Java

Package, Interface & Exception

Package

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 Package
• Java package provides a mechanism for partitioning
the class name space into more manageable chunks
– Both naming and visibility control mechanism
• Define classes inside a package that are not
accessible by code outside that package
• Define class members that are exposed only to other
members of the same package
• This allows classes to have intimate knowledge of
each other
– Not expose that knowledge to the rest of the world
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 Declaring Package
• package pkg
– Here, pkg is the name of the package
• package mypackage
– creates a package called mypackage
• The package statement defines a name space in
which classes are stored
• If you omit the package statement, the class names
are put into the default package, which has no name

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 Declaring Package
• Java uses file system directories to store packages
– the .class files for any classes that are part of mypackage
must be stored in a directory called mypackage
• More than one file can include the same package
statement
• The package statement simply specifies to which
package the classes defined in a file belong
• To create hierarchy of packages, separate each
package name from the one above it by use of a (.)

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Package Example

javac -d . AccountBalance.java

java mypackage.AccountBalance

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 Package Syntax
• The general form of a multilevel package statement
– package pkg1[.pkg2[.pkg3]]
– package java.util.concurrent
• import statements occur immediately following the
package statement and before any class definitions
• The general form of the import statement
– import pkg1 [.pkg2].(classname | *)
– import java.util.Scanner
– import statement is optional, class can be used with name
that includes full package hierarchy
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 Access Protection
• Packages act as containers for classes and other
subordinate packages
• Classes act as containers for data and code
• The class is Java’s smallest unit of abstraction
• Four categories of visibility for class members
– Subclasses in the same package
– Non-subclasses in the same package
– Subclasses in different package
– Classes that are neither in the same package nor
subclasses
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 Access Protection
• The three access modifiers provide a variety of ways
to produce the many levels of access required
– private, public, and protected
• The following applies only to members of classes
Private No Modifier Protected Public
Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes
Same package subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Same package non-subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Different package subclass No No Yes Yes
Different package non-subclass No No No Yes
For detail example, please refer to codes in package p1 and p2
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 Access Protection
• Anything declared public can be accessed from
anywhere
• Anything declared private cannot be seen outside of
its class
• When a member does not have an explicit access
specification, it is visible to subclasses as well as to
other classes in the same package (default access)
• If you want to allow an element to be seen outside
your current package, but only to classes that
subclass the class directly, declare that protected
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 Access Protection
• A non-nested class has only two possible access
levels
– default and public (others are abstract and final)
• When a class is declared as public, it is accessible by
any other code
• If a class has default access, then it can only be
accessed by other code within its same package
• When a class is public, it must be the only public
class declared in the file, and the file must have the
same name as the class
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Interface

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 Interface
• We can call it a pure abstract class having no
concrete methods
– All methods declared in an interface are implicitly public
and abstract
– All variables declared in an interface are implicitly public,
static and final
• An interface can’t have instance variables, so can’t
maintain state information unlike class
• A class can only extend from a single class, but a
class can implement multiple interfaces
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 Implementing Interface
• When you implement an interface method, it must
be declared as public
• By implementing an interface, a class signs a contract
with the compiler that it will definitely provide
implementation of all the methods
– If it fails to do so, the class will be considered as abstract
– Then it must be declared as abstract and no object of that
class can be created
• An abstract class specifies what an object is and an
interface specifies what the object can do
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Simple Interface

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Simple Interface

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Applying Interfaces

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Nested or Member Interfaces

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Variables in Interfaces

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Extending Interfaces

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 Default Interface Methods
• Prior to Java 8, an interface could not define any
implementation whatsoever
• The release of Java 8 has changed this by adding a
new capability to interface called the default method
– A default method lets you define a default implementation
for an interface method
– Its primary motivation was to provide a means by which
interfaces could be expanded without breaking existing
code

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Default Interface Methods

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Multiple Inheritance Issues

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Static Methods in Interface

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Private Methods in Interface

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Exception

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 Exception Handling
• When an exceptional condition arises, an object
representing that exception is created and thrown in
the method that caused the error
– That method may choose to handle the exception or pass
it on (caught and processed at some point)
• Generated by the Java runtime or by your code
– Exceptions thrown by Java relate to fundamental errors
that violate the rules of the Java language or the
constraints of the Java execution environment
– Manually generated exceptions are typically used to report
some error condition to the caller of a method
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 Exception Handling
• Java exception handling is managed via five keywords
– Program statements that you want to monitor for
exceptions are contained within a try block
– If an exception occurs within the try block, it is thrown
– Your code can catch this exception (using catch)
– To manually throw an exception, use the keyword throw
– Any exception that is thrown out of a method must be
specified as such by a throws clause
– Any code that absolutely must be executed after a try
block completes is put in a finally block

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 Exception Classes Hierarchy

Image Source: https://simplesnippets.tech/exception-handling-in-java-part-1/

Complete List of Java Exceptions: https://programming.guide/java/list-of-java-exceptions.html
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Uncaught Exceptions

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Caught Exceptions

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 Caught Exceptions

try can be nested, please refer to ExceptionTryNested.java

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 finally

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Multiple catch clauses

catch(ArithmeticException | NullPointerException e)

catch(ArithmeticException | Exception e) - Error

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 throw

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 throws

throws listing is not required for those of

RuntimeException or any of their subclasses
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Custom Exceptions

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