FFICM Examinations

SYLLABUS

VERSION 1.0
March 2022
 FFICM Examinations Syllabus
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Contents

Domain 1: Resuscitation and initial management of the acutely ill patient ................................. 6
1.1 Adopts a structured and timely approach to the recognition, assessment and
stabilisation of the acutely ill patient with disordered physiology ........................................ 6
1.2 Manages cardiopulmonary resuscitation ................................................................................ 7
1.3 Manages the patient post-resuscitation .................................................................................. 8
1.4 Triages and prioritises patients appropriately, including timely admission to ICU .............. 8
1.5 Assesses and provides initial management of the trauma patient ...................................... 9
1.6 Assesses and provides initial management of the patient with burns ............................... 10
1.7 Describes the management of mass casualties ................................................................... 11
Domain 2: Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation ............. 12
2.1 Obtains a history and performs an accurate clinical examination ................................... 12
2.2 Undertakes timely and appropriate investigations .............................................................. 12
2.3 Performs electrocardiography (ECG / EKG) and interprets the results .............................. 13
2.4 Obtains appropriate microbiological samples and interprets results ................................ 13
2.5 Obtains and interprets the results from blood gas samples ................................................ 13
2.6 Interprets imaging studies ........................................................................................................ 14
2.7 Monitors and responds to trends in physiological variables ................................................ 14
2.8 Integrates clinical findings with laboratory investigations to form a differential diagnosis .... 15
Domain 3: Disease Management ..................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Manages the care of the critically ill patient with specific acute medical conditions ... 16
3.2 Identifies the implications of chronic and co-morbid disease in the acutely ill patient .. 17
3.3 Recognises and manages the patient with circulatory failure ........................................... 18
3.4 Recognises and manages the patient with, or at risk of, acute renal failure ................... 18
3.5 Recognises and manages the patient with, or at risk of, acute liver failure ..................... 19
3.6 Recognises and manages the patient with neurological impairment .............................. 20
3.7 Recognises and manages the patient with acute gastrointestinal failure ....................... 21
3.8 Recognises and manages the patient with acute lung injury syndromes (ALI / ARDS) .. 22
3.9 Recognises and manages the septic patient ....................................................................... 22
3.10 Recognises and manages the patient following intoxication with drugs or
environmental toxins ................................................................................................................ 23
3.11 Recognises life-threatening maternal peripartum complications and manages care
under supervision ...................................................................................................................... 24
Domain 4: Therapeutic interventions / Organ support in single or multiple organ failure ........ 25
4.1 Prescribes drugs and therapies safely .................................................................................... 25
4.2 Manages antimicrobial drug therapy .................................................................................... 27
4.3 Administers blood and blood products safely ...................................................................... 28
4.4 Uses fluids and vasoactive/inotropic drugs to support the circulation .............................. 28
4.5 Describes the use of mechanical assist devices to support the circulation ...................... 29
4.6 Initiates, manages, and weans patients from invasive and non-invasive ventilatory
support ....................................................................................................................................... 29

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4.7 Initiates, manages, and weans patients from renal replacement therapy ...................... 30
4.8 Recognises and manages electrolyte, glucose and acid-base disturbances................. 31
4.9 Co-ordinates and provides nutritional assessment and support ........................................ 31
Domain 5: Practical procedures ....................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Administers oxygen using a variety of administration devices ........................................... 33
5.2 Performs emergency airway management .......................................................................... 34
5.3 Performs difficult and failed airway management according to local protocols ........... 34
5.4 Performs endotracheal suction ............................................................................................... 35
5.6 Performs percutaneous tracheostomy .................................................................................. 35
5.7 Performs chest drain insertion .................................................................................................. 35
5.8 Performs arterial catheterisation ............................................................................................. 35
5.9 Describes ultrasound techniques for vascular localisation .................................................. 35
5.10 Performs central venous catheterisation ............................................................................. 35
5.11 Performs defibrillation and cardioversion ............................................................................ 36
5.12 Performs transthoracic cardiac pacing, describes transvenous ...................................... 36
5.13 Describes how to perform pericardiocentesis .................................................................... 36
5.14 Demonstrates a method for measuring cardiac output & derived haemodynamic
variables .................................................................................................................................... 36
5.15 Performs lumbar puncture (intradural / ‘spinal’) under supervision ................................. 37
5.16 Manages the administration of analgesia via an epidural catheter ............................... 37
5.17 Performs abdominal paracentesis........................................................................................ 37
5.18 Describes Sengstaken tube (or equivalent) placement .................................................... 37
5.19 Performs nasogastric tube placement ................................................................................ 37
5.20 Performs urinary catheterisation ........................................................................................... 37
Domain 6: Perioperative Care .......................................................................................................... 38
6.1 Manages the pre and post operative care of the high-risk surgical patient .................... 38
6.2 Manages the care of the patient following cardiac surgery under supervision .............. 39
6.3 Manages the care of the patient following craniotomy under supervision ..................... 40
6.4 Manages the care of the patient following solid organ transplant under supervision .... 41
6.5 Manages the pre and postoperative care of the trauma patient under supervision ..... 42
Domain 7: Comfort and recovery..................................................................................................... 44
7.1 Identifies and attempts to minimise the physical and psychosocial consequences of
critical illness for patients and families ................................................................................... 44
7.2 Manages the assessment, prevention and treatment of pain and delirium .................... 45
7.3 Manages sedation and neuromuscular blockade .............................................................. 45
7.4 Communicates the continuing care requirements, including rehabilitation, of patients
at ICU discharge to health care professionals, patients and relatives .............................. 46
7.5 Manages the safe and timely discharge of patients from the ICU .................................... 47
Domain 8: End of life care ................................................................................................................. 48
8.1 Manages the process of withholding or withdrawing treatment with
the multidisciplinary team ....................................................................................................... 48
8.2 Discusses end of life care with patients and their families / surrogates ............................. 49
8.3 Manages palliative care of the critically ill patient .............................................................. 49
8.4 Performs brain-stem death testing ......................................................................................... 50
8.5 Manages the physiological support of the organ donor .................................................... 50
8.6 Manages donation following cardiac death ....................................................................... 50

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Domain 9: Paediatric care ................................................................................................................ 51

9.1 Describes the recognition of the acutely ill child and initial management of
paediatric emergencies .......................................................................................................... 51
9.2 Describes the national legislation and guidelines relating to child protection and their
relevance to critical care ........................................................................................................ 51
Domain 10: Transport.......................................................................................................................... 52
10.1 Undertakes the transport of the mechanically ventilated critically ill patient
outside the ICU ......................................................................................................................... 52
Domain 11: Patient safety and health systems management ...................................................... 53
11.1 Leads a daily multidisciplinary ward round ......................................................................... 54
11.2 Complies with local infection control measures ................................................................. 54
11.3 Identifies environmental hazards and promotes safety for patients and staff ............... 54
11.4 Identifies and minimises risk of critical incidents and adverse events, including
complications of critical illness ................................................................................................ 55
11.5 Organises a case conference .............................................................................................. 56
11.6 Critically appraises and applies guidelines, protocols and care bundles....................... 56
11.7 Describes commonly used scoring systems for assessment of severity of illness,
case mix and workload ........................................................................................................... 56
Domain 12: Professionalism ............................................................................................................... 58
12.1 Communicates effectively with patients and relatives ..................................................... 59
12.2 Communicates effectively with members of the health care team ............................... 59
12.3 Maintains accurate and legible records / documentation .............................................. 59
12.4 Involves patients (or their surrogates if applicable) in decisions about care and
treatment ................................................................................................................................... 60
12.5 Demonstrates respect of cultural and religious beliefs and an awareness of their
impact on decision making .................................................................................................... 60
12.6 Respects privacy, dignity, confidentiality and legal constraints on the use of
patient data .............................................................................................................................. 60
12.7 Collaborates and consults; promotes team-working ......................................................... 60
12.8 Ensures continuity of care through effective hand-over of clinical information ............ 60
12.9 Supports clinical staff outside the ICU to enable the delivery of effective care ............ 60
12.10 Appropriately supervises, and delegates to others, the delivery of patient care ........ 60
12.11 Takes responsibility for safe patient care ........................................................................... 60
12.12 Formulates clinical decisions with respect for ethical and legal principles ................... 60
12.13 Seeks learning opportunities and integrates new knowledge into clinical practice ... 60
12.14 Participates in multidisciplinary teaching .......................................................................... 60
12.15 Participates in quality improvement under supervision ................................................... 60
Basic sciences .................................................................................................................................... 62
Anatomy .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Physiology & Biochemistry.............................................................................................................. 62
Pharmacology ................................................................................................................................ 64
Physics & Clinical Measurement ................................................................................................... 65

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Change log

This document outlines the FFICM Examination Syllabus to be used by doctors completing
postgraduate training in Intensive Care Medicine in the UK.

This is Version 1.0.

As the document is updated, version numbers will be changed, and content changes noted
in the table below.

Version number Date issued Summary of changes

1.0 01 March 2022 Original publication date.

