
bottom)
- uses transverse plane
SAGITTAL PLANES – left and right
Reference point: transverse line
sections.
SUPERIOR – moves towards the head.
2 types
Also called Cranial.
A. Midsagittal plane – equal
INFERIOR – moves away from the head.
parts/section
Also called Caudal = tail.
B. Parasagittal plane – unequal
parts/section.

Examples:
o nose is inferior to the eyes
o head is superior to torso
CORONAL PLANE – front and back
sections. It is also called as “Frontal ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR (front and
plane”. back)
- uses coronal plane
Reference point: coronal line

ANTERIOR – moves towards the front.

Also called ventral.
POSTERIOR – moves towards the back.
Also called dorsal.

TRANSVERSE PLANE – up and down (top

or bottom) sections. Also called
“Axial/Horizontal plane”.
 • Viscerocranium – lower or sa face.
Collection of bones that forms face
or facial bone.
1. Characteristics of face and
protect the organs of the face
2. Bony surface for attachment of
facial muscle
3. Foramina for the passage of the
Example: neurovascular structure.
o frontal bone is anterior to
occipital bone JOINT (ARTICULATION) – adjacent bone
or bone and cartilage together to form
PROXIMAL AND DISTAL a connection.
- used by lower and upper extremities
(limbs). SUTURES – Fixed or immovable. It
provides strength to the joint by
PROXIMAL – moves towards the trunk. attaching the irregular intervening
DISTAL – moves away from the trunk. edges of the cranial bones.

WHAT’S THE SKULL ABOUT?

- 22 bones
- joined together by sutures and
synarthrodial joints.

CRANIAL BONES
PAIRED:
Examples:
• Parietals
o wrist is proximal to fingers
• Temporals
o elbow is proximal to wrist
UNPAIRED:
o elbow is distal to shoulder
• Frontal
• Occipital
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
• Sphenoid
– skin / internal organs
• Ethmoid
SUPERFICIAL – closer to the surface of
FACIAL BONES
the body.
PAIRED:
DEEP – away from the surface of the
• Lacrimals
body.
• Nasals
Examples:
• Zygomatics
o lungs is deeper than the ribs
• Maxillae
o skin is superficial than the ribs
• Palatines
• Inferior nasal conchae
EF 2 MODULE 3
UNPAIRED:
• Vomer
THE SKULL
• Mandible
Structure:
• Hyoid
• Vault
o Frontal to Parietal = Coronal
FRONTAL BONE
suture
ARTICULATION:
o Parietal = sagittal plane
o Sphenoid
o Parietal to Occipital =
o Parietals
Lambdoidal suture
o Ethmoid
o Parietal to Temporal = Temporal
o Lacrimals
suture
o Nasals
• Base – spinal column will attached
o Zygomatics
with the skull
o Maxillae
• Face – Junction of chin up to the
IDENTIFICATION:
root of the nose.
o Orbital rims and Orbital plates
Function:
SIDEING:
• Neurocranium – upper (STEPOF).
o Orbital Margin
BRAIN CASE.
1. Protects the brain and organs
1-2 years old – Anterior Fontanelle (7-19
2. Forms the shape of the head.
months) closed.
2-4 years old – Metopic Sutures normally IDENTIFICATION:
closed. o Attachments
Posterior Fontanelle – 1 to 2 months/ at SIDEING:
Birth. o Greater wing and lesser wing

