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Instruction Set of 8086

An instruction is a binary pattern designed
inside a microprocessor to perform a specific
function.
The entire group of instructions that a
microprocessor supports is called
Instruction Set.
8086 has more than 20,000 instructions.

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 Classification of Instruction Set
1. Arithmetic Instructions and Logical Instruction
2. Data Transfer Instructions
3. Branch and Loop Instruction
4. M/C control Instruction
5. Flag Manipulation Instructions
6. Shift and Rotate Instruction
7. String Instructions

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2. Data Transfer Instructions

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 MOV Des, Src:
 It is used to copy the content of Src to Des
 Src operand can be register, memory location or immediate
operand.
 Des can be register or memory operand.
 Both Src and Des cannot be memory location at the same
time.
 E.g.:
 MOV CX, 037A H MOV AL, [SI]
 MOV AL, BL
 MOV BX, [0301 H]
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 Data Transfer Instructions
 PUSH Operand:
 It store the data into top of stack.
 By this operation, SP decreases by 2.
(If SP: FF04H, after PUSH, SP: FF02H)
 E.g.: PUSH DX

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 PUSHF:
 It push the content of flag register into top of stack.
 By this operation, SP decreases by 2.
POP Des:
 It pops the operand from top of stack to Des.
 Des can be a general purpose register, segment register
(except CS) or memory location.
 Increment the SP by 2.

 E.g.: POP AX
 POPF:
 It pop the content of flag register from top of stack.
 By this operation, SP increses by 2.
 Data Transfer Instructions
 IN Accumulator, Port Address:
 It copy the data from the specified input port to accumulator
register.

 E.g.: (1) IN AX, 036 H

 2) MOV DX, 03F8H

 IN AX, DX

 OUT Port Address, Accumulator:

 It copy the data from accumulator to specified port.

 E.g.: OUT 0028 H, AX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 XCHG Des, Src:
 This instruction exchanges the content of Src with Des.
 It can exchange the content of Reg. to Reg.; Reg. to Memory
 But, It cannot exchange two memory locations directly.
 E.g.: (1) XCHG DX, AX
(2) XCHG AX, [BX]

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 XLAT :
 The content of memory location in the DS whose offset
address formed by sum of AL and BX are moved to AL.
 E.g.: (1) XLAT
 AL = BX+AL
 If DS= 1000H; AL=05H; BX=0400H
 Then, Starting address = DS*10 = 10000
 Offset AL+BX = 0405

 P.A = 10405H
 Data Transfer Instructions
LEA Register, Src:
 It loads a 16-bit register with the offset address of the data
specified by the Src.

 E.g.: LEA BX, [DI]

 This instruction loads the DI (offset) into the BX register.

 2) LEA BX, p OR MOV BX, OFFSET p

 Address of p is loading in BX

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LDS Des, Src: Load data segment
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and DS.
 The word is placed in the destination register and the
segment is placed in DS.
 This instruction Copies the word at the lower memory
address to the Des reg and the word at the higher
address to the segment reg i.e. DS.
 E.g.: LDS BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LES Des, Src: Load Extra Segment
 It loads 32-bit pointer from memory source to
destination register and ES.
 The Word is placed in the destination register and the
segment is placed in ES.
 This instruction is very similar to LDS except that it
initializes ES instead of DS.
 E.g.: LES BX, [0301 H]

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 Data Transfer Instructions
 LAHF: Load AH register by lower 8 bits of flag
 It copies the lower byte of flag register to AH.

 SAHF: Store flag register by content of AH register

 store contents of AH to lower byte of flag register.

 PUSHF:
 Pushes flag register to top of stack.

 POPF:
 Pops the stack top to flag register.

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1. Arithmetic And Logical
Instructions
 Arithmetic Instructions
ADD Des, Src:
 It adds a byte to byte or a word to word and store
the result in Des.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 ADD AL, 74H
 ADD DX, AX
 ADD AX, [BX]
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 Arithmetic Instructions
ADC Des, Src:
 It adds the two operands with CF.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 ADC AL, 74H
 ADC DX, AX
 ADC AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
SUB Des, Src:
 It subtracts a byte from byte or a word from word.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 For subtraction, CF acts as borrow flag.
 E.g.:
 SUB AL, 74H
 SUB DX, AX
 SUB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
SBB Des, Src:
 It subtracts the two operands and also the
borrow from the result.
 It effects AF, CF, OF, PF, SF, ZF flags.
 E.g.:
 SBB AL, 74H
 SBB DX, AX
 SBB AX, [BX]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 MUL Src:
 It is an unsigned multiplication instruction.
 It multiplies two bytes to produce a word or two words to
produce a double word.
 AX = AL * Src
 DX : AX = AX * Src
 This instruction assumes one of the operand in AL or AX.
 Src can be a register or memory location. And Flags-OF, CF
 Unused bits of destination register is always filled with sign bit

