FYUGP Mathematics

FYUGP
MATHEMATICS HONOURS/ RESEARCH

FOR UNDER GRADUATE COURSES UNDER RANCHI UNIVERSITY
Implemented from
Academic Session 2022-2026
i
MATHEMATICS HONS./RESEARCH FYUGP RANCHI UNIVERSITY
Contents
S.No. Page No.
Members of Core Committee I
Contents ii - iii
COURSE STUCTURE FOR UNDERGRADUATE ‘HONOURS’

PROGRAMME
1 Highlights of Regulations of FYUGP 1
2 Course Structure for FYUGP ‘Honours/ Research (176 Credits) 3
3 Courses of Study for Four Year Undergraduate Programme 4
4 Semester Wise Courses of Study for Four Year Undergraduate Programme 5
5 Semester wise Examination Structure for SIE & ESUE 7
6 Introductory & Minor Courses 8
7 Aims of Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Mathematics 9
8 Program Learning Outcomes 10
SEMESTER I
9 Major Course –MJ 1 11
SEMESTER II
10 Major Course- MJ 2 13
SEMESTER III
SEMESTER IV
SEMESTER V
14 Major Course –MJ 6 21
SEMESTER VI
SEMESTER VII
18 Advance Major Course –AMJ 1 29
19 Advance Major Course- AMJ 2 31
SEMESTER VIII
Session 2022-26 onwards

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INTRODUCTORY/ MINOR ELECTIVES

22 Introductory Regular Course- IRC 37
23 Minor Course- MN 1 39
FORMAT OF QUESTION PAPERS

26 Format of Question Paper for Mid Sem Examination of 10 Marks 45
27 Format of Question Paper for Mid Sem Examination of 20 Marks 45
28 Format of Question Paper for End Sem Examination of 50 Marks 46

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HIGHLIGHTS OF REGULATIONS OF FYUGP
PROGRAMME DURATION
 The Full-time, Regular UG programme for a regular student shall be for a period of four years
with multiple entry and multiple exit options.
 The session shall commence from 1st of July.
ELIGIBILITY
 The selection for admission will be primarily based on availability of seats in the Major subject
and marks imposed by the institution. Merit point for selection will be based on marks obtained
in Major subject at Class 12 (or equivalent level) or the aggregate marks of Class 12 (or
equivalent level) if Marks of the Major subject is not available. Reservation norms of The
Government of Jharkhand must be followed as amended in times.
ADMISSION PROCEDURE
 The reservation policy of the Government of Jharkhand shall apply in admission and the benefit
of the same shall be given to the candidates belonging to the State of Jharkhand only. The
candidates of other states in the reserved category shall be treated as General category
candidates. Other relaxations or reservations shall be applicable as per the prevailing guidelines
of the University for FYUGP.
ACADEMIC CALENDAR
 Each year the University shall draw out a calendar of academic and associated activities, which
shall be strictly adhered to. The same is non-negotiable. Further, the Department will make all
reasonable endeavors to deliver the programmes of study and other educational services as
mentioned in its Information Brochure and website. However, circumstances may change
prompting the Department to reserve the right to change the content and delivery of courses,
discontinue or combine courses and introduce or withdraw areas of specialization.
PROGRAMME OVERVIEW/ SCHEME OF THE PROGRAMME
 Undergraduate degree programmes of either 3 or 4-year duration, with multiple entries and exit
points and re-entry options within this period, with appropriate certifications such as:
 a Certificate after completing 1 year (2 semesters) of study in the chosen fields of study,
 a Diploma after 2 years (4 semesters) of study,
 a Bachelor after a 3-year (6 semesters) programme of study,
 a Bachelor (with Hons. / Research) after a 4-year (8 semesters) programme of study

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VALIDITY OF REGISTRATION
 Validity of a registration for FYUGP will be for maximum for Seven years from the date
of registration.
CALCULATION OF MARKS FOR THE PURPOSE OF RESULT

 Student’s final marks and the result will be based on the marks obtained in Semester Internal
Examination and End Semester Examination organized taken together.
 Passing in a subject will depend on the collective marks obtained in Semester internal and End
Semester University Examination both. However, students must pass in Theory and Practical
Examinations separately.
PROMOTION AND SPAN PERIOD
i. The Requisite Marks obtained by a student in a particular subject will be the criteria for
promotion to the next Semester.
ii. No student will be detained in odd Semesters (I, III, V & VII).
iii. To get promotion from Semester-II to Semester-III a student will be required to pass in at
least 75% of Courses in an academic year (a student has to pass in minimum 9 papers out of
the total 12 papers. However, it will be necessary to procure pass marks in each of the paper
before completion of the course.
iv. To get promotion from Semester-IV to Semester-V (taken together of Semester I, II, III &
IV) a student has to pass in minimum 16 papers out of the total 22 papers.
v. Eligibility to get entry in Semester VII is to secure a minimum of 7.5 CGPA up to semester
VI along with other criteria imposed by the Institution.
PUBLICATION OF RESULT
 The result if the examination shall be notified by the Controller of Examinations of the
University in different newspapers and also on University website.
 If a student is found indulged in any kind of malpractice/ unfair means during examination, the
examination taken by the student for the semester will be cancelled. The candidate has to
reappear in all the papers of the session with the students of next coming session and his one
year will be detained. However, marks secured by the candidate in all previous semesters will
remain unaffected.
 There shall be no Supplementary or Re-examination for any subject. Students who have failed
in any subject in an even semester may appear in the subsequent even semester examination for
clearing the backlog. Similarly, the students who have failed in any subject in an odd semester
may appear in the subsequent odd semester examination for clearing the backlog.
 Regulation related with any concern not mentioned above shall be guided by the Regulations
of the University for FYUGP.
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COURSE STUCTURE FOR FYUGP ‘HONOURS/ RESEARCH’

Table 1: Credit Framework for Four Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUGP) under State Universities of Jharkhand [Total Credits = 176]
Introductory Total
Common Courses (29) Minor** (32) Research Courses (18)
Courses (15) Credit
Internship/ Project (4)
Research Internship/ Field Work

Introductory Course [Vocational
Skills (Modern Indian Language
Community Engagement/ NCC/
Research Methodology Courses

Mathematical & Computational
Natural Sc./ Humanities/ Social

Education, Sports & Fitness (2)
Language and Communication
Language and Communication
Introductory Courses [Natural
Research Proposal, Review of
Preparation of the Research

Environmental Studies (3)
Thinking and Analysis (2)

Health & Wellness, Yoga
Value-Based Course/ Global

Understanding India (2)
Vocational Studies (14)

Sc./ Humanities/ Social
Citizenship Education (2)
Major* (54)
Digital Education (3)
Sc./ Commerce (18)

including TRL) (6)
Skills (English) (6)
Sc./Commerce] (9)
Project Report (4)

+
literature (4)
Semester
Studies] (6)
NSS/ (3)
Adv. Major
176
(6)
(4)
(24)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
I 6 2 2 3 3 6 22
II 6 2 2 3 3 6 22
Exit Point: Undergraduate Certificate
III 3 3 3 3 4 6 22
IV 6+6 6 4 22
Exit Point: Undergraduate Diploma
V 6+6 6 4 22
VI 6+6 6 4 22
Exit Point: Bachelor's Degree
6+6 6 4
VII 22
(Adv. Topics)
6+6 2 4 4
VIII 22
(Adv. Topics)
Exit Point: Bachelor's Degree with Hons. /Research
*There will be four disciplinary areas: A-Natural Science, B-Humanities, C-Social Science, and D-Commerce; each having basket of courses. A student will have to select a ‘Major’
from any of the four disciplinary areas (out of A, B, C & D). The selection for admission will be primarily based on availability of seats in Major and marks imposed by the
institution.
**A student has to select three subjects for ‘Introductory Regular Courses’ from a pool of subjects associated with the Major offered by the institution. One of the three subjects will
continue as ‘Minor’ from semester IV onwards, based on the academic interest and performance of the student.
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COURSES OF STUDY FOR FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME

Table 2: Course structure for Undergraduate Certificate Programme [May Exit after Sem.-II]
Semester Common Courses Introductory Courses Major Total Credits
Sem.-I LCS Understanding Health & Wellness, IRC-1 IVS-1A MJ-1

(MIL/TRL) India Yoga Education,
Sports & Fitness
(6 Credits) (2 Credits) (2 Credits) (3 Credits) (3 Credits) (6 Credits) (22)
Sem.-II LCS Global Mathematical & IRC-2 IVS-1B MJ-2

