3-1 Program

#include <iostream>

void main ()

{
int length, width, area;

cout << "This program calculates the area of a rectangle.\n";

cout << "What is the length of the rectangle? ";

cin >> length;

cout << "What is the width of the rectangle? ";

cin >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "The area of the rectangle is " << area << ".\n";

3-1 Program Output This program calculates the area of a

rectangle:

What is the length of the rectangle? 10 [Enter] what is the width of the rectangle? 20
[Enter] The area of the rectangle is 200.

>> And << Operators:

Notice the >> and << operators appear to point in the direction information is flowing.
The >> operator indicates information flows from cin to a variable. The << operator
shows that information flows from a variable (or constant) to cout.

3.1 The cin Object Continued:

cin is smart enough to know a value like 10.7 cannot be stored in an integer variable. If
the user enters a floating point value into an integer variable, the part of the number
after the decimal point is thrown away. When part of a value is discarded, it is
truncated. cin truncates floating point numbers that are to be stored in integer
variables.

Users of Your Programs Always explain to the user what the program is or what
information is needed. Always be courteous and prompt the user to enter exactly what
the program needs.Users do not want to see your source code.

Entering Multiple Values:

The cin object may be used to gather multiple values at once.cin will read multiple
values of different data types.

3-2 Program:
#include <iostream>

void main()

{
int length, width, area;

cout << "This program calculates the area of a rectangle.\n";

cout << "Enter the length and width of the rectangle separated by a space. \n"

;cin >> length >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "The area of the rectangle is " << area << endl;

3-2 Program Output This program calculates the area of a

rectangle:

Enter the length and width of the rectangle separated by a space.10 20 [Enter] The
area of the rectangle is 200

3-3 Program // This program demonstrates how cin can read

multiple:

// values of different data types.

#include <iostream.h>

void main(void)

int whole;

float fractional;

char letter;

cout << "Enter an integer, a float, and a character: ";

cin >> whole >> fractional >> letter;

cout << "whole: " << whole << endl;

cout << "fractional: " << fractional << endl;

cout << "letter: " << letter << endl;

3-3 Program Output Enter an integer, a float, and a character: b [Enter]whole:

4fractional: 5.7letter: b

Reading Strings cin can read strings, as well as, numbers:

In C++, C-strings are commonly stored in character arrays. An array is like a group of
variables with a single name, located together in memory.

Character Array An example of a character array declaration: char company [12]; The
number inside the brackets indicates the size of the array. The name of the array is
company, and it is large enough to hold 12 characters. Remember that C-strings have
the null terminator at the end, so this array is large enough to hold a C-string that is 11
characters long.

3-4 Program //This program shows how cin may:

//be used to read a string into a//character array

#include <iostream>

#include<string>
void main()

string name;

cout << "What is your name? ";

cin >> name;

cout << "Good morning " << name << endl;

3-4 Program Output What is your name? Charlie [Enter]

Good morning Charlie

char name[21];The name of the array is name and it is large enough to hold 21
characters. The null terminator at the end of a C-string is a character, so the longest
string that may be stored in this array is 20 characters. The cin object will let the user
enter a string larger than the array can hold. If this happens, the string will overflow
the array’s boundaries and destroy other information in memory.

3-6 Program //This program reads two strings into //two

character arrays.
#include <iostream>

void main()

char first[16], last[16];

cout << "Enter your first and last name and I will\n";

cout << "reverse them.\n";

cin >> first >> last;

cout << last << ", " << first << endl;

3-6 Program Output Enter your first and last names and I will:
reverse them. Johnny Jones [Enter] Jones, Johnny

Notes on Strings If you wish the user to enter a string that has spaces in it, you cannot
use this input method.

3.2 Mathematical Expressions:

C++ allows you to construct complex mathematical expressions using multiple

operators and grouping symbols. Mathematical expressions are evaluated from left to
right. When two operators share an operand, the operator with the highest precedence
works first. Multiplication and division have higher precedence than addition and
subtraction.

Expression An expression is a programming statement that has a

value:

Usually, an expression consists of an operator and its operands. Sum =: Since has a
value, it is an expression. Its value, 24, is stored in the variable sum. Expressions do
not have to be in the form of mathematical operations. Number = 3; 3 is an expression.

