Homework #10 SOLUTIONS

Each numbered question is of equal value.

(1) §5.5 #4.

The Taylor series for sin(z) = ∞ j 2j+1 /(2j + 1)! is valid
P
j=0 (−1) (z)
for all z. Thus, for z 6= 0,
P∞ j 2j+1 /(2j + 1)!
sin(2z) j=0 (−1) (2z)
= =
z3 z3
∞
X
(−1)j 22j+1 z 2j−2 /(2j + 1)! = 2z −2 − (8/(3!)) + (32/5!)z 2 − . . .
j=0
This expansion is valid for all z 6= 0, and thus, by uniqueness (essen-
tially Theorem 15) this is the Laurent series for (sin(2z))/z 3 in the
domain C \ {0}.
1
(2) Find the Laurent series for f (z) = 1−z valid centered at z0 = i in
√
the domain |z − i| > 2.

1 1 −1 1
= = 1−i
=
1−z (1 − i) − (z − i) (z − i) (1 − z−i )
∞ ∞
−1 X 1 − i j X
( ) =− (1 − i)j−1 (z − i)−j
(z − i) z−i
j=0 j=1
√ √
which is valid in the domain D : |z−i| > 2 since |1−i| = 2. Thus,
1
by uniqueness, this is the Laurent series expansion for f (z) = 1−z
in D.
3
(3) Find two different Laurent series for f (z) = z+z 3 centered at z0 = 0.

The singularities are at 0, i and −i. Let D = {0 < |z| < 1}. Then
f (z) is analytic in D and in this domain, we have
∞ ∞
3 1 3 3 X 2 j
X
= ( ) = ( (−z ) ) = 3 (−1)j z 2j−1
z + z3 z 1 + z2 z
j=0 j=0

(note that this is valid since |z| < 1 in D). So, the latter expression
is the Laurent series for f (z) in D.
Now, let Let D0 = {|z| > 1}. Then f (z) is analytic in D0 and in
this domain, we have
∞ ∞
3 3 1 3 X −2 j
X
= ( ) = ( (−z ) ) = 3 (−1)j z −2j−3 .
z + z3 z 3 1 + z −2 z3
j=0 j=0

(note that this is valid since |z| > 1 in D0 ). So, the latter expression
is the Laurent series for f (z) in D0 .
1
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(4) §5.5 #13.

We have the Laurent coefficient:
Z
f (w)
aj = (1/(2πi)) j+1
dw.
C (w − z0 )
where C is a positively oriented circle of radius ρ such that
r < ρ < R. Thus,
M
|aj | ≤ (1/(2π)) j+1 (2πρ).
ρ
where M is the upper bound on f in the annulus. Thus,
M
|aj | ≤ j
ρ
Let j ≥ 0. Let ρ → R, and we get
M
|aj | ≤ j
R
And letting ρ → r, we get
M
|a−j | ≤ −j = M rj .
r
(5) §5.6 #2.

1 1
f (z) = 2 2
=
(2 cos(z) − 2 + z ) (2(1 − z /2! + z /4! − . . .) − 2 + z 2 )2
2 4

1 1 1
= = 8
((2/4!)z 4 6
− (2/6!)z + . . . )2 z ((2/4!) − (2/6!)z 2 · · · +)2
g(z)
This expression is of the form z8
where
1
g(z) =
((2/4!) − (2/6!)z 2 + . . . )2
which is analytic and non-zero at z0 = 0. Thus, f (z) has a pole of
order 8 at z0 = 0.
(6) §5.6 #12.
If f (z) has a pole of order m at z0 , then
g(z)
f (z) =
(z − z0 )m
where g(z) is analytic and non-zero at z0 . Taking the derivative,
using the quotient rule, we have
(z − z0 )m g 0 (z) − m(z − z0 )m−1 g(z) g 0 (z)(z − z0 ) − mg(z)
f 0 (z) = =
(z − z0 )2m (z − z0 )m+1
Thus,
f 0 (z) (z − z0 )g 0 (z)/g(z) − m
=
f (z) z − z0
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The numerator of the last experssions is analyitc at z0 and has value