(English) Citizenship Computational
Education Thinking
Total = 44 Credits
(LCS: Language and Communication Skills; MIL: Modern Indian Languages; TRL: Tribal Regional Languages;
IRC: Introductory Regular Courses; IVS: Introductory Vocational Studies, MJ: Major)
Table 3: Course structure for Undergraduate Diploma Programme [May Exit after Sem.-IV]
Semester Common Courses Introductory Major Minor Internship/ Vocational Total

Courses Project Credits
Sem.-III Environmental Community Digital IRC-3 MJ-3 Internship/

Studies Engagement/ Education Project
NCC/ NSS
Sem.-IV MJ-4, MJ-5 MN-1 VS-1

(6+6=12 Credits) (6 Credits) (4 Credits) (22)
Total = 88 Credits
(MN: Minor; VS: Vocational Studies)
Table 4: Course structure for Bachelor's Degree Programme [May Exit after Sem.-VI]
Semester Major Courses Minor Courses Vocational Total Credits
Sem.-V MJ-6, MJ-7 MN-2 VS-2

(6+6 = 12 Credits) (6 Credits) (4 Credits) (22)
Sem.-VI MJ-8, MJ-9 MN-3 VS-3

(6+6= 12 Credits) (6 Credits) (4 Credits) (22)
Total = 132 Credits
Table 5: Course structure for Bachelor's Degree with Hons./Research Programme
Semester Advance Courses Research Courses Vocational Total Credit
Sem.-VII AMJ-1, AMJ-2 Research Methodology Research Proposal

(6+6=12 Credits) (6 Credits) (4 Credits) (22)
Sem.-VIII AMJ-3, AMJ-4 Research Research VSR

Int./Field Work Report
(6+6=12 Credits) (4 Credits) (4 Credits) (2 Credits) (22)
Total = 176 Credits

(AMJ: Advance Major; VSR: Vocational Studies associated with Research)

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SEMESTER WISE COURSES OF STUDY FOR FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME 2022 onwards
Table 6: Semester wise Course Code and Credit Points:
Common, Introductory, Major, Minor, Vocational & Internship Courses

Semester
Code Papers Credits
Language and Communication Skills (Modern Indian language including

CC-1
TRL) 6
CC-2 Understanding India 2
CC-3 Health & Wellness, Yoga Education, Sports & Fitness 2

I
IRC-1 Introductory Regular Course-1 3
IVS-1A Introductory Vocational Studies-1 3
MJ-1 Major paper 1 (Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Major) 6
CC-4 Language and Communication Skills (English) 6
CC-5 Mathematical & Computation Thinking Analysis 2
CC-6 Global Citizenship Education & Education for Sustainable Development 2

II
IVS-1B Introductory Vocational Studies-2 3
CC-7 Environmental Studies 3
CC-8 Digital Education (Elementary Computer Applications) 3
CC-9 Community Engagement & Service (NSS/ NCC/ Adult Education) 3

III
IAP Internship/Apprenticeship/ Project 4
IV MJ-5 Major paper 5 (Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Major) 6
MN-1 Minor Paper 1 (Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Minor) 6

5
VS-1 Vocational Studies-1 (Minor) 4

V
VS-2 Vocational Studies 2 (Minor) 4

VI
VS-3 Vocational Studies 3 (Minor) 4
AMJ-1 Advance Major paper 1 (Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Major) 6

VII
RC-1 Research Methodology 6
RC-2 Research Proposal 4
VIII RC-3 Research Internship/Field Work 4
RC-4 Research Report 4
VSR Vocational Studies (Associated with Research) 2
Total Credit 176
Abbreviations:
CC Common Courses
IRC Introductory Regular Courses
IVS Introductory Vocational Studies
IAP Internship/Apprenticeship/ Project
VS Vocational Studies
MJ Major Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Courses
MN Minor Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Courses
AMJ Advance Major Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Courses
RC Research Courses
VSR Vocational Studies associated with Research

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SEMESTER WISE COURSES IN MATHEMATICS FOR FYUGP 2022 onwards
Table 7: Semester wise Examination Structure in Discipline Courses:
Common, Introductory, Major, Minor, Vocational & Internship

Courses
Examination Structure
Semester Mid End End

Semester Semester Semester
Code Papers Credits
Theory Theory Practical/
(F.M.) (F.M.) Viva (F.M.)
I MJ-1 Calculus & Geometry 6 25 75 ---
II MJ-2 Multivariate Calculus 6 25 75 ---
III MJ-3 Ordinary and Partial Mechanics 6 25 75 ---
MJ-4 Real Analysis 6 25 75 ---

IV
MJ-5 Mechanics 6 25 75 ---
MJ-6 Abstract Algebra 6 25 75 ---

V
MJ-7 Linear Algebra 6 25 75 ---
MJ-8 Complex Analysis & Metric Space 6 25 75 ---

VI
MJ-9 Numerical Analysis 6 25 75 ---
AMJ-1 Linear Programming 6 25 75 ---
AMJ-2 Advance Mechanics 6 25 75 ---

VII
RC-1 Research Methodology 6 25 75 ---
RC-2 Research Proposal 4 25 75 ---
AMJ-3 Probability & Statistics 6 25 75 ---
AMJ-4 Discrete Mathematics 6 25 75 ---
VIII RC-3 Research Internship/Field Work 4 --- --- 100
RC-4 Research Report 4 --- --- 100
VSR Vocational Studies (Associated with Research) 2 --- --- 100
Total Credit 98

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Table 8: Semester wise Course Code and Credit Points:
Introductory, Minor Courses Examination Structure
Semester Mid End End

Semester Semester Semester
Code Papers Credits
Theory Theory Practical/
(F.M.) (F.M.) Viva (F.M.)
I/ II/ IRC Introductory Mathematics 3 --- 100 ---
III
IV MN-1 Differential, Integral & Vector Calculus 6 25 75 ---
V MN-2 Geometry, Group Theory, Differential Equation 6 25 75 ---
VI MN-3 Real Analysis, Complex Analysis, Matrices 6 25 75 ---
Total Credit 21

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AIMS OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE PROGRAMME IN MATHEMATICS
The broad aims of the LOCF for Mathematics are to:

i. create deep interest in learning mathematics.
ii. develop broad and balanced knowledge and understanding of definitions, concepts, principles
and theorems.
iii. familiarize the students with suitable tools of mathematical analysis to handle issues and
problems in mathematics and related sciences.
iv. enhance the ability of learners to apply the knowledge and skills acquired by them during the
programme to solve specific theoretical and applied problems in mathematics.
v. provide students/learners sufficient knowledge and skills enabling them to undertake further
studies in mathematics and its allied areas on multiple disciplines concerned with
mathematics.
vi. encourage the students to develop a range of generic skills helpful in employment, internships
and social activities.

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PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES
The broad programme learning outcomes in Mathematics are:

i. Bachelor's degree in mathematics is the culmination of in-depth knowledge of algebra,
calculus, geometry, Mechanics and several other branches of mathematics. This also leads to
study of related areas like computer science and statistics. Thus, this programme helps
learners in building a solid foundation for higher studies in mathematics.
ii. The skills and knowledge gained has intrinsic beauty, which also leads to proficiency in
analytical reasoning. This can be utilised in modelling and solving real life problems.
iii. Students undergoing this programme learn to logically question assertions, to recognise
patterns and to distinguish between essential and irrelevant aspects of problems. They also
share ideas and insights while seeking and benefitting from knowledge and insight of others.
This helps them to learn behave responsibly in a rapidly changing interdependent society.
iv. Students completing this programme will be able to present mathematics clearly and
precisely, make vague ideas precise by formulating them in the language of mathematics,
describe mathematical ideas from multiple perspectives and explain fundamental concepts of
mathematics to non-mathematicians.
v. Completion of this programme will also enable the learners to join teaching profession in
primary and secondary schools.
vi. This programme will also help students to enhance their employability for government jobs,
jobs in banking, insurance and investment sectors, data analyst jobs and jobs in various other
public and private enterprises

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SEMESTER I
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I. MAJOR COURSE –MJ 1: (Credits: Theory-06)
Marks: 25 (5 Attd. + 20 SIE: 1Hr) + 75 (ESE: 3Hrs) = 100 Pass Marks: Th (SIE + ESE) = 40
Instruction to Question Setter for
Semester Internal Examination (SIE 20+5=25 marks):