3-7 Program // This program asks the user to enter the

numerator and denominator of a fraction and it displays the
decimal value:

#include <iostream>

void main(void)

float numerator, denominator;

cout << "This program shows the decimal value of ";

cout << "a fraction.\n";

cout << “Enter the numerator: “;

cin >> numerator;

cout << “Enter the denominator: “;

cin >> denominator;

cout << “The decimal value is “;

cout << (numerator / denominator);

3-7 Program Output with Example Input:

This program shows the decimal value of a fraction. Enter the numerator: 3
[Enter]Enter the denominator: 6 [Enter]The decimal value is

Precedence of Arithmetic Operators (Highest to Lowest):

(unary negation) - * / % + -

Table 3-2 Some Expressions with their Values:

Associativity if two operators sharing an operand have the same precedence, they work
according to their associativity. Associativity is either right to left or left to right. It is the
order in which an operator works with its operands. The associativity of the division
operator is left to right, so it divides the operand on its left by the operand on its right.

Table 3-3 Associatively of Arithmetic Operators:

Grouping with Parentheses: Parts of a mathematical expression may be grouped with

parentheses to force some operations to be performed before others.

Converting Algebraic Expressions to Programming Statements:

In algebra it is not always necessary to use an operator for multiplication. However,

C++ requires an operator for any mathematical operation. The above table shows some
algebraic expressions that perform multiplication and the equivalent C++ expression.

area = pow(4,2) // will store 42 in area:

No Exponents Please!C++ does not have an exponent operator.Use the pow() library
function to raise a number to a power.Will need #include <math.h> for pow()
function.area = pow(4,2) // will store 42 in area

pow function Must include math.h header file:

The variable used to store pow’s return value should be declared as a double or a
float.The pow function is designed to return a double. Remember that a double value
will fit in a float variable if the value is small enough.If the arguments of the pow
function are large enough to cause pow to produce a value outside the range of a float,
a double variable should be used to store its return value.

32 3-8 Program // This program calculates the area of a circle:

// The formula for the area of a circle is Pi times the radius squared. Pi is

#include <iostream>

#include <math> // needed for the pow function

void main(void)

double area, radius;

cout << "This program calculates the area of a circle.\n";

cout << "What is the radius of the circle? ";

cin >> radius;

area = * pow(radius,2);

cout << "The area is " << area;

3-8 Program Output with Example Input:

This program calculates the area of a circle. What is the radius of the circle? 10[Enter]
the area is

3.3 When you Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Coercion:

when an operator’s operands are of different data types, C++ will automatically convert
them to the same data type.

Type Coercion Rules:

Rule 1: Chars, shorts, and unsigned shorts are automatically promoted to int.
Rule 2: When an operator works with two values of different data types, the lower-
ranking value is promoted to the type of the higher-ranking value.

Rule 3: When the final value of an expression is assigned to a variable, it will be

converted to the data type of the variable.

3.4 Overflow and Underflow:

When a variable is assigned a value that is too large or too small in range for that
variable’s data type, the variable overflows or underflows. Overflow - when a variable is
assigned a number that is too large for its data type Underflow - when a variable is
assigned a number that is too small for its data type

3-9 Program // This program demonstrates integer underflow and

overflow:

#include <iostream>

void main()

short testVar = 32767;

cout << testVar << endl;

testVar = testVar + 1;

testVar = testVar - 1;

3-9 Program Output32767-32768

3-10 Program // This program can be used to see how your

system // handles floating point overflow and underflow:

#include <iostream>
void main()

float test;
test = 2.0e38 * 1000; // Should overflow test

cout << test << endl;

test = 2.0e-38 / 2.0e38;

3.5 The Typecast Operator The typecast operator allows you to perform manual data
type conversion. Val = int (number); //If number is a floating//point variable, it will
be//truncated to an integer and//stored in the variable Val

3-11 Program
#include <iostream>

void main()

{
int months, books;

float perMonth;

cout << "How many books do you plan to read? ";

cin >> books;

cout << "How many months will it take you to read them? ";

cin >> months;

perMonth = float(books) / months;

cout << "That is " << perMonth << " books per month.\n";

Program Output How many books do you plan to read? 30 [Enter]:

How many months will it take you to read them? 7 [Enter] That is books per month.