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Domain 1: Resuscitation and initial management of the acutely ill patient

Recognises the importance of ensuring physiological safety as a primary aim
Recognises the importance of timely institution of organ-system support
Recognises the need for supportive care for all organ systems whether failing /
injured or not
Principles of oxygen therapy and use of oxygen administration devices (see 5.1)
Recognise and manage emergencies
seek assistance appropriately
Order and prioritise appropriate investigations
Professional and reassuring approach - generates confidence and trust in patients
and their relatives
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Clear explanations given to patient, relatives and staff
Consults and takes into account the views of referring clinicians; promotes their
participation in decision making where appropriate
Patient safety is paramount
Rapid response and resuscitation
Determination to provide best and most appropriate care possible regardless of
environment
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows
how, when and who to ask)
1.1 Adopts a structured and timely approach to the recognition, assessment and stabilisation of
the acutely ill patient with disordered physiology
Early warning signs of impending critical illness
Causes of cardio-respiratory arrest, identification of patients at risk and corrective
treatment of reversible causes
Clinical signs associated with critical illness, their relative importance and
interpretation
Clinical severity of illness and indications when organ dysfunctions or failure are an
immediate threat to life
Causes, recognition and management of emergencies and other relevant
conditions e.g.
• Acute chest pain
• Tachypnoea and dyspnoea
• Upper and lower airway obstruction
• Pulmonary oedema
• Pneumothorax (simple and tension)
• Hypoxaemia
• Hypotension
• Shock states
• Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions
• Hypertensive emergencies
• Acute confusional states and altered consciousness
• Acute seizures / convulsions
• Oliguria and anuria
• Acute disturbances in thermoregulation and other relevant conditions
Treatment algorithms for common medical emergencies
Immediate management of acute coronary syndromes
Peri-arrest arrythmias and the principles of their management eg bradycardia, broad
complex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, narrow complex tachycardia
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle
of the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle
Techniques for effective fluid resuscitation
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Indications for, and methods of, ventilatory support
Indications for not starting resuscitation or ceasing an initiated attempt
Relevance of prior health status in determining risk of critical illness and outcome

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Measures of adequacy of tissue oxygenation, e.g. base deficit, lactate, central

venous saturation
Treatment strategies for abnormalities of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose
balance
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU – factors influencing intensity and
site of care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Considers legal and ethical issues: patient autonomy, appropriateness of
resuscitation and ICU admission
Conduct a primary survey: obtain relevant information rapidly and accurately
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated
Recognise and rapidly respond to adverse trends in monitored parameters
Recognise and manage choking / obstructed airway
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Obtain vascular access sufficient to manage acute haemorrhage, rapid fluid
infusion and monitor cardiovascular variables
Initiate emergency external cardiac pacing
Respond to an emergency in a positive, organised and effective manner.
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Perform a comprehensive secondary survey; integrate history with clinical
examination to form a differential diagnosis.
Evaluate evidence for diagnoses already made and search for other diagnoses.
Prescribe appropriate analgesia
Examine and plan care for the confused patient
1.2 Manages cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Causes of cardio-respiratory arrest, identification of patients at risk and corrective
treatment of reversible causes
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Causes and recognition of acute airway obstruction
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
The modification of resuscitation techniques in the special circumstances of
hypothermia, immersion and submersion, poisoning, pregnancy, electrocution,
anaphylaxis, acute severe asthma and trauma
Risks to the rescuer during resuscitation and methods to minimise these
Treatment (algorithm) of patients in ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless
ventricular tachycardia (VT)
Treatment (algorithm) of patients with non-VT/VF rhythms (asystole / PEA)
Tracheal route for drug administration: indications, contraindications, dosage
Indications, dosages and actions of drugs used in the peri-arrest period
Defibrillation: principles of monophasic and biphasic defibrillators; mechanism,
indications, complications, modes and methods (manual and automated external
defibrillators (AED
Indications and methods of cardiac pacing in the peri-arrest setting
Effect of cardiorespiratory arrest on body systems
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
outcome after cardiac arrest
Indications for not starting resuscitation or ceasing an initiated attempt
Legal and ethical issues relating to the use of the recently dead for practical skills
training, research and organ donation
Consider legal and ethical issues: patient autonomy, appropriateness of resuscitation
and ICU admission.
Conduct a primary survey: obtain relevant information rapidly and accurately
Check and assemble resuscitation equipment
Demonstrate advanced life support skills (ALS standard or equivalent)
Recognise and manage choking / obstructed airway
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Act appropriately as a member or leader of the team

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Respond to an emergency in a positive, organised and effective manner.

Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Protect a potentially unstable cervical spine
1.3 Manages the patient post-resuscitation
Causes of cardio-respiratory arrest, identification of patients at risk and corrective
treatment of reversible causes
Causes, recognition and management of:
• Upper and lower airway obstruction
• Tachypnoea and dyspnoea
• Hypoxaemia
• Pneumothorax (simple and tension)
• Acute chest pain
• Pulmonary oedema
• Hypotension
• Shock states
• Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions
• Hypertensive emergencies
• Acute confusional states and altered consciousness
• Acute seizures / convulsions
• Oliguria and anuria
• Acute disturbances in thermoregulation
• other relevant conditions
Peri-arrest arrythmias and the principles of their management (eg bradycardia,
broad complex tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, narrow complex tachycardia)
Techniques for effective fluid resuscitation
Indications for and methods of ventilatory support
Indications, dosages and actions of drugs used in the peri-arrest period
Indications and methods of cardiac pacing in the peri-arrest setting
Effect of cardio-respiratory arrest on body systems
Principles and application of therapeutic hypothermia
Measures of adequacy of tissue oxygenation, e.g. base deficit, lactate, central
venous saturation
Treatment strategies for abnormalities of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose
balance
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and
site of care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Assess conscious level, status of airway and cervical spine, and conduct careful
systems review
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated
Recognise and rapidly respond to adverse trends in monitored parameters
Obtain vascular access sufficient to manage acute haemorrhage, rapid fluid
infusion and monitor cardiovascular variables
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Respond to an emergency in a positive, organised and effective manner.
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Assess, predict and manage circulatory shock
Consider the need for and implement pre-transfer stabilisation
1.4 Triages and prioritises patients appropriately, including timely admission to ICU
Early warning signs of impending critical illness
Causes of cardio-respiratory arrest, identification of patients at risk and corrective
treatment of reversible causes
Clinical signs associated with critical illness, their relative importance and
interpretation
Clinical severity of illness and indications when organ dysfunctions or failure are an
immediate threat to life
Indications for not starting resuscitation or ceasing an initiated attempt
Relevance of prior health status in determining risk of critical illness and outcomes
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Triage and management of competing priorities

Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and
site of care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Consider legal and ethical issues: patient autonomy, appropriateness of resuscitation
and ICU admission.
Conduct a primary survey: obtain relevant information rapidly and accurately
Assess conscious level, status of airway and cervical spine, and conduct careful
systems review
Recognise and rapidly respond to adverse trends in monitored parameters
Respond to an emergency in a positive, organised and effective manner.
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Consider legal and ethical issues: patient autonomy, appropriateness of resuscitation
and ICU admission.
Assess and communicate effectively the risks and benefits of intensive care
admission
Take decisions to admit, discharge or transfer patients
Explain life-sustaining therapies, in clear language, and describe the expected
outcome of such therapies in view of the patient's goals and wishes.
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Determine when the patient's needs exceed local resources or specialist expertise
(requirement for transfer)
1.5 Assesses and provides initial management of the trauma patient
Performance and interpretation of a primary and secondary survey
Environmental hazards and injuries: e.g.
• hypo- and hyperthermia
• near-drowning
• electrocution
• radiations
• chemical injuries
• electrical safety/micro shock
Effects and acute complications of severe trauma on organs and organ systems
including:
• Respiratory – thoracic trauma; acute lung injury; tension pneumothorax
• Cardiovascular – hypovolaemic shock; cardiac tamponade
• Renal – acute renal failure; rhabdomyolysis
• Neurological – altered consciousness; traumatic brain injury; post-anoxic brain
injury; coup and contra-coup injuries; extra-dural and sub-dural haematomas;
intracranial haemorrhage and infarction; spinal cord injury
• Gastrointestinal – abdominal trauma; abdominal tamponade; rupture of liver or
spleen
• Musculoskeletal system – soft tissue injury; short term complications of fractures;
fat embolism; crush injury and compartment syndromes; maxillofacial injuries
• Other relevant conditions
Relevance of mechanism of injury to clinical presentation
Secondary insults that potentiate the primary injury,
Immediate specific treatment of life-threatening injury
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle
of the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle
Intraosseous cannulation
Causes, recognition and management of shock states
Techniques for effective fluid resuscitation
Principles of blood and blood component therapy; principles of massive transfusion,
including sell salvage
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Indications for and methods of ventilatory support
Triage and management of competing priorities
Management of cervical spine injuries

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Principles of management of closed head injury eg; coup and contra-coup injuries;
methods of preventing 'secondary insult' to the brain; recognition and immediate
management of raised intracranial pressure
Management of severe acute haemorrhage and blood transfusion; correction of
coagulation disorders
Methods for assessing neurological function e.g. Glasgow Coma Scale
Principles, including indications, limitations and therapeutic modalities of: Basic
radiological methods, CT scanning, ultrasound, MRI, ultrasound, angiography and
radionucleotide studies) in the critically ill patient
Indications for and basic interpretation of chest radiographs including: range of
normal features on a chest x-ray; collapse, consolidation, infiltrates (including
ALI/ARDS), pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, position of cannulae,
tubes or foreign bodies, airway compression, cardiac silhouette, mediastinal masses
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity
scales; limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Conduct a primary survey: obtain relevant information rapidly and accurately
Assess and document Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Obtain vascular access sufficient to manage acute haemorrhage, rapid fluid
infusion and monitor cardiovascular variables
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Perform a comprehensive secondary survey; integrate history with clinical
examination to form a differential diagnosis.
Review and refine diagnosis according to new information and the patient’s
response to treatment.
Assess conscious level, status of airway and cervical spine, and conduct careful
systems review
Assess, predict and manage circulatory shock
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Prescribe appropriate analgesia
Prioritise the order of investigations and interventions for individual injuries according
to their threat to life
Protect a potentially unstable cervical spine Determine when the patient's needs
exceed local resources or specialist expertise (requirement for transfer)
1.6 Assesses and provides initial management of the patient with burns
Triage and management of competing priorities
Performance and interpretation of a primary and secondary survey
Environmental hazards and injuries: hypo- and hyperthermia, near-drowning,
electrocution, radiations, chemical injuries, electrical safety/micro shock
Relevance of mechanism of injury to clinical presentation
Pathophysiology and medical/surgical management of the phases of a burn injury
Calculation of area burned
Principles of calculation of fluid losses and fluid resuscitation in the burned patient
Treatment strategies for abnormalities of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose
balance
Causes, recognition and management of shock states
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle
of the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle
Techniques for effective fluid resuscitation
Causes and recognition of acute airway obstruction Indications for and methods of
ventilatory support
Recognition and management of acute disturbances in thermoregulation
Signs, symptoms and causes of renal failure including acute kidney injury / chronic /
acute on chronic) and indications for intervention
Respiratory complications of burn injuries (smoke inhalation, airway burns) - detection
and management
Management of difficult or failed airway management (see 5.4)
The environmental control necessary for optimal care of the burned patient
Prevention of infection in the burned patient
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Burn-related compartment syndrome and escharotomy

Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity
scales; limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Conduct a primary survey: obtain relevant information rapidly and accurately
Assess conscious level, status of airway and cervical spine, and conduct careful
systems review
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated Implement emergency airway
management and ventilation
Obtain vascular access sufficient to manage acute haemorrhage, rapid fluid
infusion and monitor cardiovascular variables
Assess, predict and manage circulatory shock
Prescribe appropriate analgesia
Assess burn severity and prescribe initial fluid resuscitation
Describe the endpoints of burn resuscitation and preferred fluids
Recognise the potential for airway compromise in the burned patient
Identification and management of carbon monoxide poisoning
Estimate burn wound mortality from published data tables
Determine when the patient's needs exceed local resources or specialist expertise
(requirement for transfer)
Provide specialist advice before transfer to specialist cardiac or neuro ICU
1.7 Describes the management of mass casualties
Organisational principles for the coordination and management of mass casualties.
Local major incident plan - the role of the ICU in hospital/community disaster plans
Communication tasks and personal role in major incident / accident plan
Triage and management of competing priorities
Triage methods in use locally
Characteristics and clinical presentations associated with major incidents caused by
natural or civilian disasters, infection, epidemics or terrorist attack
Relevance of mechanism of injury to clinical presentation
Environmental hazards and injuries: hypo- and hyperthermia, near-drowning,
electrocution, radiations, chemical injuries, electrical safety/micro shock
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Psychological support for patients and relatives
Decontamination procedures
Management of public relations and information
Knowledge of alternative forms of external communication

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Domain 2: Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation

Universal precautions and preventative infection control techniques (hand washing,
gloves, protective clothing, sharps disposal etc.)
Principles of aseptic technique and aseptic handling of invasive medical devices
Acquire, interpret, synthesize, record, and communicate (written and verbal) clinical
information
Document investigations undertaken, results and action taken
Order and prioritise appropriate investigations
Develop a working, and limited differential diagnosis based on presenting clinical features
Professional and reassuring approach - generates confidence and trust in patients and
their relatives
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with patients, relatives and the
health care team
Responds rapidly to acute changes in monitored variables
Considers patient comfort during procedures / investigations
Avoids unnecessary tests
Avoids extensive invasive procedures or monitoring which cannot be adequately
interpreted at the bedside
Minimises patient discomfort in relation to monitoring devices
Ensures safe and appropriate use of equipment
Supports other staff in the correct use of devices
Demonstrates desire to minimise patient distress
Demonstrates compassionate care of patients and relatives
Promotes respect for patient privacy, dignity and confidentiality
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
2.1 Obtains a history and performs an accurate clinical examination
Clinical signs associated with critical illness, their relative importance and interpretation
Importance and principles of obtaining an accurate history of the current condition, co-
morbidities and previous health status using appropriate sources of information
Sources and methods of obtaining clinical information
Relevance of prior health status in determining risk of critical illness and outcomes
Significance and impact of co-morbid disease on the presentation of acute illness
Impact of drug therapy on organ-system function
Examine patients, elicit and interpret clinical signs (or relevant absence of clinical signs) in
the ICU environment
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources.
Review notes, investigations and prior events to confirm or refute working diagnosis.
Listen effectively
Recognise impending organ system dysfunction
Integrate history with clinical examination to create a diagnostic and therapeutic plan
2.2 Undertakes timely and appropriate investigations
Indications for and the selection of suitable methods of monitoring or investigation taking
into account their accuracy, convenience, reliability, safety, cost and relevance to the
patient's condition.
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Appropriate use of laboratory tests to confirm or refute a clinical diagnosis
Indications, limitations and basic interpretation of laboratory investigations of blood and
other body fluids (e.g. urine, CSF, pleural and ascitic fluids):
• Haematology
• Immunology
• Cytology
• Blood grouping and x-matching
• Urea, creatinine, glucose, electrolytes and lactate
• Liver function tests
• Drug levels in blood or plasma
• Tests of endocrine function (eg diabetes, thyroid disorders, adrenal failure)
• Blood gas samples (arterial, venous and mixed venous)

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• Microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling

• other relevant investigations
Principles, indications, limitations and basic interpretation of:
• Respiratory function tests
• Diagnostic bronchoscopy
• Diagnostic ECG (EKG)
• Echocardiography
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked potentials
• Intra-abdominal pressure monitoring
• Intrathoracic pressure (oesophageal pressure) measurements
• Fluid input-output monitoring
• other relevant investigations
Principles, including indications, limitations and therapeutic modalities of: Basic
radiological methods, CT scanning, ultrasound, MRI, angiography and radionucleotide
studies in the critically ill patient
Risks to patient and staff of radiological procedures and precautions to minimise risk
Invasive and non-invasive systems available for measuring cardiac output and derived
haemodynamic variables, the principles involved and the type and site of placement of
the monitoring device
Risks to patient and staff of radiological procedures and precautions to minimise risk
Recognise impending organ system dysfunction
Evaluate benefits and risks related to specific investigations Interpret laboratory results in
the context of the patient's condition
Identify abnormalities requiring urgent intervention
Recognise significant changes and the need for repeated testing (i.e. that a single
normal result is not as significant as identifying trends of change by repeated testing
where indicated)
Undertake further consultation / investigation when indicated
2.3 Performs electrocardiography (ECG / EKG) and interprets the results
Principles of ECG monitoring (including for example heart rate, rhythm, conduction, PR
interval, ST segment change and QT interval) – indications, limitations and techniques.
Advantages and disadvantages of different lead configurations
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Obtain and interpret data from ECG (3- and 12-lead)
Identify deviations from normal range and interpret these in the context of the clinical
circumstances
Identify abnormalities requiring urgent intervention
Differentiate real change from artefact and respond appropriately
2.4 Obtains appropriate microbiological samples and interprets results
Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the ICU
Types of organisms – emergence of resistant strains, mode of transfer, opportunistic and
nosocomial infections; difference between contamination, colonisation and infection
Requirements for microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling
Indications for microbiological sampling and interpretation of microbiological test results
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Methods and routes of obtaining samples – associated indications and complications
Appropriate use of laboratory tests to confirm or refute a clinical diagnosis sample
Local patterns of bacterial resistance and antibiotic policy
Indications for and contraindications to lumbar puncture and CSF sampling; laboratory
analysis of CSF
Obtain blood cultures using aseptic techniques
Interpret laboratory results in the context of the patient's condition
Integrate clinical findings with results of investigations
Communicate and collaborate effectively with all laboratory staff
Undertake further consultation / investigation when indicated
Assemble clinical and laboratory data, logically compare all potential solutions to the
patient's problems, prioritise them and establish a clinical management plan
2.5 Obtains and interprets the results from blood gas samples
Indications for and interpretation of arterial blood gas samples
Methods and routes of obtaining samples - associated indications and complications
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Pre-analytical errors of arterial blood gas sampling (choice of sample site, sampling
device, heparin, mixing, storage and transport)
Clinical measurement: pH, pCO2, pO2, SaO2, FiO2 CO2 production, oxygen
consumption, respiratory quotient
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Obtain blood gas samples using aseptic techniques
Interpret data from an arterial blood gas sample
Interpret data from a central or mixed venous blood gas sample
Identify deviations from normal range and interpret these in the context of the clinical
circumstances
Identify abnormalities requiring urgent intervention
Confirm adequate oxygenation and control of PaCO2 and pH
Undertake further consultation / investigation when indicated
2.6 Interprets imaging studies
Principles, including indications, limitations and therapeutic modalities of: Basic
radiological methods, CT scanning, ultrasound, MRI ,echo
Indications for and basic interpretation of chest radiographs: e.g. range of normal
features on a chest x-ray; collapse, consolidation, infiltrates (including ALI/ARDS),
pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, position of cannulae, tubes or foreign
bodies, airway compression, cardiac silhouette, mediastinal masses
Risks to patient and staff of radiological procedures and precautions to minimise risk
Indications for and limitations of investigations
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Effect of projection, position, penetration and other factors on the image quality
Principles, including indications, limitations and therapeutic modalities of: MRI, ultrasound,
angiography and radionucleotide studies in the critically ill patient
Interpret chest x-rays in a variety of clinical contexts
Basic interpretation of radiological investigations:
• neck and thoracic inlet films
• x-rays of abdominal fluid levels / free air
• x-rays of long bone, skull; vertebral and rib fractures
• CT or MRI scans of head demonstrating fractures, haemorrhage, critically raised ICP
and hydrocephalus
• Ultrasound of the abdomen (liver, spleen, large abdominal vessels, kidney, urinary
bladder) chest and vascular access
• CT thorax, abdomen, pelvis
• radio-isotope studies
• Angiography
• Echocardiography (ventricular function, filling status, valve abnormality, size of the
heart, any kinetic or dyskentic segments, pericardial effusion with or without evidence
of tamponade)
Identify abnormalities requiring urgent intervention Identify deviations from normal and
interpret these in the context of the clinical circumstances
Undertake further consultation / investigation when indicated
Communicate effectively with radiological colleagues to plan, perform and interpret test
results
2.7 Monitors and responds to trends in physiological variables
Indications, contraindications and complications associated with monitoring and
monitoring devices; advantages and disadvantages of different monitoring systems /
modalities taking into account their accuracy, convenience, reliability, safety, cost and
relevance to the patient's condition
Interpretation of information from monitoring devices, and identification of common
causes of error; principles of monitoring trends of change and their significance
Hazards of inappropriate monitoring including misuse of alarms; principles of
disconnection monitors
Principles of invasive pressure monitoring devices: components and functions of an
electromanometer system (catheter, tubing, transducer, amplifier and display unit); zero
and calibration techniques; dynamics of the system - natural frequency and damping
Principles of haemodynamic monitoring - invasive and non-invasive methods, indications
and limitations, physiological parameters and waveform interpretation
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Invasive and non-invasive systems available for measuring cardiac output and derived haemodynamic
variables, the principles involved and the type and site of placement of the monitoring device
Interpretation of, relationships between, sources of error and limitations of measured and
derived cardiovascular variables including pressure, flow, volume and gas transport
Methods for measuring temperature
Principles, indications and limitations of pulse oximetry
Principles of ECG monitoring (heart rate, rhythm, conduction, ST segment change and QT
interval) - indications, limitations and techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of
different lead configurations
Principles of monitoring ventilation: Significance of respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute
volume, mean, peak, end expiratory and plateau pressure, intrinsic and extrinsic PEEP,
inspired oxygen concentration, arterial blood gas and acid base status, relationship
between mode of ventilation and choice of parameters monitored; airflow and airway
pressure waveforms
Physical principles, indications and limitations of end tidal CO2 monitoring. Relationship
between end tidal CO2 and arterial pCO2 in various clinical circumstances
Principles of fluid input-output monitoring
Methods for assessing pain and sedation
Methods for assessing neurological function e.g. Glasgow Coma Scale
Principles, indications and limitations of intra-abdominal pressure monitoring
Systems available for intracranial pressure monitoring – indications, principles, type and
site of placement of the monitoring device, data collection and troubleshooting
Indications and techniques of jugular bulb oximetry
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated
Obtain and accurately record data from monitors
Differentiate real change from artefact and respond appropriately
Set and interpret data from ventilator alarms
Identify deviations from normal range and interpret these in the context of the clinical
circumstances
Recognise and rapidly respond to adverse trends in monitored parameters
Recognise patterns in trends - early diagnosis and outcome prediction
Review the need for continued monitoring regularly
Obtain and interpret data from: invasive and non-invasive arterial blood pressure measurement ECG /
EKG (3 and 12 lead) central venous catheters pulse oximetry FVC, spirometry and peak flow
measurement, pulmonary artery catheter or oesophageal Doppler, inspired and expired gas monitoring
for O2, CO2 and NO, intracranial pressure monitoring, Jugular bulb catheters and SjvO2 monitoring
Set monitor alarms appropriately
Interpret data from scoring or scaling systems to assess pain and sedation
Assess and document Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Recognise changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure which are life threatening
2.8 Integrates clinical findings with laboratory investigations to form a differential diagnosis
Sensitivity and specificity of the investigation as related to a specific disease
Appropriate use of laboratory tests to confirm or refute a clinical diagnosis
Interpretation of information from monitoring devices, and identification of common
causes of error; principles of monitoring trends of change and their significance
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Examine patients, elicit and interpret clinical signs (or relevant absence of clinical signs) in
the ICU environment Integrate clinical findings with results of investigations
Interpret laboratory results in the context of the patient's condition Identify abnormalities
requiring urgent intervention
Communicate and collaborate effectively with all laboratory staff
In emergency situations, confirm or refute early diagnoses before data collection /
analysis is complete – make contingency plans based on these diagnoses to combat
further threats to the patient's life
Assemble clinical and laboratory data, logically compare all potential solutions to the
patient's problems, prioritise them and establish a clinical management plan

