11/28/23, 1:30 PM Tutorial6

Calista Longo - i635761

Tutorial 6
In [91]: import random
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

Writing your own python functions

Exercise 1
In [1]: def greet():
print("Hello, there!")

In [2]: def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

In [3]: greet("Alice")

Hello, Alice!

In [4]: greet(name="Alice")

Hello, Alice!

Exercise 2
In [43]: greet(firstname="Alice")

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[43], line 1
----> 1 greet(firstname="Alice")

TypeError: greet() got an unexpected keyword argument 'firstname'

In [8]: def greet(firstname):

print(f"Hello, {firstname}!")
greet(firstname="Alice")

Hello, Alice!

In [9]: def add(a, b):

result = a + b
return result

In [10]: sum_result = add(3, 4)

print(sum_result)

Exercise 3

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In [11]: def greet(name="there"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

In [12]: greet() # This will print "Hello, there!"

greet("Bob") # This will print "Hello, Bob!"

Hello, there!
Hello, Bob!

In [16]: def greet(name):

"""
Greets the user with the provided name.
"""
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

In [17]: help(greet)

Help on function greet in module __main__:

greet(name)
Greets the user with the provided name.

Rock, Paper, Scissors (part 6)

Exercise 4
In [24]: def RPS(n_rounds):
"""
Game of Rock, Paper, Scissors.
"""
n_rounds = 3
computer_score = 0
user_score = 0

for round_number in range(n_rounds):

random_computer_selection = random.choice(["Scissors", "Paper", "Rock"])

user_selection = input("Select: Rock, Paper, or Scissors")

while user_selection not in ["Rock", "Paper", "Scissors"]:
user_selection = input("Select: Rock, Paper, or Scissors")

print (f"You answered {user_selection}")

print (f"The computer aswered {random_computer_selection}")

if random_computer_selection == "Paper" and user_selection == "Rock":

print("You lost! :(")
computer_score += 1
elif random_computer_selection == "Scissors" and user_selection == "Paper":
print("You lost! :(")
computer_score += 1
elif random_computer_selection == "Rock" and user_selection == "Scissors":
print("You lost! :(")
computer_score += 1
elif random_computer_selection == user_selection:
print("It's a draw! :I")
else:
print("You won! :)")
user_score += 1

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print(f"You won {user_score} time(s).")
print(f"The computer won {computer_score} time(s).")

if computer_score > user_score:

print("You lost overall! :(")
elif computer_score < user_score:
print("You won overall! :)")
else:
print("It's a draw! :I")

score_count = pd.Series([user_score, computer_score], index=['You', 'Computer']

score_count.plot(kind='pie', autopct='%1.1f%%')

plt.title('Pie Chart of Wins Distribution')

plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()

In [25]: RPS(3)

Select: Rock, Paper, or ScissorsPaper

You answered Paper
The computer aswered Rock
You won! :)
Select: Rock, Paper, or ScissorsPaper
You answered Paper
The computer aswered Rock
You won! :)
Select: Rock, Paper, or ScissorsPaper
You answered Paper
The computer aswered Rock
You won! :)
You won 3 time(s).
The computer won 0 time(s).
You won overall! :)

Improving visualisations
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Exercise 5
In [92]: url = 'https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vTEX2jqDTG_1uLK6lc1jxhsLQd47
gs_intro_survey = pd.read_csv(url)
print(gs_intro_survey)

Timestamp Height Origin Languages \

0 10/11/2023 11:09:24 164.0 Canada 3
1 10/11/2023 11:09:26 160.0 Netherlands 2
2 10/11/2023 11:09:31 175.0 Germany 3
3 10/11/2023 11:09:33 178.0 Germany 3
4 10/11/2023 11:09:35 170.0 Netherlands 4
.. ... ... ... ...
89 10/11/2023 11:12:50 183.0 United States of America (USA) 3
90 10/11/2023 11:12:54 160.0 United Kingdom (UK) 3
91 10/11/2023 11:13:25 178.5 Netherlands 2
92 10/11/2023 11:13:37 168.0 Netherlands 3
93 10/11/2023 11:13:40 157.0 Germany 5