Per Month = float (books / months);

Typecast Warnings In Program 3-11, the following statement would still have resulted
in integer division:perMonth = float(books / months);Because the division is performed
first and the result is cast to a float.
3-12 Program //This program uses a typecast operator to //print
a character from a number
#include <iostream>

void main()

int number = 65;

cout << number << endl;

cout << char(number) << endl;

3-12 Program Output 65 A

3.6 The Power of Constants may be given names that symbolically represent them in a
program.

3-13 Program // This program calculates the area of a circle:

#include <iostream>

#include <math>

void main()

const float pi = ;

double area, radius;

cout << "This program calculates the area of a circle.\n";

cout << "What is the radius of the circle? ";

cin >> radius;

area = pi * pow(radius,2);

cout << "The area is " << area;

}
The #define Directive The older C-style method of creating named constants is with the
#define directive, although it is preferable to use the const modifier.#define PIis
roughly the same asconst float PI= ;

3-14 Program:
#include <iostream>

#include <math> // needed for pow function

#define PI

void main()

double area, radius;

cout << "This program calculates the area of a circle.\n";

cout << "What is the radius of the circle? ";

cin >> radius;

area = PI * pow(radius, 2);

cout << "The area is " << area;

3.7 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment:

Multiple assignment means to assign the same value to several variables with one
statement. A = B = C = D = 12;Store1 = Store2 = Store3 = BegInv;

3-15 Program// The program tracks the inventory of three widget stores// that opened
at the same time. Each store started with the// same number of widgets in inventory.
By subtracting the// number of widgets each store has sold from its inventory,// the
current inventory can be calculated.

#include <iostream>

void main()

{
int begInv, sold, store1, store2, store3;

cout << “One week ago, 3 new widget stores opened\n";

cout << “at the same time with the same beginning\n";

cout << “inventory. What was the beginning inventory? ";

cin >> begInv;

store1 = store2 = store3 = begInv;

cout << "How many widgets has store 1 sold? ";

cin >> sold;

store1 = store1 – sold; //Subtract sold from store1

cout << "How many widgets has store 2 sold? ";

store2 = store2 – sold; //Subtract sold from store2

cout << "How many widgets has store 3 sold? ";

store3 = store3 – sold; //Subtract sold from store 3

cout << "Store1: " << store1 << endl;

cout << "Store2: " << store2 << endl;

cout << "Store3: " << store3 << endl;

3-15 Program Output with Example Input:

One week ago, 3 new widget stores opened at the same time with the same beginning
inventory. What was the beginning inventory? 100 [Enter] How many widgets has store
1 sold? 25 [Enter] How many widgets has store 2 sold? 15 [Enter] How many widgets
has store 3 sold? 45 [Enter] The current inventory of each store: Store 1: 75Store 2:
85Store 3: 55

Table 3-8

Table 3-9

3-16 Program// The program tracks the inventory of three widget stores// that opened
at the same time. Each store started with the// same number of widgets in inventory.
By subtracting the// number of widgets each store has sold from its inventory,// the
current inventory can be calculated.

#include <iostream>

void main()

int begInv, sold, store1, store2, store3;

cout << “One week ago, 3 new widget stores opened\n";

cout << “at the same time with the same beginning\n";

cout << “inventory. What was the beginning inventory? ";

cin >> begInv;store1 = store2 = store3 = begInv;

cout << "How many widgets has store 1 sold? ";

cin >> sold;store1 -= sold; //Subtract sold from store1

cout << "How many widgets has store 2 sold? ";

store2 -= sold; //Subtract sold from store2

cout << "How many widgets has store 3 sold? ";

store3 -= sold; //Subtract sold from store 3

cout << "Store1: " << store1 << endl;

cout << "Store2: " << store2 << endl;

cout << "Store3: " << store3 << endl;

3-16 Program Output with Example Input:

One week ago, 3 new widget stores opened at the same time with the same beginning
inventory. What was the beginning inventory? 100 [Enter] How many widgets has store
1 sold? 25 [Enter] How many widgets has store 2 sold? 15 [Enter] How many widgets
has store 3 sold? 45 [Enter] The current inventory of each store: Store 1: 75Store 2:
85Store 3: 55

Table 3-12
Formatting Output with Member Functions:

cout.width(5); //calls the width member// function, same as// setw(5)cout.precision(2);

//sets precision to// 2 significant// digits// The next statement works like//
setiosflags(ios::fixed)cout.setf(ios::fixed);

3-24 Program // This program asks for sales figures for 3 days.
The // total sales is calculated and displayed in a table.