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Domain 3: Disease Management

Impact of occupational and environmental exposures, socio-economic factors, and
lifestyle factors on critical illness
Recognises the importance of timely institution of organ-system support
Recognises the differences between organ system support and specific treatment
Acquire, interpret, synthesize, record, and communicate (written and verbal) clinical
information
Order and prioritise appropriate investigations
Develop a working, and limited differential diagnosis based on presenting clinical
features
Prioritise therapy according to the patient's needs
Define targets of therapy and review efficacy at regular intervals
Consider modifying diagnosis and/or therapy if goals are not achieved or in light of new
information
Recognise and manage emergencies; seek assistance appropriately
Critically appraise the evidence for and against specific therapeutic interventions or
treatments
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with patients, relatives and the
health care team
Adopts a problem-solving approach
Demonstrates compassionate care of patients and relatives
Demonstrates desire to minimise patient distress
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
Enquiring mind, undertakes critical analysis of published literature
3.1 Manages the care of the critically ill patient with specific acute medical conditions
Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of commonly encountered acute
medical conditions and those relevant to critical care including (but not exclusively
Respiratory disorders: e.g. the unprotected airway; pneumonia, lung or lobar collapse,
asthma, chronic obstructive airways disease, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax (simple
and tension), pulmonary embolus, pleural effusion, acute lung injury (ALI) and acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and their causative factors; Interstitial lung disease;
pulmonary haemorrhage, upper and lower airway obstruction including epiglottitis;
respiratory muscle disorders
Cardiovascular disorders: Common arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, shock
states (anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, septic); crescendo or unstable
angina; acute myocardial infarction; left ventricular failure; hypotension and
hypertension, valvular heart disease; vaso-occlusive diseases; pulmonary hypertension;
right ventricular failure; cor pulmonale; malignant hypertension; cardiac tamponade;
pacing box failure, cardiomyopathies
Neurological disorders: Acute confusional states and coma; post-anoxic brain damage;
intracranial haemorrhage and infarction; sub-arachnoid haemorrhage; cerebro-vascular
accidents (CVA / stroke); convulsions and status epilepticus; meningitis and encephalitis,
Medical causes of raised intracranial pressure; acute neuromuscular diseases causing
respiratory difficulty (e.g. Guillain Barre, myasthenia gravis, malignant hyperpyrexia);
critical illness polyneuropathy, motor neuropathy and myopathy
Renal and genito-urinary disorders: Urological sepsis; acute kidney injury; chronic renal
failure; nephrotoxic drugs and monitoring, renal manifestations of systemic disease
including vasculitides; rhabdomyolysis
Gastrointestinal disorders: peptic/stress ulceration; upper GI haemorrhage; diarrhoea
and vomiting; acute pancreatitis; cholecystitis; jaundice; acute and chronic liver failure;
fulminant hepatic failure; paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury;
inflammatory bowel diseases; peritonitis; ascites; mesenteric infarction; perforated viscus;
bowel obstruction and pseudo-obstruction; abdominal trauma; intra-abdominal
hypertension and compartment syndrome; short-bowel syndrome; rupture of liver or
spleen.

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Haematological and oncological disorders: Disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) and other coagulation disorders, Massive blood transfusion, acute and chronic
anemia; haemolytic syndromes, immune disorders. Lymphoproliferative disorders. High
risk groups: the immunosuppressed or immuno-incompetent patient, chemotherapy,
agranulocytosis and bone marrow transplant patients
Infections: Organisms causing specific infections: Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, pyrexia and hypothermia; organ-specific signs of
infection including haematogenous (venous catheter-related, endocarditis,
meningococcal disease), urological, pulmonary, abdominal (peritonitis, diarrhoea),
skeletal (septic arthritis), nosocomial infections, pyometria; septic abortion
Metabolic disorders: Electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders;
thermoregulation and associated disorders
Endocrine disorders: Diabetes mellitus, critical illness-induced hyperglycaemia, over- and
under-activity of thyroid; adrenal and pituitary disorders; sepsis-induced relative adrenal
insufficiency; endocrine emergencies;
Implications of previous organ transplantation
Treatment algorithms for common medical emergencies
Multisystem effects of acute medical conditions and implications for clinical
management
Therapies available for the treatment of commonly encountered medical conditions,
their efficacy and potential side effects
Definitive / long term management of commonly encountered acute medical
conditions
Diagnosis and management of other acute medical conditions until appropriate
specialist assistance is available
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Concept of risk: benefit ratio and cost effectiveness of therapies
Complications of the disease processes; effects of disease and its treatments on other
organ systems
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Long term effects of acute medical conditions and late complications
Risk factors, recognition and assessment of single or multiple organ failure
Define the steps of diagnostic reasoning
Conceptualise the clinical problem
Develop problem list and action plan
Recognise and diagnose commonly encountered acute medical conditions
Recognise impending organ system dysfunction
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Identify and manage chronic co-morbid disease
3.2 Identifies the implications of chronic and co-morbid disease in the acutely ill patient
Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of commonly encountered chronic
medical conditions including (but not exclusively):
Respiratory disorders: Asthma; chronic obstructive airways disease; pulmonary fibrosis;
pulmonary thromboembolic disease; respiratory muscle disorders
Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension; angina; chronic heart failure (LVF / RVF); veno-
occlusive disorders; cardiomyopathies; valvular heart disease and prosthetic valves;
pulmonary hypertension; cor pulmonale; common arrhythmias and conduction
disturbances; peripheral vascular disease
Neurological disorders: Cerebro-vascular accidents (CVA / stroke); epilepsy; dementia;
neuropathy and myopathy
Renal disorders: chronic renal failure; renal manifestations of systemic disease including
vasculitides; nephrotoxic drugs
Gastrointestinal disorders: chronic pancreatitis; chronic liver failure; cirrhosis; inflammatory
bowel diseases