Siblings Python_experience Enthusiastic Parent_year \

0 1 2 No 1971
1 1 1 Yes 1976
2 3 1 No 1975
3 1 1 Yes 1966
4 2 3 Yes 1961
.. ... ... ... ...
89 3 1 Yes 1961
90 1 1 Yes 1974
91 1 1 No 1959
92 4 1 No 1970
93 1 1 Yes 1968

What sort of job would you like to do when you graduate? Monthly_Income
0 Diplomat 3000.0
1 Humanitarian aid 300.0
2 Human rights development 300.0
3 Journalist 80.0
4 Consulting 500.0
.. ... ...
89 no clue 0.0
90 Diplomat 500.0
91 No clue 250.0
92 Researcher 300.0
93 Human Rights Activist 312.0

[94 rows x 10 columns]

In [30]: # Select the heights from the dataframe

heights = gs_intro_survey["Height"]

# Create subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=1, figsize=(8, 10))

# Plot histogram
axes[0].hist(heights, bins=20, color='skyblue', edgecolor='black')
axes[0].set_title('Histogram')

# Plot rug plot

axes[1].plot(heights, np.zeros_like(heights), '|', color='green', markersize=10)
axes[1].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[1].set_title('Rug Plot')

# Plot box plot

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axes[2].boxplot(heights, vert=False)
axes[2].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[2].set_title('Box Plot')

# Adjust layout for better spacing

plt.tight_layout()

Exercise 6
The histogram shows the frequency distribution of the data. The rug plot represents the
spread and concentration of the data. The box plot shows the spread, median (orange line)
and upper and lower quartiles.

Exercise 7
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In [36]: # Select the heights from the dataframe

heights = gs_intro_survey["Height"]

# Create subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=3, figsize=(4, 5))

# Plot histogram
plt.xlabel('Height')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
axes[0].hist(heights, bins=20, color='skyblue', edgecolor='green') #Formats the fig
axes[0].set_title('Histogram')
axes[0].axvline(184, color='black')
axes[0].text(184, 8,"Leto's height",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')

# Plot rug plot

axes[1].plot(heights, np.zeros_like(heights), '|', color='darkgreen', markersize=10
axes[1].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[1].set_title('Rug Plot') # Titles the figure

# Plot box plot

axes[2].boxplot(heights, vert=False)
axes[2].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[2].set_title('Box Plot')

# Adjust layout for better spacing

plt.tight_layout()

Exercise 8

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In [37]: import numpy as np

heights = gs_intro_survey['Height']
np.mean(heights)

171.19893617021276
Out[37]:

In [38]: heights = gs_intro_survey['Height']

np.percentile(heights, 50)

170.5
Out[38]:

In [39]: df = pd.DataFrame(gs_intro_survey)

python_experience_answer_count = df.pivot_table(index = ['Height'], aggfunc ='size'

python_experience_mode_count = max(python_experience_answer_count)
print(f"The mode was repeated {python_experience_mode_count} times. Please refer to
print(python_experience_answer_count)

The mode was repeated 6 times. Please refer to the table below to find it's corres
ponding value.
Height
153.0 1
154.0 1
155.0 1
156.0 1
157.0 2
158.0 3
160.0 5
161.0 2
162.0 2
162.5 1
163.0 5
164.0 1
164.7 1
165.0 3
166.0 2
167.0 4
168.0 6
169.0 3
170.0 3
171.0 3
172.0 6
173.0 5
174.0 1
175.0 5
176.0 1
177.0 4
178.0 3
178.5 1
180.0 1
182.0 2
183.0 4
184.0 1
185.0 2
187.0 1
188.0 1
189.0 1
190.0 2
192.0 1
193.0 1
200.0 1
dtype: int64

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In [98]: # Select the heights from the dataframe

heights = gs_intro_survey["Height"]

# Create subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=1, figsize=(8, 10))

# Plot histogram
axes[0].hist(heights, bins=20, color='skyblue', edgecolor='black')
axes[0].set_title('Histogram')
axes[0].axvline(168, color='black')
axes[0].text(168, 8,"Mode",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(170.5, color='black')
axes[0].text(170.5, 8,"Median",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(171.19, color='black')
axes[0].text(171.19, 8,"Mean",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')

# Plot rug plot

axes[1].plot(heights, np.zeros_like(heights), '|', color='green', markersize=10)
axes[1].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[1].set_title('Rug Plot')