PARIETAL BONE ETHMOID

ARTICULATION: ARTICULATION:
o Occipital o Sphenoid
o Frontal o Frontal
o Temporal o Maxillae
o Sphenoid o Palatines
o Parietal o Vomer
IDENTIFICATION: o Lacrimal
o Parietal foramen; meningeal IDENTIFICATION:
groove o Rarely found by itself, pieces
SIDEING: adhere to other bones.
o Four borders and angles SIDEING:
o Crista Galli
FONTANELLE – soft bone. Spaces o Perpendicular plate
between the bones that remain open in
babies and young children. 20-30 years – Ethmoid and Vomer Fuse.
- Cranial bones remain separate for
about 12-18 months. LACRIMAL
Function: ARTICULATION:
1. Brain growth and development o Frontal
2. Flexible so bones can overlap o Ethmoid
3. Avoid brain damage o Maxillae
IDENTIFICATION:
TEMPORAL BONE o Lacrimal Crest
ARTICULATION: SIDEING:
o Occipital o Orbital and Nasal sutures
o Sphenoid
o Parietals 2-3 years old – assumes adult
o Zygomatics morphology.
o Mandible
TWO MAIN PARTS: NASAL
o Petrosal ARTICULATION:
o Squamous o Frontal
IDENTIFICATION: o Maxilla
o Unique Morphology o Nasal
SIDEING: IDENTIFICATION:
o Digastric groove o Unique morphology
SIDEING:
OCCIPITAL BONE o Free edge
ARTICULATION: o Articular edge
o Parietal o Frontal suture
o Temporal
o Sphenoid ZYGOMATIC
o Atlas ARTICULATION:
IDENTIFICATION: o Frontal
o Unique Morphology o Sphenoid
SIDEING: o Maxillae
o Lambdoidal suture o Temporals
IDENTIFICATION:
SPHENOID o Unique Morphology
ARTICULATION: SIDEING:
o Vomer o Convex Surface
o Ethmoid
o Frontal MAXILLA
o Occipital ARTICULATION:
o Parietals o Frontal
o Temporals o Ethmoid
o Zygomatic o Zygomatic
o Palatines o Vomer
 o Lacrimal HYOID
o Maxillae ARTICULATION:
o Nasal o NONE
o Palatine IDENTIFICATION:
o Mandible o Body
o Inferior nasal concha o Horns
IDENTIFICATION: SIDEING:
o Diagnostic Features • Lesser horns
o Alveolar region – sharp edges of
nasal apertures. 2 years old - body usually completely
o Edge of Lacrimal Canal ossified
o Large Maxillary Sinus
o Serrated intermaxillary suture EF 2 MODULE 4
SIDEING:
o Comparative specimens The shoulder girdle or the Pectoral
Girdle, thorax, the arm and the hand
12-14 years old – permanent teeth
emerges except 3rd molars. THE UPPER BODY
• Clavicle
PALATINE • Scapula
ARTICULATION: • Ribs
o Sphenoid • Sternum
o Ethmoid • Humerus
o Maxilla • Radius
o Vomer • Ulna
o Palatine • Hand bones
IDENTIFICATION:
o Attachments CLAVICLE
SIDEING: - Also known as the COLLAR BONE
o Surfaces and edge - An S-shaped, horizontal long bone.
ARTICULATION:
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA o Sternum
ARTICULATION: o Scapula
o Ethmoid SIDEING:
o Lacrimal o Lateral end is flattened
o Maxilla o Medial end is rounded
o Palatine
IDENTIFICATION: - One of the strongest bone
o Usually never found - 5-6 weeks primary ossification centers
SIDEING: appears.
o Duh!? - 29+ years Fusion of medial epiphysis will
be complete in all individuals.
VOMER
ARTICULATION: SCAPULA
o Sphenoid - Also known as the SHOULDER BLADE
o Ethmoid (SCAPULAE)
o Palatines - Flat bones that cover the upper part of
o Maxillae the back
IDENTIFICATION: ARTICULATION:
o Usually never found o Humerus
SIDEING: o Clavicle
o Duh!? SIDEING:
o Glenoid fossa is lateral
3-5 months change from U-shape to Y-
shape based. RIBS
- Circle the chest cavity – thoracic part
MANDIBLE - Simply disregarded because they are
ARTICULATION: fragile.
o Temporal - Also known as the HOUSE OF THE
o Maxillae ORGANS
IDENTIFICATION: ARTICULATION:
o Unique Morphology o Vertebrae
SIDEING: SIDEING:
o Teeth and ramus o Head is posterior
 o The cup-shaped costochondral
junction is anterior
o The inner surface is concave
o The outer surface is convex

STERNUM
-Also known as the BREAST BONE
- Compromised of three elements;
manubrium, body of the sternum, and
xiphoid process
ARTICULATION:
o Clavicle
SIDEING: None

HUMERUS
- Also known as the UPPER ARM
- Upper long bone
ARTICULATION:
SCARED
o Scapula
LOVERS
SIDEING:
TRY
o Head at the proximal end
POSITION
o Medial epicondyle is larger than
THAT
the larger epicondyle.
THEY
CAN’T
In male the humeral head is bigger than
HANDLE
in female.

RADIUS
- Also known as the ROTATION BONE
- Long bone lateral to the ulna, on the
same side of the forearm as the thumb.
ARTICULATION:
o Humerus
o Ulna
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
SIDEING:
o Styloid process at the distal end
of the radius is lateral and
indicates the direction of the
thumb.

ULNA
- Also known as the ELBOW BONE
- Long bone medial to the radius
ARTICULATION:
o Humerus
o Radius
o Lunate
SIDEING:
o Radial notch is on the side of
origin

HANDBONES
- CARPALS, METACARPALS, and
PHALANGES