#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>

void main()

float day1, day2, day3, total;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 1: ";

cin >> day1;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 2: ";

cin >> day2;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 3: ";

cin >> day3;

total = day1 + day2 + day3;

cout.precision(2);
cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);

cout << "\nSales Figures\n";

cout << " \n";

cout << “Day 1: ";

cout.width(8);

cout << day1 << endl;

cout << “Day 2: ";

cout << day2 << endl;

cout << “Day 3: ";

cout.width(8);
cout << day3 << endl;

cout << "Total: ";

cout << total << endl;

64 3-24 Program Output Enter the sales for day 1: 2642.00

[Enter]

Sales FiguresDay 1:Day 2:Day 3:Total:

65 3-25 Program // This program asks for sales figures for 3 days.
The // total sales is calculated and displayed in a table

#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>

void main(void)

float day1, day2, day3, total;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 1: ";

cin >> day1;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 2: ";

cin >> day2;

cout << "Enter the sales for day 3: ";

cin >> day3;

total = day1 + day2 + day3;

cout.precision(2);

cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint);

cout << "\nSales Figures\n";

cout << " \n";

cout << “Day 1: " << setw(8) << day1 << endl;

cout << “Day 2: " << setw(8) << day2 << endl;

cout << “Day 3: " << setw(8) << day3 << endl;

cout << "Total: " << setw(8) << total << endl;

return 0;

3-25 Program Output Enter the sales for day 1: 2642.00 [Enter]:

Sales FiguresDay 1:Day 2:Day 3:Total:

Table 3-13

3.9 Formatted InputThe cin object provides ways of controlling string and character
input.

3-26 Program // This program uses setw with the cin object:

#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>

void main()

char word[5];

cout << "Enter a word: ";

cin >> setw(5) >> word;

cout << "You entered " << word << endl;

}

3-27 Program // This program uses cin's width member function:

#include <iostream>

#include <iomanip>

void main()

char word[5];

cout << "Enter a word: ";

cin.width(5);

cin >> word;

cout << "You entered " << word << endl;

3-26 and 3-287 Program Output Enter a word: Eureka [Enter]:

You entered Eure

Important points about the way cin handles field widths:

The field width only pertains to the very next item entered by the user. cin stops
reading input when it encounters a whitespace character. Whitespace characters
include the [Enter] key, space, and tab.

Reading a “Line” of Input:

cin.getline(line, 20);

3-28 Program // This program demonstrates cin's getline member

//function.

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

void main(void)

char sentence[81];

cout << "Enter a sentence: ";

cin.getline(sentence, 81);

cout << "You entered " << sentence << endl;

3-28 Program OutputEnter a sentence: To be, or not to be, that is the question.
[Enter]You entered To be, or not to be, that is the question.

3-29 Program:
#include <iostream>

void main()

char ch;

cout << "Type a character and press Enter: ";

cin >> ch;

cout << "You entered " << ch << endl;

Program Output with Example InputType a character and press Enter: A [Enter]You
entered A

3-30 Program:
#include <iostream>

void main()

{
char ch;

cout << "This program has paused. Press enter to continue.";

cin.get(ch);

cout << "Thank you!" << endl;

Program Output This program has paused. Press Enter to continue. [Enter]Thank you!

3-31 Program:
#include <iostream>

void main()

char ch;

cout << "Type a character and press Enter: ";

cin.get(ch);

cout << "You entered " << ch << endl;

cout << "Its ASCII code is " << int(ch) << endl;

3-31 Program Output Type a character and press Enter: [Enter]

You enteredIts ASCII code is 10

Mixing cin >> and cin.get:

Mixing cin.get with cin >> can cause an annoying and hard-to-find problem.Pressing
the [Enter] key after inputting a number will cause the newline character to be stored in
the keyboard buffer. To avoid this, use cin.ignore.cin.ignore(20,’\n’); will skip the next
20 chars in the input buffer or until a newline is encountered, whichever comes
first.cin.ignore(); will skip the very next character in the input buffer.
3.10 More About Object-Oriented Programming:

A member function is a procedure, written in C++ code, that is part of an object. A

member function causes the object it is a member of to perform an action.In this
chapter, we have used width, precision, setf, and unsetf for the cout object.In this
chapter we have used width, getline, get, and ignore for the cin object.