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Haematological and oncological disorders: Coagulation disorders, haemolytic

syndromes, platelet disorders; chronic anaemia, immune disorders, malignancy including
complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Endocrine disorders: Diabetes; thyroid, adrenal and pituitary disorders
Psychiatric disorders: depression, psychosis, personality disorder, deliberate and
accidental self-harm
Previous organ transplantation
Causes and consequences of decompensation in chronic organ failure; diagnosis and
management of acute-on-chronic organ failure
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Implications of acute illness in patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring long term
home ventilation
Use of home ventilators, cough assist devices and other aids to respiratory care in the
community
Identify and manage chronic co-morbid disease
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Identify and evaluate requirements for continuation of chronic treatments during and
after the acute illness
Evaluate the impact of chronic disease and prior health on outcomes
Take chronic health factors into account when determining suitability for intensive care
Recognise the wide range of acute and long-term presentations involving use of alcohol
and other drugs (e.g. trauma, depression, hypertension)
3.3 Recognises and manages the patient with circulatory failure
Risk factors, recognition and assessment of circulatory failure
Cardiovascular disorders: Cardiac arrest; common arrhythmias and conduction
disturbances, shock states (anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, septic);
crescendo or unstable angina; acute myocardial infarction; left ventricular failure;
hypotension and hypertension; circulatory effects of pulmonary embolism & tension
pneumothorax; valvular heart disease; vaso-occlusive diseases; pulmonary hypertension;
right ventricular failure; cor pulmonale; malignant hypertension; cardiac tamponade;
pacing box failure; cardiomyopathies
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Effect of circulatory failure and its treatment on other organ systems
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Use of fluids and vasoactive / inotropic / anti-arrhythmic drugs to support the circulation
(see 4.4)
Complications of specific therapies, their incidence and management Effects of
concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's response
to treatment
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Use of mechanical assist devices to support the circulation (see 4.4)
Identify patients at risk of developing circulatory failure
Assess, predict and manage circulatory shock
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Use fluids and vasoactive / inotropic drugs to support the circulation (see 4.4)
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Measure and interpret haemodynamic variables (including derived variables)
Optimise myocardial function
3.4 Recognises and manages the patient with, or at risk of, acute renal failure
Symptoms, signs and causes of renal failure including acute kidney injury / chronic /
acute on chronic) and indications for intervention
Distinguishing features of acute versus chronic renal failure and implications for
management
Causes and complications of renal failure - methods to prevent or treat these Renal and
genito-urinary disorders: Oliguria and anuria; polyuria; urological sepsis; acute renal
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failure; chronic renal failure; nephrotoxic drugs and monitoring, renal manifestations of
systemic disease including vasculitides; rhabdomyolysis
Metabolic disorders: electrolyte disorders (notably hyperkalaemia) ; acid-base disorders;
fluid balance disorders Investigation of impaired renal function
Range of therapeutic interventions available to support organ function and treat the
underlying causes
Nephrotoxic drugs and adjustment of drug doses in renal impairment/failure
Indications for and basic interpretation of drug concentrations in blood or plasma
Urinary catheterisation techniques: transurethral and suprapubic Indications and
contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Effect of renal failure and its treatment on other organ systems
Indications, complications and selection of renal replacement therapies (continuous and
intermittent)
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Identify patients at risk of developing renal failure
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Perform aseptic urinary catheterisation: male and female (see 5.24)
Identify and avoid factors contributing to impaired renal function Initiate, manage and
wean patients from renal replacement therapy (see 4.7)
3.5 Recognises and manages the patient with, or at risk of, acute liver failure
Functions of the liver - biosynthetic, immunologic, and detoxification
Symptoms and signs of acute liver failure and assessment of severity
Investigation of impaired hepatic function
Causes and complications of acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure, their prevention
and management
Causes, recognition and management of associated disorders:
Gastrointestinal disorders: Abdominal pain and distension; peptic ulceration and upper
GI haemorrhage; diarrhoea and vomiting; pancreatitis; jaundice; acute and chronic liver
failure; fulminant hepatic failure; paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury;
rupture of liver or spleen
Cardiovascular disorders: Hypotension and hypertension (including hypertensive
emergencies); shock (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, septic, anaphylactic); common
arrhythmias and conduction disturbances.
Metabolic disorders: Electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders;
thermoregulation and associated disorders
Haematological disorders: Coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways and their associated
disorders; disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); hemolytic syndromes, acute
anaemia; complications of massive blood transfusion
Neurological disorders: acute confusional states and coma; post-anoxic brain damage;
convulsions; encephalopathy; raised intracranial pressure
Pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) and the inflammatory response in
relation to organ system dysfunction
Methods for assessing neurological function e.g. Glasgow Coma Scale
Indications for and basic interpretation of drug concentrations in blood or plasma
Principles of blood glucose control: indications, methods, monitoring of safety and
efficacy
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Principles of cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral oxygen delivery and the methods by
which they may be optimised
Factors and therapies which may influence intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion
pressure
Hepatotoxic drugs and adjustment of drug doses in hepatic impairment / failure
Principles and techniques for insertion of gastro-oesophageal balloon tamponade tube
(e.g. Sengstaken-Blakemore)
Causes, recognition and management of HELLP syndrome
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Effect of liver failure and its treatment on other organ systems

Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Supportive therapy for the failing liver including extracorporeal liver support and
indications for emergency liver transplantation
Principles of measurement of jugular venous saturation, cerebral Doppler velocities and
cerebral blood flow. Indications for transcutaneous and transjugular liver biopsies and
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS)
Effects, common presentations and potential for harm of alcohol and other drugs.
Range of interventions, treatments and prognoses for use of alcohol and other drugs
Identify patients at risk of developing acute liver failure
Interpret laboratory tests of liver function
Recognise impending organ system dysfunction
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Assess and document Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Identify and manage
coagulopathies
Prevent, identify and manage hyper / hypoglycaemia
Examine and plan care for the confused patient
Take prompt action to reduce acutely elevated intracranial pressure
Manage cardiorespiratory physiology to minimise rises in intracranial pressure
Prevent, identify and treat hyponatraemia
Make an assessment of alcohol and other drug use, including taking a history and using
validated tools.
3.6 Recognises and manages the patient with neurological impairment
Signs and symptoms of neurological impairment
The toxic, metabolic, structural, and infectious causes of altered consciousness
Investigation of impaired neurological function; methods for assessing neurological
function (e.g. Glasgow Coma Scale)
Neurological disorders: acute confusional states and coma; post-anoxic brain damage;
intracranial haemorrhage and infarction; sub-arachnoid haemorrhage; cerebro-vascular
accidents (CVA / stroke); convulsions and status epilepticus; meningitis and encephalitis;
medical causes of raised intracranial pressure; acute neuromuscular diseases causing
respiratory difficulty (e.g. Guillain Barre, myasthenia gravis, malignant hyperpyrexia);
critical illness polyneuropathy, motor neuropathy and myopathy
Causes, recognition and management of associated disorders:
Metabolic disorders: Electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders;
thermoregulation and associated disorders
Signs and symptoms of acute airway insufficiency and acute respiratory failure;
indications for intervention in the patient with neurological impairment
Indications, contraindications and complications of lumbar puncture (see 5.15)
Indications for urgent imaging of the brain and neurosurgical consultation
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Principles of cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral oxygen delivery and the methods by
which they may be optimised
Factors and therapies which may influence intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure
Aetiology and management of raised intracranial pressure (ICP)
Principles of management of closed head injury including indications for decompressive
craniectomy
Coup and contra-coup injuries
Methods of preventing the 'second insult' to the brain
Management of vasospasm
Application of techniques to treat or induce hypo/hyperthermia
Principles, indications and limitations of electroencephalogram (EEG) and evoked
potentials
Effect of impaired neurological function and its support and treatment on other organ
systems
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Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;

limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Systems available for intracranial pressure monitoring - indications, principles, type and
site of placement of the monitoring device, data collection and troubleshooting
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drainage for raised ICP (lumbar drain and extraventricular
drain)
Principles of measurement of jugular venous saturation, cerebral Doppler velocities and
cerebral blood flow.
Indications for plasmapheresis or immunoglobulins in Guillain Barre and myasthenic
patients (see 4.3)
Use of thiopentone infusions to induce deep coma
Identify patients at risk of neurological impairment Identify and avoid factors contributing
to neurological impairment
Assess and document Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Perform a lumbar puncture
Examine and plan care for the confused patient
Recognise changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure which are life
threatening
Take prompt action to reduce acutely elevated intracranial pressure
Manage cardiorespiratory physiology to minimise rises in intracranial pressure
Undertake or assist in the insertion and maintenance of an intracranial pressure monitor
Obtain and interpret data from intracranial pressure monitoring
Determine when the patient's needs exceed local resources or specialist expertise
(requirement for transfer)
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
3.7 Recognises and manages the patient with acute gastrointestinal failure
Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction (e.g. obstruction, ischemia,
perforation, dysmotility, diarrhoea)
Causes and complications of gastrointestinal failure
Effects of critical illness and treatments on gastric emptying
Investigation of acute gastrointestinal dysfunction
Gastrointestinal disorders: Abdominal pain and distension; stress/peptic ulceration and
upper GI haemorrhage; lower GI bleeding; diarrhoea and vomiting; Pancreatitis;
jaundice; cholecystitis; inflammatory bowel diseases; peritonitis; mesenteric infarction;
perforated viscus; bowel obstruction; ascites; intra-abdominal hypertension &
compartment syndrome; short-bowel syndrome, GI fistulae
Causes, recognition and management of associated disorders: Metabolic disorders:
Electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders; thermoregulation and
associated disorders
Indications for urgent imaging and surgical consultation
Factors and therapies which may influence intra-abdominal pressure; aetiology and
management of raised intra-abdominal pressure
Effects of impaired gastrointestinal function and its treatment on other organ systems
Principles of nutritional assessment and support (see 4.9)
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Principles and techniques for insertion of gastro-oesophageal balloon tamponade tube
(e.g. Sengstaken-Blakemore)
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Identify and avoid factors contributing to gastrointestinal dysfunction
Identify patients at risk of gastrointestinal dysfunction
Prevent, identify and manage hyper / hypoglycaemia
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies

