Dente State University : ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals ‘TRANSMISSION MEDIA Overview > Guided - wire > Unguided - wireless D> Characteristics and quality determined by medium and D For guided, the medium is more important > For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important > Key concerns are data rate and distance Design Factors > Bandwidth D Higher bandwidth gives > Transmission impairments D Attenuation D> Interference D Number of receivers > In guided media > More receivers (multi-point) introduce more attenuation Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Hertz)" 10? 103 10" _108_108 __107_ 10% __10®_10" 10! _10'2 101710" 10'S ELE ve Dvir Doe [we ae [Ve COnF [SHE | enF [+--+ ><> wicrowave Tnirares Visivie Powet and telephont Rago Rotating generators Radios and televisions Radar Lasers light fustea nates lecrone bes terowave antennas | Guided missies ‘Vatce microphones Integrated ereuts Magnetron Rangetnaers| Cala Telephony [Optical Fiver Tera and Satelite Fransmission Lt LAREs Ean Wavelength aq® 40> 10" 10> 107-10" 40” «10 107 10% 10% 10% 10° in space: (meters) ELF = Extremely low frequency MF = Medium frequency UHF = Urahigh frequency VE_ = Voice frequency HF _=High frequency SHF = Superhigh frequency VLF =Very low frequency «VHF = Veryhigh frequency EHF = Extremely high frequency LF = Low frequency ‘Transmission Media “Department of information Technology PagelDorsey nen ee Guided Transmission Media D Twisted Pair > Coaxial cable > Optical fiber ‘Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media Frequency Typical Typical Repeater Range Attenuation Delay Spacing Twisted pair = Oto3.5kHz 0.2 dB/km 50 us/km 2km (with @1kHz loading) Twisted Oto1MHz 0.7 dB/km 5 us/km 2km pairs (multi- @ 1 kHz pair cables) Coaxial 0 to 500 7 dB/km @ 4 us/km 1to9km cable MHz 10 MHz Optical fiber 186 to 370 0.2 to 0.5 5 ps/km 40 km THz dB/km Twisted Pair —Usually installed in building, during construction (a) Twisted pair ‘Transmission Media “Department of Information Technology Page2QD coivesere ner ‘Twisted Pair - Applications ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals > Most common medium > Telephone network > Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop) > Within buildings > To private branch exchange (PBX) > For local area networks (LAN) D 10Mbps or 100Mbps ‘Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons D Cheap D Easy to work with D Low data rate D Short range ‘Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics > Analog D> Amplifiers every Skm to 6km > Digital D Use either analog or digital signals D repeater every 2km or 3km Limited distance Limited bandwidth (1MHz) Limited data rate (100MHz) Susceptible to interference and noise vvvv Unshielded and Shielded TP > Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) > Ordinary telephone wire > Cheapest D Easiest to install P Suffers from external EM interference D> Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) > Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference D More expensive D> Harder to handle (thick, heavy) smission Media “Department of Information Technology Page3D cane State University UTP Categories > cat3 D upto 16MHz D Voice grade found in most offices D Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm > cata D up to 20 MHz > cats D up to 100MHz ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals > Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings > Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 em D Cat SE (Enhanced) > care > cat7 Twisted Pair Categories and Classes Catego Catego ry3 ry5 ClassC ClassD . 100 Bandwidth = 16 MHz MHz cabi Wel UTP UTP/FTP Link Cost 07 1 (Cat 5 =1) ‘Transmission Media Catego Catego ry 5E ry6 Class E 100 200 MHz MHz UTP/FTP —-UTP/FTP 1.2 15 Catego Class F 600 MHz SSTP 2.2 “*Department of Information Technology PageDrone State University ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals Coaxial Cable aided shield er comditor fs metal Separated by insulating material —Conered by padding Coaxial Cable Appli > Most versatile medium D Television distribution > Arial to TV > Cable TV D Long distance telephone transmission D Can carry 10,000 voice calls D Being replaced by fiber of > Short distance computer systems links D Local area networks uultaneously Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics > Analog > Amplifiers every few km D Closer if higher frequency Upto SOOMHz > Digital D Repeater every 1km > Closer for higher data rates ‘Transmission Media “*Department of Information TechnologyD cone sene very Optical Fiber ITEC 90 Network Fundamentals Jashet age 7 Speeding Glass plate Angle of Angle of Ang Imcidence reflection Optical Fiber - Benefits > Greater capacity D Data rates of hundreds of Gbps D Smaller size & weight D Lower attenuation } Electromagnetic isolation D> Greater repeater spacing D 10s of km at least Optical Fiber - Applications ® long-haul trunks > Metropolitan trunks D Rural exchange trunks D> Subscriber loops D LANs Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics > Act as wave guide for 10¥ to 10% Hz D Portions of infrared and visible spectrum D Light Emitting Diode (LED) > Cheaper D> Wider operating temp range D Last longer DP injection Laser Diode (ILD) > More efficient D Greater data rate > Wavelength Division Multiplexing ‘Transmission Media “Department of information Technology Page 6Ce ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals Optical Fiber Transmission Modes Input rae uur pe ES = mz = = 2 =, De (a) Sep ads ine in ——_——s it (Grading ahimode (Single made Sine Waves and Square Waves + Discrete pulses (not continuous) + Can only have one of two states (170, onoff) _+ Voltage jumps between levels Transmission Media ‘A= Amplitude (height of pulses) “Department of information Technology Page7Denne State University ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals Bandwidth Unit of Digital Bandwidth Abbrev. Equivalen Bis per second cs 1 kbps = 1,000 bps. “Kobe per second Kops | 1 Kbps = 1,000 bpe Megebits per second Mbps___| 1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bps = 1.000 Kbps ‘Giaabits per second (Gbps Signaling over Copper and Fiber [Outer Jacket] ¥ [Braided Copper Shielding] [+ Speed and throughput 10-100 Mbps | Cost: Inexpensive + Media and connector size: Medium “Maxima cable rh 500m meson) | Transmission Media “Department of information Technology PagesQD conresere erty . ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals ‘TWISTED PAIR (COPPER) Strengthening Material (Aramid Yarn) ‘Transmission Media ‘*Department of Information Technology Page 9QD caste sete rnverity Attenuation and Insertion Loss on Copper M ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals ‘Annetwork cable between two computers ‘Transmitter Receiver JL ——_____» » A digital signal attenuates as it travels. Strong original signal cee ram Weak received signal Sources of Noise on Copper Media a= ; 3 Bad Connector - Wires are ‘Good Connector - Wires are Untwisted for too great a length. Untwisted to the extent necessary to attach the connector. ‘Transmission Media "*Department of Information Technology Page 10Devine State University . ITEC 90- Network Fundamentals Cable Testing Standards EIA/TIAS6BA - EIA/TIASG8B Pair 2 Pair3 Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2|Pair 1) Pair 4 T56BA, T568B ‘Transmission Media “Department of Information Technology Page 11