There will be two group of questions. Question No.1 will be very short answer type in Group A consisting of five questions
of 1 mark each. Question No.2 will be short answer type of 5 marks. Group B will contain descriptive type two questions
of ten marks each, out of which any one to answer.
The Semester Internal Examination shall have two components. (a) One Semester Internal Assessment Test (SIA) of 10
Marks, (b) Class Attendance Score (CAS) of 5 marks. Conversion of Attendance into score may be as follows:
(Attendance Upto 45%, 1mark; 45<Attd.<55, 2 marks; 55<Attd.<65, 3 marks; 65<Attd.<75, 4 marks; 75<Attd, 5 marks)
End Semester Examination (ESE 75 marks):

There will be two group of questions. Group A is compulsory which will contain three questions. Question No.1 will be
very short answer type consisting of five questions of 1 mark each. Question No.2 & 3 will be short answer type of 5
marks. Group B will contain descriptive type six questions of fifteen marks each, out of which any four are to answer.
Note: There may be subdivisions in each question asked in Theory Examinations.
CALCULUS & GEOMETRY

Theory: 90 Lectures
Course Objectives & Learning Outcomes:
This course will enable the students to:
1. Understand the consequences of various mean value theorems for differentiable functions.
2. Sketch curves in Cartesian and polar coordinate systems.
3. Apply derivative tests in optimization problems appearing in social sciences, physical sciences, life
sciences and a host of other disciplines.
4. Evaluate integrals of different rational and irrational functions
5. Evaluate nth order integration by means of reduction formulae
6. Explain the properties of three dimensional shapes.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Differentiability
Differentiability of a real valued function, Geometrical interpretation of differentiability, Relation
between differentiability and continuity, Differentiability and monotonicity, Chain rule of
differentiation; Darboux’s theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s mean value theorem, Cauchy’s
mean value theorem, Geometrical interpretation of mean value theorems; Successive differentiation,
Leibnitz’s theorem.
Unit-II: Expansions of Functions

Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s theorems for expansion of a function in an infinite series, Taylor’s theorem
in finite form with Lagrange, Cauchy and Roche–Schlomilch forms of remainder; Maxima and
minima.

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Unit-III: Curvature, Asymptotes and Curve Tracing

Curvature; Asymptotes of general algebraic curves, Parallel asymptotes, Asymptotes parallel to axes;
Symmetry, Concavity and convexity, Points of inflection, Tangents at origin, Multiple points,
Position and nature of double points; Tracing of Cartesian, polar and parametric curves.
Unit-IV: Integral Calculus

Integration of rational and irrational functions. Evaluation of definite integrals, Special integrals,
differentiation and integration under the sign of integration (Beta and Gamma functions are
excluded), reduction formulae.
Unit-V: Geometry of Integral Calculus

Point of inflexion, double point, Length of plane curve and area bounded by plane curves. Volume
and surface area of solid of revolution.
Unit-VI: Planes, Straight Lines and Spheres

Planes: Distance of a point from a plane, Angle between two planes, pair of planes, Bisectors of
angles between two planes; Straight lines: Equations of straight lines, Distance of a point from a
straight line, Distance between two straight lines, Distance between a straight line and a plane;
Spheres: Different forms, Intersection of two spheres, Orthogonal intersection, Tangents and normal,
Radical plane, Radical line, Coaxial system of spheres, Pole, Polar and Conjugacy.
Reference Books:
1. Howard Anton, I. Bivens & Stephan Davis (2016). Calculus (10th edition). Wiley India.
2. Gabriel Klambauer (1986). Aspects of Calculus. Springer-Verlag.
3. Gorakh Prasad (2016). Differential Calculus (19th edition). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd.
4. George B. Thomas Jr., Joel Hass, Christopher Heil & Maurice D. Weir (2018). Thomas’ Calculus
(14th edition). Pearson Education.
5. Integral Calculus – Lalji Prasad.
6. Higher Engineering Mathematics – B S Grewal
7. D. Chatterjee (2009). Analytical Geometry: Two and Three Dimensions. Narosa Publishing House.
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SEMESTER II
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I. MAJOR COURSE- MJ 2: (Credits: Theory-06)
Marks: 25 (5 Attd. + 20 SIE: 1Hr) + 75 (ESE: 3Hrs) = 100 Pass Marks: Th (SIE + E

The Semester Internal Examination shall have two components. (a) One Semester Internal Assessment Test (SIA)
of 10 Marks, (b) Class Attendance Score (CAS) of 5 marks. Conversion of Attendance into score may be as follows:

MULTIVARIATE CALCULUS
Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Learn conceptual variations while advancing from one variable to several variables in calculus.
2. Apply multivariable calculus in optimization problems.
3. Inter-relationship amongst the line integral, double and triple integral formulations.
4. Applications of multivariable calculus tools in physics, economics, optimization, and understanding the
architecture of curves and surfaces in plane and space etc.
5. Realize importance of Green, Gauss and Stokes’ theorems in other branches of mathematics.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Partial Differentiation

Functions of several variables, Level curves and surfaces, Limits and continuity, Partial
differentiation, Tangent planes, Chain rule, Directional derivatives, The gradient, Maximal and
normal properties of the gradient, Tangent planes and normal lines.
Unit-II: Differentiation
Higher order partial derivatives, Total differential and differentiability, Jacobians, Change of
variables, Euler’s theorem for homogeneous functions, Taylor’s theorem for functions of two
variables and more variables, Envelopes and evolutes.
Unit-III: Differentiation of a vector function

Vector point function, Scalar point function, Differentiation of a vector function. Derivatives of a
sum of vectors. Derivatives of a product of vectors (both scalar and vector products)

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Unit-IV: Extrema of Functions and Vector Field

Extrema of functions of two and more variables, Method of Lagrange multipliers, Constrained
optimization problems, Definition of vector field, Divergence, curl, gradient and vector identities.
Unit-V: Double and Triple Integrals

Double integration over rectangular and nonrectangular regions, Double integrals in polar
coordinates, Triple integral over a parallelepiped and solid regions, Volume by triple integrals, Triple
integration in cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Change of variables in double and triple
integrals, Dirichlet integral.
Unit-VI: Green's, Stokes' and Gauss Divergence Theorem

Line integrals, Applications of line integrals: Mass and Work, Fundamental theorem for line integrals,
Conservative vector fields, Green's theorem, Area as a line integral, Surface integrals, Stokes' theorem,
The Gauss divergence theorem.
Reference Books:
1. Jerrold Marsden, Anthony J. Tromba & Alan Weinstein (2009). Basic Multivariable Calculus,
Springer India Pvt. Limited.
2. James Stewart (2012). Multivariable Calculus (7th edition). Brooks/Cole. Cengage.
3. Monty J. Strauss, Gerald L. Bradley & Karl J. Smith (2011). Calculus (3rd edition). Pearson
Education. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
4. George B. Thomas Jr., Joel Hass, Christopher Heil & Maurice D. Weir (2018). Thomas’ Calculus
(14th edition). Pearson Education.
5. Vector Calculus – Dasgupta.
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SEMESTER III
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ORDINARY AND PARTIAL MECHANICS

Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Understand the genesis of ordinary differential equations.
2. Learn various techniques of getting exact solutions of solvable first order differential equations and
linear differential equations of higher order.
3. Know Picard’s method of obtaining successive approximations of solutions of first order differential
equations, passing through a given point in the plane.
4. Grasp the concept of a general solution of a linear differential equation of an arbitrary order and also
learn a few methods to obtain the general solution of such equations.
a. Apply a range of techniques to solve first & second order partial differential equations.
b. Model physical phenomena using partial differential equations such as the heat and wave equations.
Course Content:
Unit-I: First Order Differential Equations

Basic concepts and genesis of ordinary differential equations, Order and degree of a differential
equation, Differential equations of first order and first degree, Equations in which variables are
separable, Homogeneous equations, Linear differential equations and equations reducible to linear
form, Exact differential equations, Integrating factor, First order higher degree equations solvable for
x, y and p. Clairaut’s form and singular solutions. Picard’s method of successive approximations and
the statement of Picard’s theorem for the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the first order
differential equations.