−m 6= 0 at z0 . Thus, z0 is a pole of order 1 (i.e., simple pole) for
f 0 (z)
f (z) . Since

f 0 (z)
= g 0 (z)/g(z) − m/(z − z0 )
f (z)

and g 0 (z)/g(z) is analytic at z0 , the coefficient of (z − z0 )−1 in its

Laurent series is −m.
(7) Find the orders of the zeros of
5 −2z 7
(a) 2z1+z
5
−2z 7
f (z) = 2z1+z = 2z 5 (1 − z)(1 + z)/(1 + z)
The zeros of this function are 0 and 1 (note that the function
is undefined at -1).
f (z) = z 5 (2(1 − z)(1 + z)/(1 + z)) where the function in paren-
theses is analytic and non-zero at 0. Thus, 0 is a zero of order
5.
f (z) = (z − 1)(−z 5 (2(1 + z)/(1 + z)) where the function in
parentheses is analytic and non-zero at 1. Thus, 1 is a zero of
order 1.
(b) 1 − cos(z)
The zeros of f (z) = 1 − cos(z) are zk = 2kπ. We have f (zk ) = 0
and f 0 (zk ) = sin(zk ) = 0 and f 00 (zk ) = cos(zk ) = 1. So, all of
these zeros are of order 2.
(8) Find the isolated singularities of the following functions and classify
their types (if it is a pole, find its order).
(a) z −5 ez
The only singularity is at 0 and it is isolated. Since ez is analytic
and non-zero at 0, it is a pole of order 5.
sin z
(b) z+2z 2 +z 3
The only singularities are the zeros of the denominator: 0 and
-1.
For 0, we write
sin z sin z 1 1
f (z) = = ( ) = (1 − z 2 /3! + z 4 /5! − . . .)( ),
z + 2z 2 + z 3 z (1 + z)2 (1 + z)2
1
Since (1+z) 2 is analytic in the entire disk D {|z| < 1}, it has

a Taylor series expansion in D, and thus the Laurent series

for f (z) in the punctured disk {0 < |z| < 1} has no negative
powers. Thus, 0 is a removable singularity.
For -1, we write:
sin z
sin z z
f (z) = =
z + 2z 2 + z 3 (1 + z)2
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Since the numerator is analytic and non-zero at -1, we have that

-1 is a pole of order 2.
e1/z
(c) sin(1/z)
The only singularities are at 0 and zn = 1/(nπ)), n 6= 0. Thus,
each zn is an isolated singularity, but 0 is not.
h(z) = sin(1/z) is analytic at each z = zn . Since h(zn ) =
sin(nπ) = 0 and h0 (zn ) = −(1/zn )2 cos(nπ) 6= 0, h(z) has a
simple zero at zn . Thus, 1/ sin(1/z) has a simple pole at zn .
Since e1/z is analytic at zn , e1/z / sin(1/z) also has a simple pole
at zn .
(9) Let f (z) denote the principal branch of Log(z). Let g(z) be the
Taylor series of f (z) centered at z0 = −1 + i.
(a) What is the radius of convergence of g(z)?
For j ≥ 1, f (j) (z) = (−1)j−1 /z j . Thus, the Taylor series coeffi-
cients for f (z) centered at z0 = −1 + i are
aj = (−1)j−1 /(j(−1 + i)j )
By the ratio√ test the radius of convergeence of this series is
| − 1 + i| = 2.
(b) What is the radius of the largest disk centered at z0 = −1 + i
on which f (z) = g(z).
The Taylor series of an analytic function is a valid representation
on the largest disk centered at z0 on which f (z) is analytic. In
this case, since z0 = −1 + i and -1 is the closest point to z0 at
which f (z) is not analytic, 1 is the radius of the largest disk
centered at z0 = −1 + i on which f (z) = g(z).
(10) Section
P∞ 5.4: 4.
z j /j 2 is absolutely convergent for all |z| = 1 since, as we
j=1
know from HW9, ∞
P 2
P∞ j 2
j=1 1/j converges. Thus, j=1 z /j converges
forPall |z| = 1.
∞ j 2
j=1 z /j is the harmonic series when z = 1 and thus diverges; it
is the alternating harmonic series when P z= −1 and thus converges.
For all |z| >= 1, the j-th term of ∞ j=1 z j has absolute value equal

to 1 and thus cannot converge to

P∞ j 0. As this is a necessary condition
for convergence, the series j=1 z diverges for all |z| = 1.