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3.8 Recognises and manages the patient with acute lung injury syndromes (ALI / ARDS)
Symptoms and signs of acute airway insufficiency and acute respiratory failure, and
indications for intervention
Causes of respiratory failure, their prevention and management
Respiratory disorders: e.g. Tachypnoea, dyspnoea, pneumonia, lung or lobar collapse,
pulmonary oedema, pulmonary embolus, pleural effusion, pneumothorax (simple and
tension), acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and their
causative factors; pulmonary haemorrhage, near-drowning
Pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI / ARDS)
Pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) and the inflammatory response in
relation to organ system dysfunction
Indications for and basic interpretation of chest radiographs: range of normal features on
a chest x-ray; collapse, consolidation, infiltrates (including ALI/ARDS), pneumothorax,
pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, position of cannulae, tubes or foreign bodies, airway
compression, cardiac silhouette, mediastinal masses Indications for and methods of
invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation
Initial set-up and modification of ventilator settings according to the condition or
response of the patient
Potential adverse effects and complications of respiratory support and methods to
minimise these
Detection and management of haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension)
Lung protective ventilation for acute lung injury (ALI)
Principles of weaning from mechanical ventilation and factors which may inhibit
weaning
Modes of mechanical ventilation - indications, contraindications and expected results of
each mode (CMV, IRV, PRVC, HFOV, SIMV, PS, CPAP, BiPAP, NIV)
Ventilator associated pneumonia: definition, pathogenesis and prevention
Concept of risk: benefit ratio and cost effectiveness of therapies
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological adjunct therapies for ALI
Principles of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Identify patients at risk of acute lung injury (ALI / ARDS)
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Select the appropriate type and mode of ventilation for an individual patient
Identify and avoid factors contributing to acute lung injury
Plan, implement, review and adapt lung protective approach during mechanical
ventilation
Perform thoracocentesis and manage intercostal drains (see 5.7)
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Plan, perform and review lung recruitment manoeuvres
3.9 Recognises and manages the septic patient
Pathogenesis, definitions and diagnostic criteria of sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Causes, recognition and management of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction; multisystem
effects of sepsis and their impact on clinical management
Pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) and the inflammatory response in
relation to organ system dysfunction
Infection and its relation to the inflammatory response
Infections: Organisms causing specific infections: Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, pyrexia and hypothermia; organ-specific signs of
infection including haematogenous (venous catheter-related, endocarditis,
meningococcal disease), urological, pulmonary, abdominal (peritonitis, diarrhoea),
skeletal (septic arthritis) nosocomial III - 34 infections, pyometra; septic abortion
Techniques for effective fluid resuscitation
Use of fluids and vasoactive / inotropic / anti-arrhythmic drugs to support the circulation
(see 4.4)
Indications, complications, interactions, selection, monitoring, and efficacy of common
antimicrobial drugs (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antihelmintics)
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Principles of blood glucose control: indications, methods, monitoring of safety and

efficacy
Occult indicators of sepsis
Sepsis mediators Local patterns of bacterial resistance and antibiotic policy
Evidence based guidelines: sepsis care bundles - rationale and indications; principles of
early goal-directed therapy Indications and contraindications for treatment;
circumstances when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Detection and management of adrenocortical dysfunction
Concept of risk: benefit ratio and cost effectiveness of therapies
Prognostic implications of multiple systems dysfunction or failure
Safe use of therapies which modify the inflammatory response
Assess, predict and manage circulatory shock
Resuscitate a patient with septic shock using appropriate monitoring, fluid therapy and
vasoactive agents
Manage antimicrobial drug therapy (see 4.2)
Obtain and interpret results of microbiological tests (see 2.5)
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Prevent, identify and manage hyper / hypoglycaemia
3.10 Recognises and manages the patient following intoxication with drugs or environmental
toxins
Symptoms and signs of acute intoxication associated with common intoxicants
Multisystem effects of acute intoxication and implications for clinical management
General supportive therapy and specific antidotes pertinent to individual intoxicants
Specific management of poisoning with aspirin, paracetamol/acetaminophen,
paraquat, carbon monoxide, alcohol, ecstasy, tricyclic and quadricyclic antidepressants
Strategies to reduce absorption and enhance elimination (haemodialysis,
haemoperfusion, gastric lavage and charcoal therapy): risks and benefits
Pharmacology of common intoxicants Indications for and basic interpretation of drug
concentrations in blood or plasma
Aware of and know how to contact National Poisons Information Bureau/Toxbase
Services available to patients and families to provide emotional or psychiatric support
Causes, recognition and management of associated disorders:
Cardiovascular disorders: drug induced arrhythmias and conduction disturbances
Respiratory disorders: smoke inhalation or burned airway damage; carbon monoxide
poisoning
Neurological disorders: drug induced neurological impairment
Renal disorders: nephrotoxic drugs - monitoring & adjustment of drug doses in renal
impairment / failure; rhabdomyolysis
Metabolic disorders: electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders;
thermoregulation and associated disorders
Gastrointestinal disorders: drug induced liver injury; hepatotoxic drugs and adjustment of
drug doses in hepatic impairment / failure; fulminant hepatic failure
Haematology: drug induced coagulopathy
Management of acute liver failure (see 3.5)
Implement emergency airway management and ventilation
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Indications and complications of hyperbaric oxygenation
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information Interpret
laboratory tests of liver function
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Assess and document Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

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Implement emergency airway management and ventilation

Identify patients at risk of developing renal failure
Identify patients at risk of developing acute liver failure
Identify and manage coagulopathies
Examine and plan care for the confused patient
Determine when the patient's needs exceed local resources or specialist expertise
(requirement for transfer)
3.11 Recognises life-threatening maternal peripartum complications and manages care under
supervision
Physiological changes associated with a normal pregnancy and delivery
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the pregnant patient
Pathophysiology, identification and management of peripartum complications: pre-
eclampsia and eclampsia; HELLP syndrome; amniotic fluid embolism; ante-partum and
post-partum haemorrhage; ectopic pregnancy; septic abortion; peripartum
cardiomyopathy.
Risks and avoidance of pulmonary aspiration in pregnant patients
Risk factors, identification and management of venous thromboembolism in the
pregnant patient
Methods of avoiding aorto-caval compression
Indications and contraindications for treatment; circumstances when treatment is
unnecessary or futile
Causes, recognition and management of associated disorders:
Cardiovascular disorders: peripartum cardiomyopathy; pulmonary hypertension
Haematological disorders: coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways and their associated
disorders; disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); hemolytic syndromes, acute
anaemia; complications of massive blood transfusion, principles of sell salvage
Metabolic disorders: electrolyte disorders; acid-base disorders; fluid-balance disorders;
thermoregulation and associated disorders
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual patient's
response to treatment
Management of critical illness in woman with concurrent pregnancy
Awareness of the psychological impact of separation on the family
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Liaise with obstetric, midwifery and neonatal services
Manage pregnancy induced hypertension Identify and manage coagulopathies
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Seek appropriate support and supervision in order to provide optimal patient care

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Domain 4: Therapeutic interventions / Organ support in single or multiple organ failure

Recognise the roles of regulatory agencies involved in drug use, monitoring and
licensing e.g. Committee on Safety of Medicines, National Institute for Clinical
Excellence / Scottish Medicines Consortium, regional and hospital formulary –
committees
Prioritise therapy according to the patient's needs
Recognise and manage emergencies; seek assistance appropriately
Define targets of therapy and review efficacy at regular intervals
Recognises the importance of resources when prescribing, including the role of a Drug
Formulary and electronic prescribing systems
Consider modifying diagnosis and/or therapy if goals are not achieved
Obtain informed consent/assent from the patient where appropriate
Critically appraise the evidence for and against specific therapeutic interventions or
treatments
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Responds rapidly to acute changes in monitored variables
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with patients, relatives and the
health care team skill
Desire to minimise patient distress Demonstrates compassionate care of patients and
relatives
Respects the expressed wishes of competent patients, even when in conflict with the
views of the physician
Appreciates the differences between organ system support and specific treatment
Appreciates the importance of timely institution of organ-system support
Respects the ideas and beliefs of the patient and their family and their impact on
decision making (does not impose own views)
Recognises the need for supportive care for all organ systems whether failing / injured
or not
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows
how, when and who to ask)
Participates in adverse drug event reporting mechanisms
Remains up to date with therapeutic alerts, and responds appropriately
4.1 Prescribes drugs and therapies safely
Physiology of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose control
Types of intermolecular bonds Laws of diffusion.
Diffusion of molecules through membranes
Solubility and partition coefficients Ionization of drugs
Drug isomerism
Protein binding
Oxidation and reduction
Drug uptake from: gastrointestinal tract, lungs, nasal, transdermal, subcutaneous, IM, IV,
epidural and intrathecal routes.
Bioavailability
Factors determining the distribution of drugs: perfusion, molecular size, solubility, protein
binding.
The influence of drug formulation on disposition
Distribution of drugs to organs and tissues:
• Body compartments
• Influence of specialised membranes: tissue binding and solubility
• Materno-foetal distribution
• Distribution in CSF and extradural space
Modes of drug elimination:
• Direct excretion
• Metabolism in organs of excretion: phase I and II mechanisms
• Renal excretion and urinary pH
• Non-organ breakdown of drugs
Pharmacokinetic analysis:
• Concept of a pharmacokinetic compartment
• Apparent volume of distribution
• Orders of kinetics
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• Clearance concepts applied to whole body and individual organs