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DIV Src:
 It is an unsigned division instruction.
 It divides word by byte or double word by word.
 The operand is stored in AX, divisor is Src and
the result is stored as:
 AH = remainder, AL = quotient (for word/byte)
 DX=remainder, AX=quotient (for D-word/word)

 IDIV Src:
 It is a signed division instruction.
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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CBW (Convert Byte to Word):
 This instruction converts byte in AL to word in AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of AL
throughout AH.
 If AL = 10001011 ; AH = 01001001
 After CBW A=10001011 and AH= 11111111

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CWD (Convert Word to Double Word):
 This instruction converts word in AX to double word
in DX : AX.
 The conversion is done by extending the sign bit of
AX throughout DX.
 Copies the sign bit of a word in AX to all the bits of
DX.
 Arithmetic Instructions
INC Src:
 It increments the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: INC AX
 INC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
DEC Src:
 It decrements the byte or word by one.
 The operand can be a register or memory
location.
 E.g.: DEC AX
DEC [SI]

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 CMP Des, Src:
 It compares two specified bytes or words.
 The Src and Des can be a constant, register or memory
location.
 Both operands cannot be a memory location at the same
time.
 The comparison is done simply by internally subtracting
the source from destination.
 Source = destination : ZF is set
 Source > destination : CF is set
 Source < destination : CF is reset
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 Arithmetic Instructions
NEG Src:
It creates 2’s complement of a given
number.
That means, it changes the sign of a
number.

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 Arithmetic Instructions
 DAA (Decimal Adjust after Addition)
 It is used to make sure that the result of adding two BCD
numbers is adjusted to be a correct BCD number.
 It only works on AL register.
 E.g : MOV AL, 38 H
 ADD AL, 45 H
 DAA
 HLT
For Subtraction : DAS (Decimal Adjust after Subtraction)
 Arithmetic Instructions
 AAA (ASCII Adjust after Addition):
 This Instruction Can be used to convert the contents of the
AL register to unpacked BCD result
 i.e. If lower nibble of AL>9 then
1. AL=AL+6 2. AH=AH+1
3. AL=AL and Higher nibble of AL is 0
E.g. Before AL =57H
Then Lower Nibble (7) <9 ; No change in AL but Higher nibble
of AL is 0 i.e. final Answer 07.

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E.G. MOV AX, 0FH
Then AH= 00 H
 AL = 0F H
 Here F>9 ; So AL=AL+6 and AH=AH+1 and higher
nibble of AL is 0.
 AL= F +6 = 15H i.e. 05 (as higher nibble will be 0)
 AH = 00 +1 = 01H

 Final AX=0105H
Other ASCII Instructions:
 AAS (ASCII Adjust after Subtraction)
 AAM (ASCII Adjust after Multiplication)
 AAD (ASCII Adjust Before Division)
 Logical Instructions
 NOT Src:
 It complements each bit of Src to produce 1’s
complement of the specified operand.
 The operand can be a register or memory location.
 e,.g NOT AX

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 Logical Instructions
 AND Des, Src:
 It performs AND operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.
 E.G: AND AH, 05H ; AND AH, CH 37
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 OR Des, Src:
 It performs OR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 XOR Des, Src:
 It performs XOR operation of Des and Src.
 Src can be immediate number, register or memory
location.
 Des can be register or memory location.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated.

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 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 TEST Des, Src: Logical Comparison
 It performs bit wise logical AND operation of Des and
Src.
 Src can be immediate number, and src/Des can be
register or memory location.
 It is Non-Destructive And means Dest is not modified
only flags are affected.
 Both operands cannot be memory locations at the same
time.
 CF and OF become zero after the operation.
 PF, SF and ZF are updated. 40
 E.g.: (1) TEST AH, CH
 AH = F0 H and CH = 9F H
 Then, F0 AND CH = 1001 0000
 i.e., SF = 1, PF = 1, ZF = 0
 3. Branch/Program Execution Transfer
Instructions
 These instructions cause change in the sequence of the
execution of instruction.
 This change can be a conditional or sometimes
unconditional.
 The conditions are represented by flags.

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 Branch Instructions
 JMP Des:
 This instruction is used for unconditional
jump from one place to another.
 It will jump program control to label.

 Jxx Des (Conditional Jump):

 All the conditional jumps follow some conditional
statements or any instruction that affects the flag.
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 Conditional Jump Table
Mnemonic Meaning Jump Condition

JA Jump if Above CF = 0 and ZF = 0

JAE Jump if Above or Equal CF = 0

JB Jump if Below CF = 1

JBE Jump if Below or Equal CF = 1 or ZF = 1

JC Jump if Carry CF = 1

JE Jump if Equal ZF = 1

JNC Jump if Not Carry CF = 0

JNE Jump if Not Equal ZF = 0

JNZ Jump if Not Zero ZF = 0

JP Jump if Parity PF = 1

JNP Jump if No Parity PF = 0

JZ Jump if Zero ZF = 1
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 Branch Instructions
 CALL Des:
 This instruction is used to call a subroutine or function
or procedure.
 The address of next instruction after CALL is saved onto
stack.

