Department Elective

Semester-VII (EC)
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
 2ECDE65 Internet of Things
Course Coordinator -
Dr. Viranchi Pandya
[email protected]

Faculty involved –
Dr. Manisha Upadhyay
[email protected]

Dr. Sachin Gajjar

[email protected]

Dr. Dhaval Shah

[email protected]
 Why Study Internet of Things?
◦ It is bringing a revolution in human lives, transforming the economy globally, creating high
demand in related jobs, research
◦ Leading companies are investing in IoT based research and product development
◦ Any physical object can be transformed into an IOT device if it can be connected to the
Internet
◦ As an EC engineer…. IoT makes possible a seamless communication between people,
processes, and things
◦ To prepare yourself for the research on Seamless Communication, Networks, Networked
Embedded Systems
 2ECDE65 Internet of Things L
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Course Outcomes (COs):

At the end of the course, students will be able to -
1. design an Internet of Things framework for a given application using a suitable sensor,
microcontroller unit, communication protocol, and cloud architecture.
2. comprehend sensor types, power management, IP-based and non-IP-based WLAN,
WPAN and WWAN communication protocols, and cloud messaging protocols related
to IoT.
3. evaluate the performance of cloud service models for the given application.
4. analyse the performance of Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, 6LoPAN for a given Internet
of Things application for reliability, congestion control, and control packet overhead
parameters.
 UNIT I: Introduction and Overview of Internet of Things
Evolution, Challenges in Internet of Things, Characteristics, Applications of IoT in
Science, Engineering and Societal Domain

UNIT II: IoT-node Architecture

SYLLBUS

Sensors, Actuators, Microcontrollers, Energy management of IoT nodes, Examples of

sensor nodes

UNIT III: Wireless Personal Area Network Standards

IEEE 802. 15. 1 Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy (BLE) 4.0, Bluetooth beacon,
Bluetooth Mesh, Bluetooth Smart 5.0, IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee, Z-wave, IEEE 802.11
WiFi, 6LoPAN, WPAN with IP-thread

UNIT IV: Long Range Communication Standards

Long-range communication – LTE, LoRA, LoRaWAN, Sigfox
 UNIT V: Edge to Cloud protocols
MQTT- Publish-subscribe, packet structure, MQTT-SN, Case study, CoAP –
Architecture

UNIT VI: Cloud Computing

SYLLBUS

NaaS, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS; Public, private and hybrid cloud, OpenStack cloud
architecture, Case study

UNIT VII: Fog Computing

Introduction, Comparison with edge computing, OpenFog reference architecture,
topologies

UNIT VIII: Case Study

IoT based Societal Applications- Smart City, Healthcare domain, Security aspects of
IoT
 Text Books
T1: Introduction to IoT by Sudip Misra, Anandarup T2: Internet of Things for Architects by Perry Lea,
Mukherjee, Arijit Roy, Cambridge University Press Packt Publications
More Reading Material
◦Keep checking the LMS page of the course for
◦ Research Papers
◦ White Papers
◦ Articles
 Course Assessment
CE LPW
Class Test (35) Continuous Assessment
Special Assignment (30) Weightage-75%

Sessional Exam (35) Semester End Evaluation

(Viva)
Weightage-25%
 Special Assignment
◦ Hardware/Software/Simulation Project based on
◦ Implementing a hardware for an IoT application
◦ Application based on IaaS/PaaS/SaaS types of Cloud Computing
◦ Simulation of Privacy and Security Algorithms in Internet of Things
◦ Implementing an IoT service on any Cloud Service for Internet of Things
◦ Sample topic list will be available on LMS
◦ Can come with your own ideas
◦ Look for 13,085 IoT related repositories at https://github.com/topics/iot
◦ Look at IEEE’s Technology Navigator at https://technav.ieee.org/textui/
◦ Paper based on simulation/implementation work to be submitted to a
conference/journal after submission of special assignment
Deliverables
◦Following documents titled “Roll No1_Roll No 2_Name of
the Topic”
◦ Detailed Report of the hardware/software implementation done -
PDF
◦ Detailed PPT of the hardware/software implementation done -
PDF
◦Code related to the topic to be included in the Appendix
of Report
◦Format of the report will be shared on the Moodle page
 Special Assignment Submissions

oCarry out in groups of two from the same Lab Batch

oWhere will be the submissions?
◦Soft Submissions on Moodle Page
◦Hard submissions during lab sessions
Submission- 16/10/23 to 20/10/23
Special Assignment Assessment Criteria
◦ Documentation/Report (15 marks)
◦ Technical writing, originality of work, Formatting, Grammar, Referencing, Flow of
ideas, Clarity of language,
◦ Implementation/Demonstration (10 marks)
◦ Question/ Answer (5 marks)
 Laboratory Work
Software required for Lab work:
◦ Arduino IDE with ESP8266 NodeMCU support
◦ Cisco Packet Tracer