15
Unit-II: Second Order Linear Differential Equations

Statement of existence and uniqueness theorem for linear differential equations, General theory of
linear differential equations of second order with variable coefficients, Solutions of homogeneous
linear ordinary differential equations of second order with constant coefficients, Transformations of
the equation by changing the dependent/independent variable, Method of variation of parameters and
method of undetermined coefficients, Reduction of order, Coupled linear differential equations with
constant coefficients.
Unit-III: Higher Order Linear Differential Equations

Principle of superposition for a homogeneous linear differential equation, Linearly dependent and
linearly independent solutions on an interval, Wronskian and its properties, Concept of a general
solution of a linear differential equation, Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations of
higher order with constant coefficients, Euler-Cauchy equation, Method of variation of parameters
and method of undetermined coefficients, Inverse operator method.
Unit-IV: First Order Partial Differential Equations

Order and degree of Partial differential equations (PDE), Concept of linear and non-linear partial
differential equations, Partial differential equations of the first order, Lagrange’s method, Some
special type of equation which can be solved easily by methods other than the general method,
Charpit’s general method.
Unit-V: Second Order Partial Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

Classification of linear partial differential equations of second order, Homogeneous and
nonhomogeneous equations with constant coefficients.
Unit-VI: Second Order Partial Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients

Partial differential equations reducible to equations with constant coefficient, Second order PDE with
variable coefficients, Classification of second order PDE, Reduction to canonical or normal form;
Monge’s method; Solution of heat and wave equations in one and two dimensions by method of
separation of variables.
Reference Books:
1. Daniel A. Murray (2003). Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Orient.
2. B. Rai, D. P. Choudhury & H. I. Freedman (2013). A Course in Ordinary Differential
Equations (2nd edition). Narosa.
3. Shepley L. Ross (2007). Differential Equations (3rd edition), Wiley India.
4. Erwin Kreyszig (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th edition). Wiley.
5. Ian N. Sneddon (2006). Elements of Partial Differential Equations. Dover Publications.
6. Differential Equations – M D Raisinghania.
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SEMESTER IV
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REAL ANALYSIS
Theory: 90 Lectures
1. This course will enable the students to:
2. Understand many properties of the real line ℝ and learn to define sequence in terms of functions from
ℝ to a subset of ℝ.
3. Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and to calculate their
limit superior, limit inferior, and the limit of a bounded sequence.
4. Apply the ratio, root, alternating series and limit comparison tests for convergence and absolute
convergence of an infinite series of real numbers.
5. Learn some of the properties of Riemann integrable functions, and the applications of the fundamental
theorems of integration.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Real Number System

Algebraic and order properties of ℝ, Absolute value of a real number; Bounded above and bounded
below sets, Supremum and infimum of a nonempty subset of ℝ,The completeness property of ℝ,
Archimedean property, Density of rational numbers in ℝ, Definition and types of intervals, Nested
intervals property; Neighborhood of a point in ℝ, Open, closed and perfect sets in ℝ, Connected
subsets of ℝ, Cantor set and Cantor function.
Unit-II: Sequences of Real Numbers

Convergent sequence, Limit of a sequence, Bounded sequence, Limit theorems, Monotone
Weierstrass theorem forsequences, Monotone convergence theorem, Subsequences, Bolzano

17
sequences, Limit superior and limit inferior of a sequence of real numbers, Cauchy sequence,
Cauchy’s convergence criterion.
Unit-III: Infinite Series

Convergence and divergence of infinite series of positive real numbers, Necessary condition for
convergence, Cauchy criterion for convergence; Tests for convergence of positive term series; Basic
comparison test, Limit comparison test, D’Alembert’s ratio test, Cauchy’s nth root test, Integral test;
Alternating series, Leibniz test, Absolute and conditional convergence, Rearrangement of series and
Riemann’s theorem.
Unit-IV: Riemann Integration

Riemann integral, Integrability of continuous and monotonic functions, Fundamental theorem of
integral calculus, First mean value theorem, Bonnet and Weierstrass forms of second mean value
theorems.
Unit-V: Uniform convergence of sequence and series of functions

Pointwise and uniform convergence of sequence and series of functions, Weierstrass’s M-test,
Dirichlet test and Abel’s test for uniform convergence, Uniform convergence and continuity,
Uniform convergence and differentiability,
Unit-VI: Convergence of Improper integrals

Convergence of improper integrals, comparison tests, absolute convergence, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s
tests. Frullani’s Integrals. Definition & convergence of Beta & Gamma functions and their
properties, duplication formula, inter-relation.Evaluation of double and triple integrals. Multiple
Integrals of Dirichlet’s form, Liouville’s extension. Change of order of integration and change of
variables.
Reference Books:
1. Robert G. Bartle & Donald R. Sherbert (2015). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th edition). Wiley
India.
2. Gerald G. Bilodeau, Paul R. Thie & G. E. Keough (2015). An Introduction to Analysis (2nd edition),
Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.
3. K. A. Ross (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd edition). Springer.
4. Shanti Narayan & M. D. Raisinghania. Elements of Real Analysis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
II. MAJOR COURSE- MJ 5: (Credits: Theory-06)


MECHANICS
Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Familiarize with subject matter, which has been the single centre, to which were drawn mathematicians,
physicists, astronomers, and engineers together.
2. Understand necessary conditions for the equilibrium of particles acted upon by various forces and learn
the principle of virtual work for a system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body.
3. Determine the centre of gravity of some materialistic systems and discuss the equilibrium of a uniform
cable hanging freely under its own weight.
4. Deal with the kinematics and kinetics of the rectilinear and planar motions of a particle including the
constrained oscillatory motions of particles.
5. Learn that a particle moving under a central force describes a plane curve and know the Kepler’s laws
of the planetary motions, which were deduced by him long before the mathematical theory given by
Newton
Course Content:
Unit-I: Statics
Equilibrium of a particle, Equilibrium of a system of particles, Necessary conditions of equilibrium,
Moment of a force about a point, Moment of a force about a line, Couples, Moment of a couple,
Equipollent system of forces, Work and potential energy, Principle of virtual work for a system of
coplanar forces acting on a particle or at different points of a rigid body, Forces which can be omitted
in forming the equations of virtual work.
Unit-II: Centres of Gravity

Centres of gravity of plane area including a uniform thin straight rod, triangle, circular arc, semicircular
area and quadrant of a circle, Centre of gravity of a plane area bounded by a curve, Centre of gravity
of a volume of revolution; Flexible strings,

19
Unit-III Common Catenary

Common Catenary, Intrinsic and Cartesian equations of the common catenary, Approximations of the
catenary.
Unit-IV: Rectilinear Motion

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its geometrical representation, SHM under elastic forces, Motion
under inverse square law, Motion in resisting media, Concept of terminal velocity, Motion of varying
mass.
Unit-V: Motion in a Plane

Kinematics and kinetics of the motion, Expressions for velocity and acceleration in Cartesian, polar
and intrinsic coordinates; Motion in a vertical circle, projectiles in a vertical plane and cycloidal
motion.
Unit-VI: Central Orbits

Equation of motion under a central force, Differential equation of the orbit, (p, r) equation of the orbit,
Apses and apsidal distances, Areal velocity, Characteristics of central orbits, Kepler’s laws of planetary
motion
Reference Books:
1. S. L. Loney (2006). An Elementary Treatise on the Dynamics of a Particle and of Rigid Bodies. Read
Books.
2. P. L. Srivatava (1964). Elementary Dynamics. Ram Narin Lal, Beni Prasad Publishers Allahabad.
3. J. L. Synge & B. A. Griffith (1949). Principles of Mechanics. McGraw-Hill.
4. S. Ramsey (2009). Statics. Cambridge University Press.
5. S. Ramsey (2009). Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
6. R. S. Varma (1962). A Text Book of Statics. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd.
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20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER V
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


ABSTRACT ALGEBRA
Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Recognize the mathematical objects called groups.
2. Link the fundamental concepts of groups and symmetries of geometrical objects.
3. Explain the significance of the notions of cosets, normal subgroups, and factor groups.
4. Analyze consequences of Lagrange’s theorem.
5. Learn about structure preserving maps between groups and their consequences.
6. Know the fundamental concepts in ring theory such as the concepts of ideals, quotient rings, integral
domains, and fields.
7. Learn about polynomial rings, fundamental properties of finite field extensions, and classification of
finite fields
Course Content:
Unit-I: Groups and Subgroups
Symmetries of a square, Definition and examples of groups including dihedral, permutation and
quaternion groups, Elementary properties of groups. Subgroups and examples of subgroups, Cyclic
groups, Properties of cyclic groups, Lagrange’s theorem
Unit-II: Normal Subgroups & Permutation Groups

Properties of cosets, Normal subgroups, Simple groups, Factor groups, Cauchy’s theorem for finite
abelian groups; Centralizer, Normalizer, Center of a group, Product of two subgroups; Classification
of subgroups of cyclic groups. Cycle notation for permutations, Properties of permutations, Even and
odd permutations, alternating groups, Cayley’s theorem and its applications.