 RET:
 It returns the control from procedure to calling program.
 Every CALL instruction should have a RET.

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 Loop Instructions
 Loop Des:
 This is a looping instruction.
 The number of times looping is required is placed in the
CX register.
 With each iteration, the contents of CX are decremented.
 ZF is checked whether to loop again or not.
 E.G. Mov AX, 0H

 MOV CX, 03H

 again : INC AX

 Loop again 46
4. Machine Control
Instructions
 Machine Control Instructions
HLT (Halt) :- It causes the processor to enter in to the halt
state. It can be stop by INTR,NMI or RESET pin
NOP (No Opration) :- It causes the processor to enter in
to the wait state for 3 Clock cycles.
WAIT :- It causes the processor to enter in to the ideal state.
Can be stop by TEST, INTR OR NMI pin
LOCK :- This instruction prevents other processors to
take the control of shared resources. For e.g LOCK IN
AL,80H

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5. Flag Manipulation
Instructions
Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STC:
 It sets the carry flag to 1.

 CLC:
 It clears the carry flag to 0.

 CMC:
 It complements the carry flag.

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Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STD:
 It sets the direction flag to 1.
 If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory
address to lower memory address.

 CLD:
 It clears the direction flag to 0.
 If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower
memory address to higher memory address.
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Flag Manipulation Instructions
 STI:
 It sets the Interrupt flag to 1.

 CLI:
 It clears the Interrupt flag to 0.

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6. Shift And Rotate Instructions
 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHL/SAL Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word left, by count.
 It puts zero(s) in LSBs.
 MSB is shifted into carry flag.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 SHR/SAR Des, Count:
 It shift bits of byte or word right, by count.
 It puts zero(s)(for SHL) and Sign bit (for SAL) in MSBs.
 LSB is shifted into carry flag.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)
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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROL Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
 LSB is transferred to MSB and also to CF.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 ROR Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
 MSB is transferred to LSB and also to CF.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCL Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word right, by count.
 LSB to MSB then MSB is transferred to CF and CF to
LSB.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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 Shift And Rotate Instructions
 RCR Des, Count:
 It rotates bits of byte or word left, by count.
 MSB to LSB then LSB is transferred to CF and CF to
MSB.
 If the number of bits desired to be shifted is 1, then the
immediate number 1 can be written in Count.
 However, if the number of bits to be shifted is more than
1, then the count is put in CL register. And recent bit to
the CF (Carry flag)

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7. String Manipulation
Instructions
 String Manipulation
Instructions
 String in assembly language is just a sequentially
stored bytes or words.
 There are very strong set of string instructions in 8086.
 By using these string instructions, the size of the
program is considerably reduced.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation Instructions

❑ String : Sequence of bytes or words

❑ 8086 instruction set includes instruction for string movement, comparison, scan, load and
store.

❑ REP instruction prefix : used to repeat execution of string instructions

❑ String instructions end with S or SB or SW. S represents string, SB string byte and
SW string word.

❑ Offset or effective address of the source operand is stored in SI register and that of the
destination operand is stored in DI register.

❑ Depending on the status of DF, SI and DI registers are automatically updated.

❑ DF = 0  SI and DI are incremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

❑ DF = 1  SI and DI are decremented by 1 for byte and 2 for word.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW:
 It causes moving of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI and destination string is in Extra
Segment referred by ES:DI.
 For e.g. movs str1,str2
 Movsb
 Movsw
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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 LODS / LODSB / LODSW:
 It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one string to
another.
 In this instruction, the source string is in Data Segment
referred by DS:SI transferred to Accumulator.
 For e.g. lods string
 lodsb
 lodsw

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 STOS / STOSB / STOSW:
It causes TRANSFER of byte or word from one string to
another.
In this instruction, the string is in Extra Segment referred by
ES:DI transferred to Accumulator.
 For e.g. stos string
 stosb
 stosw

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 CMPS Des, Src:
 It compares the string bytes or words.

 SCAS String:
 It scans a string.
 It compares the String with byte in AL or with word in
AX.

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 String Manipulation
Instructions
 REP (Repeat):
 This is an instruction prefix.
 It causes the repetition of the instruction until CX
becomes zero.
 E.g.: REP MOVSB
 It copies byte by byte contents.

 REP repeats the operation MOVSB until CX becomes zero.

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8086 Microprocessor

String Manipulation
Instructions
REP

REPZ/ REPE While CX  0 and ZF = 1, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS (CX)  (CX) – 1
until ZF = 0)

REPNZ/ REPNE While CX  0 and ZF = 0, repeat execution of

string instruction and
(Repeat CMPS or SCAS (CX)  (CX) - 1
until ZF = 1)

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