# Plot box plot

axes[2].boxplot(heights, vert=False)
axes[2].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[2].set_title('Box Plot')

# Adjust layout for better spacing

plt.tight_layout()

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Measures of Variation

Exercise 9
In [54]: def differenceFrom(x, m = 0):
difference = m - x
return difference

In [45]: differenceFrom(1)

-1
Out[45]:

Exercise 10
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In [46]: def divideBy(s, n):

result = s/n
return result

In [47]: divideBy(4, 2)

2.0
Out[47]:

Exercise 11
In [60]: def calculateMean(numberList):
mean = np.mean(numberList)
return mean

In [53]: calculateMean([1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6])

3.4285714285714284
Out[53]:

Exercise 12
In [104… def calculateVariance(numberList):
mean = calculateMean(numberList)
number_data = 0
sum_squared_difference = 0

for x in numberList:
difference = differenceFrom(x, mean)
squared_difference = difference * difference
sum_squared_difference += squared_difference
number_data += 1

result = divideBy(sum_squared_difference, number_data - 1)

return result

In [105… calculateVariance([1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6])

2.9523809523809526
Out[105]:

Exercise 13
In [102… def calculateVariancewithoutsquare(numberList):
mean = calculateMean(numberList)
number_data = 0
sum_squared_difference = 0

for x in numberList:
squared_difference = differenceFrom(x, mean)
sum_squared_difference += squared_difference
number_data += 1

result = divideBy(sum_squared_difference, number_data - 1)

return result

In [103… calculateVariancewithoutsquare([1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6])

-1.4802973661668753e-16
Out[103]:

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Exercise 14
In [81]: def test_standard_deviation(r, m=10):
x = np.zeros(10) # create a dataset of 10 values
x[:5] = m - r
x[5:] = m + r
return x

In [82]: test_standard_deviation(77)

array([-67., -67., -67., -67., -67., 87., 87., 87., 87., 87.])
Out[82]:

In [84]: np.mean([-67., -67., -67., -67., -67., 87., 87., 87., 87., 87.])

10.0
Out[84]:

In [85]: np.std([-67., -67., -67., -67., -67., 87., 87., 87., 87., 87.])

77.0
Out[85]:

In [87]: test_standard_deviation(10,9)

array([-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., 19., 19., 19., 19., 19.])
Out[87]:

In [88]: np.mean([-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., 19., 19., 19., 19., 19.])

9.0
Out[88]:

In [89]: np.std([-1., -1., -1., -1., -1., 19., 19., 19., 19., 19.])

10.0
Out[89]:

r = the standard deviation

m = the mean

This function creates a perfectly symetrical array centered around the mean by having the
first 5 values be the mean - standard deviation and the last 5 values be the mean + the
standard deviation.

Exercise 15
In [108… std = np.std(heights)

In [109… variance = calculateVariance(heights)

In [112… # Select the heights from the dataframe

heights = gs_intro_survey["Height"]

# Create subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=1, figsize=(8, 10))

# Plot histogram
axes[0].hist(heights, bins=20, color='skyblue', edgecolor='black')
axes[0].set_title('Histogram')

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axes[0].axvline(168, color='black')
axes[0].text(168, 8,"Mode",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(170.5, color='black')
axes[0].text(170.5, 8,"Median",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(171.19, color='black')
axes[0].text(171.19, 8,"Mean",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(std, color='black')
axes[0].text(std, 8,"Standard deviation",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')
axes[0].axvline(variance, color='black')
axes[0].text(variance, 8,"Variance",rotation=90,
backgroundcolor='white', horizontalalignment='center')

# Plot rug plot

axes[1].plot(heights, np.zeros_like(heights), '|', color='green', markersize=10)
axes[1].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[1].set_title('Rug Plot')

# Plot box plot

axes[2].boxplot(heights, vert=False)
axes[2].set_yticks([]) # Hide y-axis markers and numbers
axes[2].set_title('Box Plot')

# Adjust layout for better spacing

plt.tight_layout()

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Exercise 16
Using everything you’ve learned this week, can you now determine what information
the boxplot shows you? The box plot shows the median (orange line), the upper and lower
quartiles (start and end of box) and the range of the data (line).

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