E L E C T RO M AG N E T I C
T H E O RY
NAME : RUPAK KARMAKAR
ROLL NO : 10505522022
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM:
N CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM, A POINT IS LOCATED BY THE INTERSECTION OF THE
FOLLOWING THREE SURFACES:
•A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE Y-Z PLANE (X = CONSTANT, NORMAL TO THE X AXIS, UNIT VECTOR )
•A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE X-Z PLANE (Y = CONSTANT, NORMAL TO THE Y AXIS, UNIT VECTOR )
•A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE X-Y PLANE (Z = CONSTANT, NORMAL TO THE Z AXIS, UNIT VECTOR )
THIS IS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE BELOW.
BASE VECTORS:
, , , AND ARE THE UNIT VECTORS IN THE THREE COORDINATE
DIRECTIONS. THEY ARE CALLED THE BASE VECTORS.
THE BASE VECTORS MEET THE FOLLOWING RELATIONS:
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM:
IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS A POINT P(R1, Θ1, Z1) IS THE INTERSECTION OF THE
FOLLOWING THREE SURFACES AS SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING FIGURE.
A CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SURFACE R = R1
A HALF-PLANE CONTAINING THE Z-AXIS AND MAKING ANGLE Φ = Φ1 WITH THE XZ-PLANE
A PLANE PARALLEL TO THE XY-PLANE AT Z = Z1.
BASE VECTORS:
•THE BASE VECTOR AT P IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE CYLINDRICAL
SURFACE OF CONSTANT R1.
•THE BASE VECTOR AT P IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE HALF-PLANE
SURFACE OF CONSTANT Φ1 AND TANGENTIAL TO THE CYLINDRICAL
SURFACE OF CONSTANT R1.
•THE BASE VECTOR IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF
CONSTANT Z1.
THE BASE VECTORS MEET THE FOLLOWING RELATIONS:
SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM:
• A POINT P(R1, Θ1, Φ1) IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES IS LOCATED AT THE INTERSECTION OF THE
FOLLOWING THREE SURFACES:
A SPHERICAL SURFACE CENTERED AT THE ORIGIN WITH A RADIUS R = R1 (SPHERE OF
CONSTANT R)
A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE WITH ITS APEX AT THE ORIGIN, ITS AXIS COINCIDING WITH
THE +Z AXIS, AND HAVING A HALF-ANGLE Θ = Θ1 (CONE OF CONSTANT Θ)
A HALF-PLANE CONTAINING THE Z-AXIS AND MAKING AN ANGLE Φ = Φ1 WITH THE XZ-PLANE
(PLANE OF CONSTANT Φ)
THIS IS SHOWN BELOW.
Base Vectors:
THE BASE VECTOR AT P IS RADIAL FROM THE ORIGIN AND IS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE SPHERE OF CONSTANT R = R1
THE BASE VECTOR AT P IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE CONE OF
CONSTANT Θ = Θ1
THE BASE VECTOR AT P IS PER PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF
CONSTANT Φ = Φ1
THE BASE VECTORS MEET THE FOLLOWING RELATIONS:
RELATIONS BETWEEN CARTESIAN, CYLINDRICAL, AND
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
• CONSIDER A CARTESIAN, A CYLINDRICAL, AND A
SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM, RELATED AS SHOWN
STANDARD RELATIONS BETWEEN CARTESIAN,
CYLINDRICAL, AND SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS.
THE ORIGIN IS THE SAME FOR ALL THREE. THE POSITIVE Z-
AXES OF THE CARTESIAN AND CYLINDRICAL SYSTEMS
COINCIDE WITH THE POSITIVE POLAR AXIS OF THE
SPHERICAL SYSTEM. THE INITIAL RAYS OF THE
CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL SYSTEMS COINCIDE WITH
THE POSITIVE X-AXIS OF THE CARTESIAN SYSTEM, AND
THE RAYS =90° COINCIDE WITH THE POSITIVE Y-AXIS.
THEN THE CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X,Y,Z), THE CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (R, ,Z), AND THE
SPHERICAL COORDINATES ( , , ) OF A POINT ARE RELATED AS FOLLOWS:
Q2 ANS :
Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, φ, z):
In cylindrical coordinates, a point is represented by (ρ, φ, z), where:
•ρ (rho) is the radial distance from the z-axis to the point
•φ (phi) is the angle in the xy-plane measured from the positive x-axis
•z is the vertical distance from the xy-plane to the point
For point P(-2, 6, 3):
•ρ = sqrt((-2)^2 + 6^2) = sqrt(40)
•φ = atan(6 / -2) = atan(-3)
•z = 3
For vector A = ya x + (x + z)a y:
•Aρ = y = 6
•Aφ = x + z = -2 + 3 = 1
•Az = 0
Spherical Coordinates (r, θ, φ):
In spherical coordinates, a point is represented by (r, θ, φ), where:
•r is the distance from the origin to the point
•θ (theta) is the angle in the xy-plane measured from the positive x-axis
•φ (phi) is the angle from the positive z-axis
For point P(-2, 6, 3):
•r = sqrt((-2)^2 + 6^2 + 3^2) = sqrt(49) = 7
•θ = atan(6 / -2) = atan(-3)
•φ = cos^(-1)(3 / 7)
For vector A = ya x + (x + z)a y:
•Ar = y = 6
•Aθ = x + z = -2 + 3 = 1
•Aφ = 0
Evaluating A at Point P in Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinates:
In Cartesian coordinates, A at point P is simply the vector A itself: A(P) = ya x + (x + z)a y = 6a
x + (1)a y = 6i + j
In cylindrical coordinates, A at point P can be obtained by using the components Aρ and
Aφ: A(P) = Aρaρ + Aφaφ = 6aρ + 1aφ = 6aρ + aφ
So, the final expression of A(P) in cylindrical coordinates is 6aρ + aφ.
Q3 ANS :
In cylindrical coordinates, a point is represented by (ρ, φ, z), where:
•ρ (rho) is the radial distance from the z-axis to the point
•φ (phi) is the angle in the xy-plane measured from the positive x-axis
•z is the vertical distance from the xy-plane to the point
Now, let's calculate the electric field at point P(0, 0, h) due to the circular ring with a uniform charge
distribution.
Given:
•Radius of the ring: a
•Linear charge density: ρl (Coulomb/meter)
•Point of interest: P(0, 0, h)
The formula for the electric field due to a uniformly charged ring at a point on its axis is given by:
E = (k * Q * z) / (R^2 + z^2)^(3/2)
Where:
•k = 1 / (4πε₀) is Coulomb's constant
•Q = Total charge on the ring = ρl * 2πa (circumference of the ring)
•R = Distance from the center of the ring to the point P along the z-axis (R = h)
Substitute the value of Q and the expression for R into the electric field formula:
E = (k * ρl * 2πa * z) / (h^2 + z^2)^(3/2)
Now, we need to express z in terms of cylindrical coordinates. In cylindrical coordinates, z = h.
Substitute z = h into the formula:
E = (k * ρl * 2πa * h) / (h^2 + h^2)^(3/2) = (2πkρl * a * h) / (2h^3)^(3/2) = (2πkρl * a * h) / (2h^3 * √2) = πkρl * a /
(h^2 * √2)
Now, substitute the value of k = 1 / (4πε₀) into the equation:
E = (ρl * a) / (2√2ε₀ * h^2)
Comparing this result with the given expression for the electric field:
E = (ρl * a * h) / (2ε₀ * h^2 + a^2)^(3/2)