Hardware for Lab work

◦ ESP8266 NodeMCU

Code of the lab work to be submitted as printout or handwritten

Post lab questions and Conclusion to be submitted in handwritten form
 Internet
◦Network →set of devices connected by communication links
◦Node can be computer or any electronic device capable of
sending and/or receiving data generated by other device
◦Internet → collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands
of interconnected networks
◦Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Department
of Defense (DoD)
◦ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET, a small network of
connected computers
 ARPANET (1969)
◦Four nodes at
◦ University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA),
◦ University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB),
◦ Stanford Research Institute (SRI),
◦ University of Utah,
◦ Connected to form a network
◦Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided communication
between the hosts
 Internetting Project (1972)
◦Cerf and Kahn's landmark 1973 paper on Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
◦Internet Today
◦ made up of many wide- and local-area networks joined by connecting
devices and switching stations
◦ Internet service providers (lSPs)
 The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999 when
working at Procter & Gamble’s product supply chain with RFID and sensors
HISTORY
Ashton’s take on IoT “If we had computers that knew everything there
was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help
from us—we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly
reduce waste, loss and cost. We would know when things needed
replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were fresh or past
their best. The ‘Internet of Things’ has the potential to change the world,
just as the Internet did. Maybe even more so.“

Technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world

data/services/products into information networking technologies
(Internet)
 Internet of Things in a Nutshell!
IoT quickly grew from simply tracking objects to the concept of tracking,
monitoring, controlling everything of interest
 Internet of Things (IoT) as per ITU

International Telecommunication Union

(ITU-T Y.2060 (15/06/2012)

“A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling

advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual)
things based on existing and evolving, interoperable information
and communication technologies”.

Ref: https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.2060-201206-I
More Definitions ……..
the network of physical objects or "things"
interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded with electronics, software,
embedded computing devices within the sensors, and network connectivity, which
existing Internet infrastructure enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
a paradigm in which objects equipped with
sensors, actuators, and processors
communicate with each other to serve a Advanced connectivity of devices, systems,
meaningful purpose. and services that goes beyond machine-to-
machine communications (M2M) and
Interconnection of Things or Objects or covers a variety of protocols, domains, and
Machines, e.g., sensors, actuators, mobile applications
phones, electronic devices, home
appliances, any existing items
and interact with each other via Internet.
What is Internet of Things - (over) Simplified View
Evolution of Network

source: https://www.iotforall.com/
Evolution of Internet of Things
IoT vs. Internet
Internet of Things based devices across the world
 Enabler of Internet of Things

• Availability of Sensors
• Availability of processing
• Availability of bandwidth
• Wide spread of mobile handsets
• Wireless connectivity
• Allied technologies – AI/ML, deep learning, big data
• Cloud computing
• IPV6
• Paradigm shift of End user
Internet of Things Market Domain
Most Influential Internet Of Things Companies

Intel
M.C 115.41 B
Most Influential Internet Of Things Companies

Cisco
M.C 125.0B
Most Influential Internet Of Things Companies

IBM
M.C 203.48 B
Most Influential Internet Of Things Companies

Intel
Microsoft
M.C 115.41 B
M.C 373 B
Most Influential Internet Of Things Companies

Google
M.C 397B
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iot-value-chain-john-kobelt
https://venturescanner.medium.com/the-state-of-internet-of-things-in-six-visuals-a4b9cda3324c
Topics for Special Assignment
http://www.libelium.com/
http://www.libelium.com/
 IoT Applications for Smart City

❑Smart Parking
Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city
❑Structural health
Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings,
bridges and historical monuments.
❑Noise Urban Maps
Sound monitoring in centric zones in real time.
❑Smartphone Detection
Detect iPhone, Android, any device which works with WiFi or
Bluetooth interfaces

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Smart City

❑ Electromagnetic Field Levels

Measurement of energy radiated by cell stations and and WiFi routers.
❑ Traffic Congestion
Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking
routes.
❑ Smart Lighting
Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
❑ Waste Management
Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes.
❑ Smart Roads
Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to climate
conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jams.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 Indian Government’s Smart City Mission