21
Unit-III: Group Homomorphisms

Group homomorphisms, Properties of homomorphisms, Group isomorphisms, Properties of
isomorphisms; First, second and third isomorphism theorems for groups
Unit-IV Rings and Fields

Definition, examples and elementary properties of rings, Commutative rings, Integral domain,
Division rings and fields, Characteristic of a ring, Ring homomorphisms and isomorphisms, Ideals and
quotient rings. Prime, principal and maximal ideals, Relation between integral domain and field,
Euclidean rings and their properties, Wilson and Fermat’s theorems.
Unit-V: Polynomial Rings

Polynomial rings over commutative ring and their basic properties, The division algorithm; Polynomial
rings over rational field, Gauss lemma and Eisenstein’s criterion, Euclidean domain, principal ideal
domain, and unique factorization domain.
Unit-VI: Field Extensions and Finite Fields

Extension of a field, Algebraic element of a field, Algebraic and transcendental numbers, Perfect field,
Classification of finite fields.
Reference Books:
1. Michael Artin (2014). Algebra (2nd edition). Pearson.
2. P. B. Bhattacharya, S. K. Jain & S. R. Nagpaul (2003). Basic Abstract Algebra (2nd edition).
Cambridge University Press.
3. David S. Dummit & Richard M. Foote (2008). Abstract Algebra (2nd edition). Wiley.
4. John B. Fraleigh (2007). A First Course in Abstract Algebra (7th edition). Pearson.
5. Joseph A. Gallian (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th edition). Cengage.
6. N. S. Gopalakrishnan (1986). University Algebra, New Age International Publishers.
7. N. Herstein (2006). Topics in Algebra (2nd edition). Wiley India.
8. Thomas W. Hungerford (2004). Algebra (8th edition). Springer.
9. Nathan Jacobson (2009). Basic Algebra I & II (2nd edition). Dover Publications.
10. Serge Lang (2002). Algebra (3rd edition). Springer-Verlag.
11. S. Luthar & I. B. S. Passi (2013). Algebra: Volume 1: Groups. Narosa.
12. S. Luthar & I. B. S. Passi (2012). Algebra: Volume 2: Rings. Narosa.
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22


LENEAR ALGEBRA
Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Recognize consistent and inconsistent systems of linear equations by the row echelon form of the
augmented matrix, using rank.
2. Find eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors for a square matrix.
3. Explain the significance of the notions of cosets, normal subgroups, and factor groups.
4. Analyze consequences of Lagrange’s theorem.
5. Learn about structure preserving maps between groups and their consequences.
6. Know the fundamental concepts in ring theory such as the concepts of ideals, quotient rings, integral
domains, and fields.
7. Learn about polynomial rings, fundamental properties of finite field extensions, and classification of
finite fields.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Row Echelon Form of Matrices and Applications

Systems of linear equations, Row reduction and echelon forms, Linear independence, The rank of a
matrix and applications; Introduction to linear transformations, The matrix of a linear transformation,
Matrix operations, Determinants, The inverse of a matrix, Characterizations of invertible matrices;
Applications to Computer Graphics; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, The characteristic equation and the
CayleyHamilton theorem.
Unit-II: Vector Spaces

Definition and examples, Subspace, Linear span, Quotient space and direct sum of subspaces, Linearly
independent and dependent sets, Bases and dimension.
Unit-III: Linear Transformations

Definition and examples, Algebra of linear transformations, Matrix of a linear transformation, Change
of coordinates, Rank and nullity of a linear transformation and rank-nullity theorem.

23
Unit-IV: Further Properties of Linear Transformations

Isomorphism of vector spaces, Isomorphism theorems, Dual and second dual of a vector space,
Transpose of a linear transformation, Eigen vectors and eigen values of a linear transformation,
Characteristic polynomial and CayleyHamilton theorem, Minimal polynomial.
Unit-V: Inner Product Spaces

Inner product spaces and orthogonality, CauchySchwarz inequality, GramSchmidt
orthogonalisation, Diagonalisation of symmetric matrices.
Unit-VI: Adjoint of a Linear Transformation and Canonical Forms

Adjoint of a linear operator; Hermitian, unitary and normal linear transformations; Jordan canonical
form, Triangular form, Trace and transpose, Invariant subspaces.
Reference Books:
1. Bernard Kolman & David R. Hill (2003). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications (7th edition).
Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. India.
2. David C. Lay, Steven R. Lay & Judi J. McDonald (2016). Linear Algebra and its Applications (5th
edition). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. India
3. Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel & Lawrence E. Spence (2003). Linear Algebra (4thedition).
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
4. Kenneth Hoffman & Ray Kunze (2015). Linear Algebra (2nd edition). Prentice-Hall.
5. M. Gel’fand (1989). Lectures on Linear Algebra. Dover Publications. UGC DOCUMENT ON LOCF
MATHEMATICS 30
6. Nathan Jacobson (2009). Basic Algebra I & II (2nd edition). Dover Publications.
7. Serge Lang (2005). Introduction to Linear Algebra (2nd edition). Springer India.
8. Vivek Sahai & Vikas Bist (2013). Linear Algebra (2nd Edition). Narosa Publishing House.
9. Gilbert Strang (2014). Linear Algebra and its Applications (2nd edition). Elsevier.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER VI
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------


COMPLEX ANALYSIS & METRIC SPACE

Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Visualize complex numbers as points of ℝ2 and stereographic projection of complex plane on the
Riemann sphere.
2. Understand the significance of differentiability and analyticity of complex functions leading to the
CauchyRiemann equations.
3. Learn the role of CauchyGoursat theorem and Cauchy integral formula in evaluation of contour
integrals.
4. Understand several standard concepts of metric spaces and their properties like openness, closedness,
completeness, BolzanoWeierstrass property, compactness, and connectedness.
5. Identify the continuity of a function defined on metric spaces and homeomorphisms.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Complex Plane and functions.

Complex numbers and their representation, algebra of complex numbers; Complex plane, Open set,
Domain and region in complex plane; Stereographic projection and Riemann sphere; Complex
functions and their limits including limit at infinity; Continuity, Linear fractional transformations and
their geometrical properties.
Unit-II: Analytic Functions and CauchyRiemann Equations

Differentiability of a complex valued function, CauchyRiemann equations, Harmonic functions,
necessary and sufficient conditions for differentiability, Analytic functions; Analyticity and zeros of
exponential, trigonometric and logarithmic functions; Branch cut and branch of multi-valued
functions.

25
Unit-III: Conformal representation

Transformation, Jacobian, conformal transformation, some general transformations, bilinear
transformation. critical points, fixed points, cross ratio, preservance of cross ratio, fixed points of
bilinear transformation.
Unit-IV: Concepts in Metric Spaces

Definition and examples of metric spaces, Open spheres and closed spheres, Neighbourhoods, Open
sets, Interior, exterior and boundary points, Closed sets, Limit points and isolated points, Interior and
closure of a set, Boundary of a set, Bounded sets, Distance between two sets, Diameter of a set,
Subspace of a metric space.
Unit-III: Complete Metric Spaces and Continuous Functions

Cauchy and Convergent sequences, Completeness of metric spaces, Cantor’s intersection theorem,
Dense sets and separable spaces, Nowhere dense sets and Baire’s category theorem, Continuous and
uniformly continuous functions, Homeomorphism, Banach contraction principle.
Unit-IV: Compactness
Compact spaces, Sequential compactness, BolzanoWeierstrass property, Compactness and finite
intersection property, HeineBorel theorem, Totally bounded sets, Equivalence of compactness and
sequential compactness, Continuous functions on compact spaces.
Reference Books:
1. Lars V. Ahlfors (2017). Complex Analysis (3rd edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Joseph Bak & Donald J. Newman (2010). Complex Analysis (3rd edition). Springer.
3. James Ward Brown & Ruel V. Churchill (2009). Complex Variables and Applications (9th edition).
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. E. T. Copson (1988). Metric Spaces. Cambridge University Press.
5. Satish Shirali & Harikishan L. Vasudeva (2006). Metric Spaces. Springer-Verlag.
6. Micheál O'Searcoid (2009). Metric Spaces. Springer-Verlag.
7. G. F. Simmons (2004). Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26


NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Obtain numerical solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations.
2. Find numerical solutions of system of linear equations and check the accuracy of the solutions.
3. Learn about various interpolating and extrapolating methods.
4. Solve initial and boundary value problems in differential equations using numerical methods.
5. Apply various numerical methods in real life problems.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Numerical Methods for Solving Algebraic and Transcendental Equations

Round-off error and computer arithmetic, Local and global truncation errors, Algorithms and
convergence; Bisection method, False position method, Fixed point iteration method, Newton's
method and secant method for solving equations.
Unit-II: Numerical Methods for Solving Linear Systems

Partial and scaled partial pivoting, Lower and upper triangular (LU) decomposition of a matrix and
its applications, Thomas method for tridiagonal systems; GaussJacobi, GaussSeidel and
successive over-relaxation (SOR) methods.
Unit-III: Interpolation
Lagrange and Newton interpolations, Piecewise linear interpolation, Cubic spline interpolation,
Finite difference operators, GregoryNewton forward and backward difference interpolations.
Unit-IV: Numerical Differentiation

First order and higher order approximation for first derivative, Approximation for second derivative;
Derivative using forward, backward and central difference interpolation formulae.