• Simple 1 and 2 compartmental models: concepts of wash-in and washout
curves
• Physiological models based on perfusion and partition coefficients
• Effect of organ blood flow: Fick principle
Pharmacokinetic variation: influence of body size, sex, age, disease, pregnancy,
anaesthesia, trauma, surgery, smoking, alcohol and other drugs
Effects of acute organ failure (liver, kidney) on drug elimination
Influence of renal replacement therapies on clearance of commonly used drugs
Pharmacodynamics: concentration-effect relationships: hysteresis
Pharmacogenetics: familial variation in drug response
Adverse reactions to drugs: hypersensitivity, allergy, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid
reactions
Dynamics of drug-receptor interaction.
Agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists.
Efficacy and potency. Tolerance.
Receptor function and regulation.
Metabolic pathways; enzymes; drug: enzyme interactions; Michaelis-Menten equation
Enzyme inducers and inhibitors.
Mechanisms of drug action
Ion channels: types: relation to receptors. Gating mechanisms.
Signal transduction: cell membrane/receptors/ion channels to intracellular molecular
targets, second messengers
Action of gases and vapours
Osmotic effects. pH effects. Adsorption and chelation.
Mechanisms of drug interactions: Inhibition and promotion of drug uptake. Competitive
protein binding. Receptor inter-actions.
Effects of metabolites and other degradation products.
Mode of action of drugs (see Basic Sciences)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (see Basic Sciences)
Systemic pharmacology: indications, contraindications, effects and interactions of
commonly used drugs including:
• hypnotics, sedatives and intravenous anaesthetic agents
• drugs used to treat delirium
• simple and opioid analgesics; opioid antagonists
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
• neuromuscular blocking agents (depolarising and non-depolarising) and anti-
cholinesterases
• drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system (inotropes, vasodilators,
vasoconstrictors, antiarrhythmics)
• respiratory stimulants and bronchodilators
• anti-hypertensives
• anti-convulsants
• anti-diabetic agents
• diuretics
• antibiotics (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antihelmintics)
• corticosteroids and hormone preparations
• drugs influencing gastric secretion and motility; antiemetic agents
• local anaesthetic agents
• immunosuppressants
• antihistamines
• antidepressants
• anticoagulants
• plasma volume expanders
Adverse effects and interactions of drugs and their management
Recognition and management of serious adverse reactions and anaphylaxis Local
policies and procedures governing the prescription of drugs and therapies
Indications for and basic interpretation of drug concentrations in blood or plasma
Impact of drug therapy on organ-system function
Principles of blood glucose control: indications, methods, monitoring of safety and
efficacy
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Theoretical advantages and disadvantages of crystalloid and colloid solutions

Distinguishing features of acute versus chronic respiratory failure and implications for
management
Nephrotoxic drugs and adjustment of drug doses in renal impairment/failure
Indications, limitations, methods, and complications of enteral and parenteral
nutritional techniques
Risk of bleeding: indications, contraindications, monitoring and complications of
therapeutic anticoagulants
Thrombolytic and anti-thrombolytic agents
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual
patient's response to treatment
Prophylactic therapies and indications for their use
Concept of risk: benefit ratio and cost effectiveness of therapies
Complications of specific therapies, their incidence and management
Circumstances when treatment is unnecessary
Effect of critical illness upon homeostatic mechanisms and causes of homeostatic
disturbances
Treatment strategies for abnormalities of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose
balance
Methods to assess and monitor intravascular volume and state of hydration using
clinical signs and technology
Fluid therapies: components, physical properties, distribution, and clearance of
commonly used fluids; indications, contraindications, and complications of their
administration
Hepatotoxic drugs and adjustment of drug doses in hepatic impairment / failure
The pathogenesis and management of anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and
pancytopaenia
Nutritional formulations: indications, complications, and their management
Recognise the importance of resources when prescribing, including the role of a Drug
Formulary
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Administer intravenous drugs (prepare, select route and mode of administration and
document)
Prescribe appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on history, examination and
preliminary investigations
Choose appropriate fluid, volume, rate and method of administration
Consider and exclude unknown pathology if goals of fluid therapy are not achieved
(e.g. continued bleeding)
Prescribe and manage anticoagulation therapy
Prescribe an appropriate standard enteral feeding regimen
Set realistic goals for therapy (independently or in collaboration with other teams)
Identify and avoid factors contributing to impaired renal function
Consider risk-benefit and cost-benefit of alternative drugs and therapies
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Use IT prescribing tools where available to improve safety
Remain up to date with therapeutic alerts, and respond appropriately
Appreciate the role of non-medical prescribers
4.2 Manages antimicrobial drug therapy
Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the ICU
Types of organisms - emergence of resistant strains, mode of transfer, opportunistic and
nosocomial infections; difference between contamination, colonisation and infection
Local patterns of bacterial resistance and antibiotic policy
Indications, complications, interactions, selection, monitoring, and efficacy of common
antimicrobial drugs (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antihelmintics)
Indications for and basic interpretation of drug concentrations in blood or plasma
Principles of prescribing initial empirical therapy and modification / refinement with
further clinical and microbiological information
Impact of drug therapy on organ-system function

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Risk factors for nosocomial infection and infection control measures to limit its
occurrence
Ventilator associated pneumonia: definition, pathogenesis and prevention
Risks of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy on the patient and the environment
Requirements for microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual
patient's response to treatment
Prophylactic therapies and indications for their use
Circumstances when treatment is unnecessary
Concept of gastrointestinal microbial translocation
Safe use of therapies which modify the inflammatory response
Collaborate with microbiologists / infectious diseases clinicians to link clinical, laboratory
and local (hospital / regional / national) microbiological data
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Prescribe appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on history, examination and
preliminary investigations
Administer intravenous drugs (prepare, select route and mode of administration and
document)
Set realistic goals for therapy (independently or in collaboration with other teams)
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
4.3 Administers blood and blood products safely
Indications for and basic interpretation of haematological tests (including coagulation
and sickle tests)
Indications for and basic interpretation of blood grouping and x-matching Indications
for, contraindication, risks and alternatives to blood transfusion
Local protocols which govern the ordering, storage and verification procedures,
monitoring during administration of blood products and reporting of adverse incidents
Principles of blood and blood component therapy; principles of massive transfusion,
including cell salvage
Infections from contaminated blood / body fluids; strategy if contaminated (e.g.
needle stick injury)
Coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, and their associated disorders; clinical and
laboratory evaluation of haemostasis
Risk of bleeding: indications, contraindications, monitoring and complications of
therapeutic anticoagulants
Recognition and management of serious adverse reactions and anaphylaxis
The pathogenesis and management of anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and
pancytopaenia
Thrombolytic and anti-thrombolytic agents
Principles and practise of plasma exchange (see 3.6)
Identify and correct haemostatic and coagulation disorders
Order, check, verify and administer blood products according to local protocols
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
4.4 Uses fluids and vasoactive/inotropic drugs to support the circulation
Physiology and pathophysiology of the heart and circulation
Pathophysiological effects of altered intravascular volume
Pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac failure
Theoretical advantages and disadvantages of crystalloid and colloid solutions
Indications for, contraindication, risks and alternatives to blood transfusion
Pathophysiology, detection, and management of shock states according to aetiology
and in response to physiological data
Fluid therapies: components, physical properties, distribution, and clearance of
commonly used fluids; indications, contraindications and complications of their
administration
Mechanisms of assessment of response to fluid Indications and contraindications,
limitations and complications of inotropic / vasoactive drug therapy
Interactions between inotropic agents and concomitant therapies and/or co-morbid
diseases (eg. ischaemic heart disease)

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Principles of haemodynamic monitoring - invasive and non-invasive methods,

indications and limitations, physiological parameters and waveform interpretation
Invasive and non-invasive systems available for measuring cardiac output and derived
haemodynamic variables, the principles involved and the type and site of placement
of the monitoring device
Indications and limitations of transthoracic / transoesophageal echocardiography in
shocked patient Indications, limitations and complications of techniques of
measurement of cardiac output (e.g. pulmonary artery catheter, oesophageal
Doppler, PiCCO, LiDCO) and action to prevent them
Integration of data from clinical examination and haemodynamic monitoring to
characterise haemodynamic derangements
Receptor-specific effects of inotropic and vasopressor agents; effects of critical illness
and concomitant therapies on receptor function (e.g. down-regulation)
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Resuscitate a patient with septic shock using appropriate monitoring, fluid therapy and
vasoactive agents
Choose appropriate fluid, volume, rate and method of administration Administer and
monitor response to repeated fluid challenges
Consider and exclude unknown pathology if goals of fluid therapy are not achieved
(e.g. continued bleeding)
Administer intravenous drugs (prepare, select route and mode of administration and
document)
Use infusion pumps to administer drugs and fluids
Measure and interpret haemodynamic variables (including derived variables)
Select an appropriate inotrope / vasopressor - dose, physiological endpoint, rate and
route of administration
4.5 Describes the use of mechanical assist devices to support the circulation
Pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac failure
Principles and techniques of cardiac pacing
Pathophysiology, detection and management of shock states according to aetiology
and in response to physiological data
Prophylactic therapies and indications for their use
Principles of haemodynamic monitoring – invasive and non invasive methods,
indications and limitations, physiological parameters and waveform interpretation
Invasive and non-invasive systems available for measuring cardiac output and derived
haemodynamic variables, the principles involved and the type and site of placement
of the monitoring device
Integration of data from clinical examination and haemodynamic monitoring to
characterise haemodynamic derangements
Principles of right and left ventricular assist devices
Indications, contraindications, complications and basic principles of intra-aortic
counter pulsation balloon pump
Principles of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), including indications
and complications
4.6 Initiates, manages, and weans patients from invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support
Causes of respiratory failure, their prevention and management
Symptoms and signs of acute airway insufficiency and acute respiratory failure, and
indications for intervention
Distinguishing features of acute versus chronic respiratory failure and implications for
management
Principles of oxygen therapy and use of oxygen administration devices (see 5.1)
Indications for and methods of invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation
Principles of continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) and positive end-expiratory
pressure (PEEP) and CPAP and PEEP delivery systems
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Modes of mechanical ventilation - indications, contraindications and expected results
of each mode (CMV, IRV, PRVC, HFOV, SIMV, PS, CPAP, BiPAP, NIV)
Operation of at least one positive pressure ventilator, one non-invasive ventilator, and a
constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) device