❑ Intelligent network to make better use of public resources, increase quality of services for citizens,
reduce operational costs of public administrations
❑ How – by deployment of an intelligent network of nodes that provides unified, simple, and
economical access to a plethora of public services

Source: http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/guidelines.php
Smart Lamp Post
43
 IoT Applications for Environment

❑ Fire Detection
Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive fire conditions
❑ Air Pollution
Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases
generated in farms
❑ Snow Level Monitoring
Snow level measurement to know in real time the quality of ski tracks
❑ Landslide and Avalanche Prevention
Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous
patterns in land conditions
❑ Earthquake Early Detection
Distributed control in specific places of tremors

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Water Management

❑ Potable water monitoring

Monitor the quality of tap water in cities
❑ Chemical leakage detection in rivers
Detect leakages and wastes of factories in rivers
❑ Swimming pool remote measurement
Control remotely the swimming pool conditions
❑ Pollution levels in the sea
Control Realtime leakages and wastes in the sea
❑ Water Leakages
Detection of liquid presence outside tanks and pressure variations along pipes
❑ River Floods
Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Industry

❑ Smart Grid
Energy consumption monitoring and management
❑ Tank level
Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and cisterns
❑ Photovoltaic Installations
Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants
❑ Water Flow
Measurement of water pressure in water transportation systems
❑ Silos Stock Calculation
Measurement of emptiness level and weight of the goods

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Security & Emergencies

❑ Perimeter Access Control

Access control to restricted areas and detection of people in non-authorized
areas
❑ Liquid Presence
Liquid detection in data centers, warehouses and sensitive building grounds to
prevent break downs and corrosion
❑ Radiation Levels
Distributed measurement of radiation levels in nuclear power stations
surroundings to generate leakage alerts
❑ Explosive and Hazardous Gases
Detection of gas levels and leakages in industrial environments, chemical
factories and inside mines

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Retail Industry

❑ Supply Chain Control

Monitoring of storage conditions along the supply chain and product tracking for
traceability purposes.
❑ NFC Payment
Payment processing based in location or activity duration for public transport,
gyms, theme parks, etc.
❑ Intelligent Shopping Applications
Getting advices in point of sale according to customer habits, preferences, their
allergic components or expiring dates.
❑ Smart Product Management
Control of rotation of products in shelves and warehouses to automate
restocking processes

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Logistics

❑ Quality of Shipment Conditions

Monitoring of vibrations, strokes, container openings or cold chain maintenance
❑ Item Location
Search of individual items in warehouses or harbors
❑ Storage Incompatibility Detection
Warning emission on containers storing inflammable goods closed to others
containing explosive material
❑ Fleet Tracking
Control of routes followed for goods like medical drugs, jewels
❑ Accident Rescue
❑Inform Rescue Team about place of accident, number of people, their
picture, health condition

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Agriculture

❑ Wine Quality Enhancing

Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter in vineyards to control the amount of sugar in grapes
and grapevine health.
❑ Green Houses
Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its
quality.
❑ Golf Courses
Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources required
❑ Meteorological Station Network
Study of weather conditions in fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind
changes.
❑ Compost
Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other
microbial contaminants.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Animal Farming

❑Offspring Care
Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms
to ensure its survival and health.
❑Animal Tracking
Location and identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables.
❑Toxic Gas Levels
Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of
harmful gases from excrements.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
 IoT Applications for Home Automation

❑Energy and Water Use

Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on
how to save cost and resources.
❑Remote Control Appliances
Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save
energy.
❑Intrusion Detection Systems
Detection of windows and doors openings and violations to prevent
intruders.
❑Art and Goods Preservation
Monitoring of conditions inside museums and art warehouses.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
Home Monitoring & Automation
 IoT Applications for e-Health

❑ Fall Detection
Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent.
❑ Medical Fridges
Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and organic
elements.
❑ Sportsmen Care
Vital signs monitoring in high performance centers and fields.
❑ Patients Surveillance
Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home.
❑ Ultraviolet Radiation
Measurement of UV sun rays to warn people not to be exposed in certain hours.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
IoT in Healthcare
 IoT Applications for Industrial Control

❑ Machine Diagnosis
Machine wear and tear monitoring
❑ Indoor Air Quality
Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chemical plants to ensure
workers and goods safety.
❑ Temperature Monitoring
Control of temperature inside industrial and medical fridges with sensitive
merchandise.
❑ Ozone Presence
Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying meat process in food factories.
❑ Indoor Location
Asset indoor location by using active (ZigBee) and passive tags (RFID/NFC),
Beacons
❑ Vehicle Auto-diagnosis
Information collection from Can Bus to send real time alarms to emergencies or
provide advice to drivers.