27
Unit-V: Numerical Integration

General quadrature formula, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rules and error analysis, BulirschStoer
extrapolation methods, Richardson extrapolation, Weddle’s rule, Newton-Cote’s method. Solution
of ordinary differential equations: Picard’s method of successive approximations.
Unit-VI: Initial and Boundary Value Problems of Differential Equations

Euler’s method, RungeKutta methods, Higher order one step method, Multi-step methods; Finite
difference method, Shooting method, Real life examples: Google search engine, 1D and 2D
simulations, Weather forecasting.
Reference Books:
1. Brian Bradie (2006), A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Pearson.
2. C. F. Gerald & P. O. Wheatley (2008). Applied Numerical Analysis (7th edition), Pearson Education,
India.
3. F. B. Hildebrand (2013). Introduction to Numerical Analysis: (2nd edition). Dover Publications.
4. M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar & R. K. Jain (2012). Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering
Computation (6th edition). New Age International Publishers.
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28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER VII
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. ADVANCE MAJOR COURSE- AMJ 1: (Credits: Theory-06)


LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Analyze and solve linear programming models of real life situations.
2. Provide graphical solutions of linear programming problems with two variables, and illustrate the
concept of convex set and extreme points.
3. Understand the theory of the simplex method.
4. Know about the relationships between the primal and dual problems, and to understand sensitivity
analysis.
5. Learn about the applications to transportation, assignment and two-person zero-sum game problems.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Linear Programming Problem, Convexity and Basic Feasible Solutions

Formulation, Canonical and standard forms, Graphical method; Convex and polyhedral sets,
Hyperplanes, Extreme points; Basic solutions, Basic Feasible Solutions, Reduction of feasible solution
to basic feasible solution, Correspondence between basic feasible solutions and extreme points.
Unit-II: Simplex Method

Optimality criterion, Improving a basic feasible solution, Unboundedness, Unique and alternate
optimal solutions; Simplex algorithm and its tableau format; Artificial variables, Two-phase method,
Big-M method.
Unit-III: Duality

29
Formulation of the dual problem, Duality theorems, Complimentary slackness theorem, Economic
interpretation of the dual, Dual-simplex method.
Unit-IV: Sensitivity Analysis

Changes in the cost vector, right-hand side vector and the constraint matrix of the linear programming
problem.
Unit-V: Applications to Transportation & Assignment Problems

Definition and formulation, Methods of finding initial basic feasible solutions: Northwest-corner rule,
Least- cost method, Vogel approximation method; Algorithm for obtaining optimal solution.
Assignment Problem: Mathematical formulation and Hungarian method.
Unit-VI: Application to Game Theory

Game Theory: Formulation and solution of two-person zero-sum games, Games with mixed strategies,
Linear programming method for solving a game.
Reference Books:
1. Mokhtar S. Bazaraa, John J. Jarvis & Hanif D. Sherali (2010). Linear Programming and Network
Flows (4th edition). John Wiley & Sons.
2. G. Hadley (2002). Linear Programming. Narosa Publishing House.
3. Frederick S. Hillier & Gerald J. Lieberman (2015). Introduction to Operations Research (10th edition).
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Hamdy A. Taha (2017). Operations Research: An Introduction (10th edition). Pearson.
5. Paul R. Thie & Gerard E. Keough (2014). An Introduction to Linear Programming and Game Theory
(3rd edition). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
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30
II. ADVANCE MAJOR COURSE- AMJ 2: (Credits: Theory-06)


ADVANCE MECHANICS
Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Understand the reduction of force system in three dimensions to a resultant force acting at a base point
and a resultant couple, which is independent of the choice of base of reduction.
2. Learn about a nul point, a nul line, and a nul plane with respect to a system of forces acting on a rigid
body together with the idea of central axis.
3. Know the inertia constants for a rigid body and the equation of momental ellipsoid together with the
idea of principal axes and principal moments of inertia and to derive Euler’s equations of motion of a
rigid body, moving about a point which is kept fixed.
4. Study the kinematics and kinetics of fluid motions to understand the equation of continuity in Cartesian,
cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates which are used to derive Euler’s equations and
Bernoulli’s equation.
5. Deal with two-dimensional fluid motion using the complex potential and also to understand the concepts
of sources, sinks, doublets and the image systems of these with regard to a line and a circle.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Statics in Space

Forces in three dimensions, Reduction to a force and a couple, Equilibrium of a system of particles,
Central axis and Wrench, Equation of the central axis, Resultant wrench of two wrenches; Nul points,
lines and planes with respect to a system of forces, Conjugate forces and conjugate lines.
Unit-II: Motion of a Rigid Body

Moments and products of inertia of some standard bodies, Momental ellipsoid, Principal axes and
moments of inertia; Motion of a rigid body with a fixed point, Kinetic energy of a rigid body with a
fixed point and angular momentum of a rigid body, Euler’s equations of motion for a rigid body with
a fixed point, Velocity and acceleration of a moving particle in cylindrical and spherical polar
coordinates, Motion about a fixed axis, Compound pendulum.

31
Unit-III: Kinematics of Fluid Motion

Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, Material and convective derivatives, Velocity of a fluid at a
point, Equation of continuity in Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates,
Cylindrical and spherical symmetry, Boundary surface
Unit-IV: Kinds of Fluid Motions

Streamlines and pathlines, Steady and unsteady flows, Velocity potential, Rotational and irrotational
motion, Vorticity vector and vortex lines.
Unit-V: Kinetics of Fluid Motion

Euler’s equations of motion in Cartesian, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates; Bernoulli’s
equation, Impulsive motion.
Unit-VI: Motion in Two-Dimensions

Stream function, Complex potential, Basic singularities: Sources, sinks, doublets, complex potential
due to these basic singularities; Image system of a simple source and a simple doublet with regard to
a line and a circle, MilneThomson circle theorem.
Reference Books:
1. S. Ramsay (1960). A Treatise on Hydromechanics, Part-II Hydrodynamics. G. Bell & Sons.
2. F. Chorlton (1967). A Textbook of Fluid Dynamics. CBS Publishers.
3. Michel Rieutord (2015). Fluid Dynamics An Introduction. Springer.
4. E. A. Milne (1965). Vectorial Mechanics, Methuen & Co. Limited. London.
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32
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER VIII
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. ADVANCE MAJOR COURSE- AMJ 3: (Credits: Theory-06)


PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Understand distributions in the study of the joint behaviour of two random variables.
2. Establish a formulation helping to predict one variable in terms of the other that is, correlation and linear
regression.
3. Understand central limit theorem, which establish the remarkable fact that the empirical frequencies of
so many natural populations, exhibit a bell shaped curve.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Probability Functions and Moment Generating Function

Basic notions of probability, Conditional probability and independence, Baye’s theorem; Random
variables - Discrete and continuous, Cumulative distribution function, Probability mass/density
functions; Transformations, Mathematical expectation, Moments, Moment generating function,
Characteristic function.
Unit-II: Univariate Discrete and Continuous Distributions

Discrete distributions: Uniform, Bernoulli, Binomial, Negative binomial, Geometric and Poisson;
Continuous distributions: Uniform, Gamma, Exponential, Chi-square, Beta and normal; Normal
approximation to the binomial distribution.
Unit-III: Bivariate Distribution