3.11 More Mathematical Library Functions:

The C++ runtime library provides several functions for performing complex
mathematical operations.In this chapter we have used width, precision, setf, and unsetf
for the cout object.In this chapter we have used width, getline, get, and ignore for the
cin object.

Table 3-14

Table 3-14 Continued

Table 3-14 Continued

3-32 Program// This program asks for the lengths of the 2 sides of a right// triangle.
The length of the hypotenuse is then calculated// and displayed.

#include <iostream>

#include <math> // For sqrt and pow

void main(void)

float a, b, c;

cout << "Enter the length of side A: ";

cin >> a;

cout << "Enter the length of side B: ";

cin >> b;

c = sqrt(pow(a, 2.0) + pow(b, 2.0));

cout.precision(2);

cout << "The length of the hypotenuse is ";

cout << c << endl;

3-32 Program Output Enter the length of side A: 5.0 [Enter]:

Enter the length of side B: 12.0 [Enter]The length of the hypotenuse is 13

rand() (from the cstdlib library):

Random numbers and() (from the cstdlib library)

3-33 Program // This program demonstrates random numbers:

#include <iostream>

#include <stdlib>

using namespace std;

void main()

unsigned seed;

cout << "Enter a seed value: ";

cin >> seed;

srand(seed);

cout << rand() << endl;

3-33 Program Output Enter a seed value: 5 1731 32036 21622:

Program Output with Other Example InputEnter a seed value: 165540296639920

3.13 Introduction to Simple File Input and Output:

What is a File? A file is a collection on information, usually stored on a computer’s disk.
Information can be saved to files and then later reused.

The Process of Using a File:

Using a file in a program is a simple three-step process: The file must be opened. If the
file does not yet exits, opening it mean creating it.Information is then saved to the file,
read from the file, or both. When the program is finished using the file, the file must be
closed.

Figure 3-8

Figure 3-9

Setting Up a Program for File Input/Output (I/O):

Before file I/O can be performed, a C++ program must be set up properly.File access
requires the inclusion of the fstream.h header file.

Table 3-16

Opening a File Before data can be written to or read from a file, the file must be
opened.ifstream inputFile;inputFile.open(“customer.dat”);

Closing a FileA file should be closed when a program is finished using

it.outputFile.close();

Writing Information to a File:

The stream insertion operator (<<) may be used to write information to a

file.outputFile << “I love C++ programming !”outputFile << “Price: “ << price;

3-36 Program// This program uses the << operator to write information to a // file.
#include <iostream.h>

#include <fstream>

void main()

ofstream outputFile;

outputFile.open("demofile.txt");
cout << "Now writing information to the file.\n"; // Write 4 great names to the file

outputFile << "Bach\n";

outputFile << "Beethoven\n";

outputFile << "Mozart\n";

outputFile << "Schubert\n";

outputFile.close();

cout << "Done.\n";

Program Screen OutputNow writing information to the file. Done.Program Output to File
demofile.txtBach Beethoven Mozart Schubert

Reading Information from a File:

The stream extraction operator (>>) may be used to read information from a file.inFile
>> name;

3-37 Program// This program uses the >> operator to read information from a // file.

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

void main()

ifstream inFile;

int length, width, area;

inFile.open("dimensions.txt");

cout << "Reading dimensions of 5 rectangles from the file.\n\n"; // Process rectangle 1

inFile >> length;

inFile >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "Area of rectangle 1: " << area << endl; // Process rectangle 2

inFile >> length;

inFile >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "Area of rectangle 2: " << area << endl;

// Process rectangle 3

inFile >> length;

inFile >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "Area of rectangle 3: " << area << endl; // Process rectangle 4

inFile >> length;

inFile >> width;

area = length * width;

cout << "Area of rectangle 4: " << area << endl; // Process rectangle 5

inFile >> length;

inFile >> width; area = length * width;

cout << "Area of rectangle 5: " << area << endl; // Close the file

inFile.close();

cout << "\nDone.\n";

3-37 Program Before Program 3-37 is executed, the file dimensions.txt must be created
with a text editor (such as Windows Notepad). Here is an example of the file's contents:

3-37 Program Output Reading dimensions of 5 rectangles from the file. Area of
rectangle 1: 20 Area of rectangle 2: 35 Area of rectangle 3: 162 Area of rectangle 4:
120 Area of rectangle 5: 24 Done.