source: https://www.libelium.com/libeliumworld/top-50-iot-sensor-applications-ranking/
IoT in Industry
 Towards Industrial IoT (IIoT)

❑ Types of IoT network

❑ Consumer IoT
❑ Industrial IoT (IIoT)
❑ Similarity in availability, intelligent and
connected devices
❑ Consumer IoT is for consumer usage
❑ Industrial IoT connects machines and
sensors in industries such as
aerospace and defense, healthcare
and energy

source: https://www.iotforall.com/difference-between-iot-and-iiot
 Industrial IoT (IIoT)

❑ IIoT is for industry for manufacturing, supply chain monitor and management
system

IIOT

Soruce: Bosch, “Towards a connected Industry with Bosh” https://www.bosch.com/products-and-services/connected-

products-and-services/industry-4-0/
 IoT v/s IIOT

IoT IIoT
Commercial or Area of Focus Monitoring and Managing Systems
Consumer Convenience for Defense, Manufacturing,
Healthcare and other industries

Smart Devices Focus Development Sophisticated Machines

Simple Applications with low risk Degree of Application Sensitive Sensors, Advanced Control
during failure and Analytics

Utility Centric Security and Risk Advanced and Robust

Measures
Functionally Independent Interoperability Integration with co-existing Legacy
Operating Systems
 IoT v/s IIOT

IoT IIoT
Low Scale Networks Scalability Large Scale Networks

Reasonably well Precision and Accuracy Very High

Easy Off-site Programming Programmability Remote On-site Reprogramming

to support new features

Convenience Output Economic Growth

Not Required Fault Tolerance Support Automated

Fault tolerance

Consumer Preferred Maintenance Scheduled and Organized

INTERNET OF UNDERWATER THINGS
Internet of Battlefield Things
INTERNET OF SPACE THINGS
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

 Internet of Things

Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

5v
Real World Data

GND

Gateway
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

Network

Gateway
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:
`

Network

Off
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

Gateway
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:

Gateway

Real World Data

Actuator or Output Device

 Internet of Things
Internet of Things are driven by a combination of:
Actuator or
output device “Get values out of connected objects
with analytic tools”

Gateway

Device 2 Device Device 2 Server Server 2 Server

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
BLE/Zigbee/
Wi-Fi/ 6LoWPAN/ MQTT/COAP/HTTP
LORA
Advantages of IoT
•Efficient resource utilization

•Minimize human effort

•Save time

•Enhance Data Collection

•Improve security
Challenges of IoT
 Useful Links
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi
❑ http://elinux.org/Rpi_Datasheet_201_Raspberry_Pi_Computer
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware
❑ http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Hub
❑ http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-43016/l/broadcom-
datasheet-for-bcm2835-soc-used-in-raspberry-pi
❑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-board_computers
❑ http://www.sakoman.com/OMAP/microsd-card-perfomance-test-results.html
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_VerifiedPeripherals
❑ http://elinux.org/Rpi_Low-level_peripherals
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_Cases
 Useful Links
❑ http://www.adafruit.com/products/859
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_VerifiedPeripherals
❑ http://elinux.org/Rpi_Low-level_peripherals
❑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_Easy_SD_Card_Setup#Copying_an_image_to_the_SD_Card_in_
Linux_.28command_line.29
❑ http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-
Imager.shtml
❑ http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A13735596
❑ http://www.raspberrypi.org/faqs
❑ https://thepihut.com/products/raspberry-pi-zero?variant=14062734980
❑ https://thepihut.com/products/raspberry-pi-zero?variant=14062734980
 Useful Links
❑ http://serdmanczyk.github.io/XBeeAPI-PythonArduino-Tutorial/
❑ http://docs.digi.com/display/RFKitsCommon/XBee+API+mode
❑ https://github.com/andrewrapp/xbee-arduino
❑ http://www.instructables.com/id/Configuring-XBees-for-API-Mode/
❑ https://sourceforge.net/p/raspberry-gpio-python/wiki/BasicUsage/
❑ http://raspi.tv/2013/rpi-gpio-basics-5-setting-up-and-using-outputs-with-rpi-gpio
❑ http://elinux.org/RPi_GPIO_Code_Samples
❑ https://www.python.org/doc/
❑ https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/12966/what-is-the-difference-
between-board-and-bcm-for-gpio-pin-numbering
❑ https://randomnerdtutorials.com/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi/
❑ https://elinux.org/RPi_Hub
Thank
You!