Joint cumulative distribution function and its properties, Joint probability density function, Marginal
distributions, Expectation of function of two random variables, Joint moment generating function,
Conditional distributions and expectations.
33
Unit-IV: Sampling and Estimation Theory

Sampling Theory, Random samples and Random numbers, Sampling with and without Replacement,
Sampling distribution of Means, Proportions, differences and Sums, Unbiased Estimates, Efficient
estimates, Point and Interval estimates, Confidence-interval estimates of population parameters.
Unit-V: Correlation, Regression and Central Limit Theorem

The Correlation coefficient, Covariance, Calculation of covariance from joint moment generating
function, Independent random variables, Linear regression for two variables, The method of least
squares, Bivariate normal distribution, Chebyshev’s theorem, Strong law of large numbers, Central
limit theorem and weak law of large numbers.
Unit-VI: Modeling Uncertainty

Uncertainty, Information and entropy, Uniform Priors, Polya’s urn model and random graphs.
Reference Books:
1. Robert V. Hogg, Joseph W. McKean & Allen T. Craig (2013). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics
(7th edition), Pearson Education.
2. Irwin Miller &Marylees Miller (2014). John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with Applications
(8thedition). Pearson. Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. India.
3. Jim Pitman (1993). Probability, Springer-Verlag.
4. Sheldon M. Ross (2014). Introduction to Probability Models (11th edition). Elsevier.
5. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom (1983). Probability and Information. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Distributed by Hindustan Publishing Corporation (India) Delhi.
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34
II. ADVANCE MAJOR COURSE- AMJ 4: (Credits: Theory-06)


DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Know the notion of mathematical logic.
2. Learn about partially ordered sets, lattices and their types.
3. Understand Boolean algebra and Boolean functions, logic gates, switching circuits and their
applications.
4. Solve real-life problems using finite-state and Turing machines.
5. Assimilate various graph theoretic concepts and familiarize with their applications.
Course Content:
Unit-I: Mathematical Logic
Statements, Truth Tables, Conditional and Biconditional statements, Tautologies and contradictions,
Equivalent statements, Principle of duality, Quantifiers
Unit-II: Partially Ordered Sets

Definitions, examples and basic properties of partially ordered sets (poset), Order isomorphism, Hasse
diagrams, Dual of a poset, Duality principle, Maximal and minimal elements, Least upper bound and
greatest upper bound, Building new poset, Maps between posets.
Unit-III: Lattices
Lattices as posets, Lattices as algebraic structures, Sublattices, Products and homomorphisms;
Definitions, examples and properties of modular and distributive lattices; Complemented, relatively
complemented and sectionally complemented lattices.
Unit-IV: Boolean Algebras and Switching Circuits

Boolean algebras, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean homomorphism, Representation theorem; Boolean
polynomials, Boolean polynomial functions, Disjunctive and conjunctive normal forms, Minimal

35
forms of Boolean polynomials, QuineMcCluskey method, Karnaugh diagrams, Switching circuits

and applications.
Unit-V: Finite-State and Turing Machines

Finite-state machines with outputs, and with no output; Deterministic and nodeterministic finite-state
automaton; Turing machines: Definition, examples, and computations.
Unit-VI: Graphs
Definition, examples and basic properties of graphs, Königsberg bridge problem; Subgraphs,
Pseudographs, Complete graphs, Bipartite graphs, Isomorphism of graphs, Paths and circuits, Eulerian
circuits, Hamiltonian cycles, Adjacency matrix, Weighted graph, Travellingsalesman problem,
Shortest path and Dijkstra’s algorithm.
Reference Books:
1. B. A. Davey & H. A. Priestley (2002). Introduction to Lattices and Order (2nd edition). Cambridge
University Press.
2. Edgar G. Goodaire & Michael M. Parmenter (2018). Discrete Mathematics with Graph Theory (3rd
edition). Pearson Education.
3. Rudolf Lidl & Günter Pilz (1998). Applied Abstract Algebra (2nd edition). Springer.
4. Kenneth H. Rosen (2012). Discrete Mathematics and its Applications: With Combinatorics and Graph
Theory (7th edition). McGraw-Hill.
5. C. L. Liu (1985). Elements of Discrete Mathematics (2nd edition). McGraw-Hill.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36
COURSES OF STUDY FOR INTRODUCTORY/ MINOR ELECTIVE FYUGP IN

“MATHEMATICS”
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER I/ II/ III INTRODUCTORY REGULAR COURSE 1 Paper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTORY REGULAR COURSE (IRC)

(Credits: Theory-03)
 All Four Introductory & Minor Papers of Mathematics to be studied by the Students of Other
than Mathematics Honours.
 Students of Mathematics Honours must Refer Content from the Syllabus of Opted
Introductory & Minor Elective Subject.
Marks: 100 (ESE: 3Hrs) = 100 Pass Marks: Th (ESE) = 40

very short answer type consisting of ten questions of 1 mark each. Question No.2 & 3 will be short answer type of 5 marks.
Group B will contain descriptive type six questions of twenty marks each, out of which any four are to answer.
INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICS
Theory: 45 Lectures

1. This course will enable the students to:
2. Be familiar with the upcoming concepts of Differential calculus, Integral calculus, Vector calculus,
Analytical Geometry 2D, Set theory and Trigonometry in minor paper
Course Content:
Unit-I: Differential Calculus
Successive Differentiation. nth order derivatives of standard functions. Partial derivatives
Unit-II: Integral Calculus
Integration of rational & irrational functions. Partial fractions.
Unit-III: Vector Calculus
Scalar point functions. vector point functions. Differentiation of a vector of scalar variables.
Unit-IV: Analytical Geometry 2D
Change of rectangular axes. Rotation & shifting of origin.
Unit-V: Set Theory
Indexed family of sets. Generalized set operations. DeMorgan’s Law.
Unit-VI: Trigonometry
DeMoivre’s theorem & its Applications.

37
Reference Books:
1. Differential Calculus: Lalji Prasad
2. Integral Calculus: Dasgupta & Prasad.
3. Vector Calculus: Dasgupta& Prasad
4. Coordinate Geometry: A Das Gupta
5. Set Theory: K K Jha
6. Trigonometry: Dasgupta& Prasad
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38
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SEMESTER IV MINOR ELECTIVE-1 1 Paper
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. MINOR ELECTIVE (MN 1) (Credits: Theory-06)


DIFFERENTIAL, INTEGRAL & VECTOR CALCULUS

Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Expand different functions in series form
2. Handle partial differentiations and related geometry
3. Evaluate maxima & minima of function of two variables
4. Integrate rational and irrational functions and definite integrals
5. Understand differentiation and integration under the sign of integration
6. Familiarize with curve tracing and to calculate related area and volume.
7. Evaluate Gradient, Divergence & Curl
Course Content:
UNIT 1: Differential calculus

Leibnitz’s Theorem. Taylor’s and Macularuins’s series expansions of functions. Applications of
Taylors’s and Maclaurins’ Series. Tangent and Normal, (Cartesian, Parametric form), Angle between
two Curves. Length of tangent, Normal, Sub Tangent, Subnormal in Cartesian Forms. Partial
Differention: Eulers’ Theorem, Curvature. Asymptotes. Maxima and Minima of functions of two
variables.
UNIT 2: Integral Calculus

Integration by Transformation, Integration by Substitution, Integration by Parts. Evaluation of
Definite Integrals, Reduction Formulae, Curve Tracing, Length and Area, Surface Area and Volume
of Solids of Revolution.

39
UNIT 3: Vector Calculus

Differentiation of a vector function. Derivatives of a sum of vectors, Derivatives of a product of vectors
(both Scalar and Vector Products). Gradient, Divergence and Curl and Second Order Vector
Differential Operators in Cartesian coordinates systems.
Reference Books:
1. Differential Calculus: A Das Gupta & S B Prasad.
2. Differential Calculus: Lalji Prasad
3. Integral Calculus: Dasgupta& Prasad.
4. Integral Calculus: Lalji Prasad
5. Vector Calculus: Dasgupta & Prasad
6. Vector Calculus: Lalji Prasad
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER V MINOR ELECTIVE-2 1 Paper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


GEOMETRY, GROUP THEORY, DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Theory: 90 Lectures
1. Reduce the general equation of second degree to the standard forms
2. Know the polar equation of the conic
3. Learn the first order ordinary and partial Mechanics and methods of their solutions
4. Recognize and handle mathematical objects called group
5. Analyze concept of Lagrange’s theorem.
Course Content:
UNIT 1: Co-ordinate Geometry
Transformation of General Equation of
the Second Degree. Conditions for General Equation of Second Degree to Represent a Parabola,
Ellipse and Hyperbola. Equations of the Tangent and Normal to a Curve via calculus. Polar
Equation.
UNIT 2: Mechanics
Differential Equations of First Order and Higher Degree, Clairaut’s Form, Singular Solution,
Orthogonal Trajectories. Linear Equation with Constant Co-efficient, Homogenous Linear
Equation with variable coefficients. Simultaneous equations,
= = and Total Differential Equations Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 together with Geometric
Significance.

41
UNIT 3: Group Theory

Binary Operations, Notion of Group, Abelian Group and Non-Abelian group with Examples.
Uniqueness of Identity element and Inverse elements in a group, Different ways of Defining a Group,
Concept of Subgroup and Cyclic Group, Cosets, Lagrange’s Theorem.
Reference Books:
1. Coordinate Geometry: A Das Gupta
2. Coordinate Geometry: Lalji Prasad
3. Abstract algebra: A R Vashishtha
4. Modern Algebra: Lalji Prasad
5. Differential Equations: MD Raisinghania
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

42
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTER VI MINOR ELECTIVE-3 1 Paper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


REAL ANALYSIS, COMPLEX ANALYSIS, MATRICES

Theory: 90 Lectures

1. Understand the notion of bounds in the subset of real numbers
2. Recognize the sequence & series of real numbers and their convergence
3. Be familiar with the concept of Analyticity of the function of complex variables
4. Calculate simultaneous and iterated limits
5. Understand operations and types of Matrices and to calculate their eigenvalues and eigen
vectors
Course Content:
UNIT 1: Real Analysis

Sequence: Definition, Bounds, Limit of a sequence, Monotonic Sequence and their convergence,
Algebraic Operations and Limit, Cauchy Sequence, General Principle of Convergence of a sequence.
Series: Definitions, Convergent Series, Divergent Series, Pringsheim’s Theorem, Comparison tests,
Cauchy’s Root Test, D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Alternating Series and Leibnitz Test, Absolutely
Convergent Series.
UNIT 2: Complex Analysis

Real Functions of Two Variables: Simultaneous and Iterated limits: Continuity, Partial Derivatives,
Differentiability and related Necessary and Sufficient conditions. Functions of Complex variables
Limit, Continuity, Derivative, Cauchy – Reimann Equations, Analytic Function, Harmonic function.
43
UNIT 3: Matrices
Definitions, Operations on Matrices, Matrix Algebra, Type of Matrices, Transpose, Adjoint and
Inverse of a matrix, Solution of system of linear equations. Eigen Values & Eigen Vectors
Reference Books:
1. Real Analysis, Shanti Narayan & M D Raisinghania
2. Real Analysis: Lalji Prasad.
3. Complex Variables: J N Sharma.
4. Matrices: A. R. Vasishtha
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

44
FORMAT OF QUESTION PAPER FOR SEMESTER INTERNAL EXAMINATION
Question format for 10 Marks:
Subject/ Code
F.M. =10 Time=1Hr. Exam Year
General Instructions:
i. Group A carries very short answer type compulsory questions.
ii. Answer 1 out of 2 subjective/ descriptive questions given in Group B.
iii. Answer in your own words as far as practicable.
iv. Answer all sub parts of a question at one place.
v. Numbers in right indicate full marks of the question.
Group A
1. [5x1=5]
i. ...............
ii. ...............
iii. ...............
iv. ...............
v. ...............
Group B
2. ............... [5]
3. ............... [5]
Note: There may be subdivisions in each question asked in Theory Examination.
Subject/ Code
F.M. =20 Time=1Hr. Exam Year
Group A
1. [5x1=5]
i. ...............
ii. ...............
iii. ...............
iv. ...............
v. ...............
2. ............... [5]
Group B
3. ............... [10]
4. ............... [10]

45
FORMAT OF QUESTION PAPER FOR END SEMESTER UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION

Subject/ Code
F.M. =50 Time=3Hrs. Exam Year
Group A
1. [5x1=5]
i. ...............
ii. ...............
iii. ...............
iv. ...............
v. ...............
Group B
2. ............... [15]
3. ............... [15]
4. ............... [15]
5. ............... [15]
6. ............... [15]
Subject/ Code
F.M. =60 Time=3Hrs. Exam Year
Group A
1. [5x1=5]
i. ...............
ii. ...............
iii. ...............
iv. ...............
v. ...............
2. ............... [5]
3. ............... [5]
Group B
4. ............... [15]
5. ............... [15]
6. ............... [15]
7. ............... [15]
8. ............... [15]

46
Subject/ Code
F.M. = 75 Time=3Hrs. Exam Year
Group A
1. [5x1=5]
i. ...............
ii. ...............
iii. ...............
iv. ...............
v. ...............
2. ............... [5]
3. ............... [5]
Group B
4. ............... [15]
5. ............... [15]
6. ............... [15]
7. ............... [15]
8. ............... [15]
9. ............... [15]

Subject/ Code
F.M. = 100 Time=3Hrs. Exam Year
Group A
1. i. ............... vi. ............... [10x1=10]
ii. ............... vii. ...............
iii. ............... viii. ...............
iv. ............... ix. ...............
v. ............... x ...............
2. ............... [5]
3. ............... [5]
Group B
4. ............... [20]
5. ............... [20]
6. ............... [20]
7. ............... [20]
8. ............... [20]
9. ............... [20]

47

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FYUGP

MATHEMATICS HONOURS/ RESEARCH

Members of Core Committee I

COURSE STUCTURE FOR UNDERGRADUATE ‘HONOURS’

Session 2022-26 onwards

INTRODUCTORY/ MINOR ELECTIVES

FORMAT OF QUESTION PAPERS

Session 2022-26 onwards

HIGHLIGHTS OF REGULATIONS OF FYUGP

PROGRAMME OVERVIEW/ SCHEME OF THE PROGRAMME

Session 2022-26 onwards

CALCULATION OF MARKS FOR THE PURPOSE OF RESULT

PROMOTION AND SPAN PERIOD

Session 2022-26 onwards

COURSE STUCTURE FOR FYUGP ‘HONOURS/ RESEARCH’

Internship/ Project (4)

Research Internship/ Field Work

Community Engagement/ NCC/

Research Methodology Courses

Natural Sc./ Humanities/ Social

Language and Communication

Introductory Courses [Natural

Research Proposal, Review of

Preparation of the Research

Thinking and Analysis (2)

Value-Based Course/ Global

Vocational Studies (14)

Digital Education (3)

Sc./ Commerce (18)

Skills (English) (6)

Project Report (4)

COURSES OF STUDY FOR FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME

Semester Common Courses Introductory Courses Major Total Credits

Sem.-I LCS Understanding Health & Wellness, IRC-1 IVS-1A MJ-1

Sem.-II LCS Global Mathematical & IRC-2 IVS-1B MJ-2

Semester Common Courses Introductory Major Minor Internship/ Vocational Total

Sem.-III Environmental Community Digital IRC-3 MJ-3 Internship/

Sem.-IV MJ-4, MJ-5 MN-1 VS-1

Semester Major Courses Minor Courses Vocational Total Credits

Sem.-V MJ-6, MJ-7 MN-2 VS-2

Sem.-VI MJ-8, MJ-9 MN-3 VS-3

Total = 132 Credits

Table 5: Course structure for Bachelor's Degree with Hons./Research Programme

Semester Advance Courses Research Courses Vocational Total Credit

Sem.-VII AMJ-1, AMJ-2 Research Methodology Research Proposal

Sem.-VIII AMJ-3, AMJ-4 Research Research VSR

Total = 176 Credits

Session 2022-26 onwards

Table 6: Semester wise Course Code and Credit Points:

Common, Introductory, Major, Minor, Vocational & Internship Courses

Language and Communication Skills (Modern Indian language including

CC-2 Understanding India 2

CC-3 Health & Wellness, Yoga Education, Sports & Fitness 2

IVS-1A Introductory Vocational Studies-1 3

MJ-1 Major paper 1 (Disciplinary/Interdisciplinary Major) 6

CC-4 Language and Communication Skills (English) 6

CC-5 Mathematical & Computation Thinking Analysis 2

CC-6 Global Citizenship Education & Education for Sustainable Development 2

IVS-1B Introductory Vocational Studies-2 3