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A systematic approach to checking ventilator, breathing circuit and monitoring

devices
Initial set-up and modification of ventilator settings according to the condition or
response of the patient
Safe prescribing of oxygen; manifestations of pulmonary oxygen toxicity
Principles of monitoring ventilation: significance of respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute
volume, mean, peak, end expiratory and plateau pressure, intrinsic and extrinsic PEEP,
inspired oxygen concentration, arterial blood gas and acid base status; relationship
between mode of ventilation and choice of parameters monitored; airflow and airway
pressure waveforms
Principles of weaning from mechanical ventilation and factors which may inhibit
weaning
Measures of adequacy of tissue oxygenation, eg base deficit, lactate, central venous
saturation interactions)
Measurement and interpretation of pulmonary mechanics during mechanical
ventilation
Potential adverse effects and complications of respiratory support and methods to
minimise these
Ventilator associated pneumonia: definition, pathogenesis and prevention
Causes of regurgitation and vomiting; prevention and management of pulmonary
aspiration
Concept of gastrointestinal microbial translocation
Prophylactic therapies and indications for their use
Causes of lung injury in ventilated patients; effects and clinical manifestations of
pulmonary barotrauma
Effect of ventilation upon cardiovascular and oxygen delivery parameters, other organ
function and how these effects can be monitored (heart-lung interactions)
Principles of physiotherapy in the ICU
Indications and contraindications to tracheostomy (percutaneous and surgical) and
mini-tracheostomy
Management of and complications associated with tracheostomy tubes
Concept of one lung ventilation and use of double lumen endotracheal tube (see 5.2)
Principles of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Select the appropriate type and mode of ventilation for an individual patient
Identify and correct ventilator mis-assembly and disconnections
Stabilise a patient on a constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) device
Stabilise a patient on a non-invasive ventilator (NIV)
Stabilise a patient on a positive pressure ventilator
Interpret data from an arterial blood gas sample
Confirm adequate oxygenation and control of PaCO2 and pH
Set and interpret data from ventilator alarms
Construct, monitor and review a weaning plan
Manages one lung ventilation via double lumen endotracheal tube (see 5.2)
4.7 Initiates, manages, and weans patients from renal replacement therapy
Physiology of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose control
Symptoms, signs and causes of renal failure including acute kidney injury / chronic /
acute on chronic and indications for intervention
Investigation of impaired renal function
Distinguishing features of acute versus chronic renal failure and implications for
management
Principles of haemofiltration, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, haemoperfusion and
plasmapheresis
Indications, complications and selection of renal replacement therapies (continuous
and intermittent)
Function and operation of continuous haemodiafiltration devices (key components
and troubleshooting)
Placement and management of invasive devices necessary for renal replacement
therapy (e.g. temporary haemodialysis catheter)
Indications for and interpretation of fluid balance charts
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Effect of renal failure and its treatment on other organ systems

Nephrotoxic drugs and adjustment of drug doses in renal impairment/failure
Fluid therapies: components, physical properties, distribution and clearance of
commonly used fluids; indications, contraindications and complications of their
administration
Effects of concomitant treatment and/or co-morbid conditions on an individual
patient's response to treatment
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Modify fluid and electrolyte therapy according to clinical features and fluid balance
charts
Prevent hypokalaemia Identify and correct haemostatic and coagulation disorders
Set realistic goals for therapy (independently or in collaboration with other teams)
Supervise the provision of continuous renal replacement therapy
Prescribe and manage anticoagulation therapy
Set appropriate exchange parameters and fluid balances for renal replacement
therapies
Identify and avoid factors contributing to impaired renal function
Consider risk-benefit and cost-benefit of alternative drugs and therapies
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
4.8 Recognises and manages electrolyte, glucose and acid-base disturbances
Physiology of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose control
Pathophysiological consequences, signs and symptoms of disordered fluid, electrolyte,
acid-base and glucose balance
Effect of critical illness upon homeostatic mechanisms and causes of homeostatic
disturbances
Principles of blood glucose control: indications, methods, monitoring of safety and
efficacy
Treatment strategies for abnormalities of fluid, electrolyte, acid-base and glucose
balance
Symptoms, signs and causes of renal failure (acute / chronic / acute on chronic) and
indications for intervention
Patterns of nutritional impairment; consequences of starvation and malnutrition
Fluid therapies: components, physical properties, distribution and clearance of
commonly used fluids; indications, contraindications and complications of their
administration
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Correct electrolyte disorders (e.g. hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia)
Institute and manage a regimen to control blood glucose within safe limits
Confirm adequate oxygenation and control of PaCO2 and pH Identify and treat
underlying causes for a metabolic acidosis
Identify and avoid factors contributing to impaired renal function
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
4.9 Co-ordinates and provides nutritional assessment and support
Principles of metabolism: nutrients – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals;
metabolic pathways, lactate metabolism, energy production and enzymes; metabolic
rate; hormonal control of metabolism - regulation of plasma glucose; physiological
alterations in starvation, obesity and stress response.
Gastrointestinal physiology: gastric function; secretions; gut motility, sphincters and
reflex control; nausea and vomiting; digestive functions
Pathophysiological consequences, signs and symptoms of disordered fluid, electrolyte,
acid-base and glucose balance
Methods to assess nutritional status and basal energy expenditure
Patterns of nutritional impairment; consequences of starvation, malnutrition and
refeeding
Fluid and caloric requirements in the critically ill patient including electrolytes, vitamins,
trace elements and principles of immunonutrition
Nutritional formulations: indications, complications and their management Indications,
limitations, methods, and complications of enteral and parenteral nutritional
techniques
Principles of nasogastric cannulation in the intubated and non-intubated patient
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Prevention of stress ulceration

Causes of regurgitation and vomiting; prevention and management of pulmonary
aspiration
Prevention and management of constipation and diarrhoea
Principles of blood glucose control: indications, methods, monitoring of safety and
efficacy
Alternative routes for enteral feeding: indications, contraindications and complications
of post-pyloric and percutaneous feeding tube placement
Gut motility: effects of drugs, therapy and disease
Prokinetics: indications, contraindications, complications and selection
Antiemetics: indications, contraindications, complications and selection
Prevention and management of constipation and diarrhoea
Concept of gastrointestinal microbial translocation
Prescribe an appropriate standard enteral feeding regimen
Identify surgical and other contraindications to enteral feeding
Institute and manage a regimen to control blood glucose within safe limits
Establish a management plan (independently or in collaboration with the clinical
dietician)
Prescribe and supervise safe administration of a standard / customized parenteral (TPN)
preparation
Manage the transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition
Set realistic goals for therapy (independently or in collaboration with other teams)
Collaborate with nursing staff / clinical dietician in monitoring safe delivery of enteral
and parenteral nutrition
Liaise with clinical dieticians / medical team to plan feeding regimens after discharge
from the ICU

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Domain 5: Practical procedures

Patient selection - indications, contraindications and potential complications of the
procedure / intervention
Methods and routes of insertion - associated indications and complications
Complications of the technique, how to prevent/recognise them and initiate appropriate
treatment
Principles of aseptic technique and aseptic handling of invasive medical devices
Indications for specific monitoring to ensure patient safety during an intervention /
procedure
Detection of potential physiological alterations during the procedure
Appropriate use of drugs to facilitate the procedure
Universal precautions and preventative infection control techniques (hand washing,
gloves, protective clothing, sharps disposal etc.)
Methods of sterilisation and cleaning or disposal of equipment
Management and use of the device once in situ necessary to minimise the risks of
complications
Indications and technique for removal
Prioritise tasks and procedures,
Seek appropriate supervision - discuss the patient and procedure with supervisor prior to
undertaking it
Exhibit sound decision making
Obtain informed consent/assent from the patient where appropriate
Select appropriate equipment or device and use resources efficiently
Prepare equipment, patient and staff prior to undertaking the procedure
Choose an appropriate route / method of insertion and position the patient accordingly
Use protective clothing (gloves / mask / gown / drapes) as indicated
Identify relevant anatomical landmarks
Use drugs as indicated to facilitate the procedure
Perform the procedure in a manner which minimises the risks of complications
Undertake appropriate investigation to confirm correct placement of device or exclude
complications
Recognise and manage emergencies; seek assistance appropriately
Sterilise, clean or dispose of equipment appropriately
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Considers patient comfort during procedures / investigations
Demonstrates desire to minimise patient distress
Promotes respect for patient privacy, dignity and confidentiality
Supports other staff in the correct use of devices
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
Accepts personal responsibility for the prevention of cross infection and self-infection
5.1 Administers oxygen using a variety of administration devices
Symptoms, signs and causes of acute airway insufficiency and indications for intervention
Methods of maintaining a clear airway
Respiratory physiology: gaseous exchange; pulmonary ventilation: volumes, flows, dead
space; mechanics of ventilation: ventilation/perfusion abnormalities; control of breathing,
acute and chronic ventilatory failure, effect of oxygen therapy; respiratory muscle oxygen
consumption and work of breathing.
Indications, contraindications and complications of oxygen therapy
Environmental hazards associated with storage and use of oxygen; strategies to promote
safety
Storage and use of oxygen, nitric oxide (NO), compressed air and helium, including use of
gas cylinders
Use of pipeline gas and suction systems
Principles of nebulisers, pressure regulators, flowmeters, vaporizers and breathing systems
Indications for and operation of fixed and variable performance oxygen therapy
equipment, humidification and nebulising devices Indications for different modes of
ventilation and operation of at least one positive pressure ventilator, one non-invasive
ventilator, and a constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) device

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Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)

Indications for and complications of hyperbaric oxygenation
Check pipelines; check and change portable cylinders
Select appropriate equipment or device to deliver oxygen therapy
Recognise and institute appropriate oxygen therapy in the management of medical
emergencies; seek assistance as appropriate
Support ventilation using bag and mask
5.2 Performs emergency airway management
Symptoms, signs and causes of acute airway insufficiency and indications for intervention
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Methods of maintaining a clear airway Indications, selection and insertion of oral (Guedel)
airways, nasopharyngeal airways and laryngeal mask airways (LMA)
Tracheal intubation: selection of tube type, diameter and length; indications and
techniques; methods to confirm correct placement of a tracheal tube
Bronchoscopic appearance of the upper and lower airways
Appropriate use of drugs to facilitate airway control
Monitoring during sedation/induction of anaesthesia for endotracheal intubation
Causes of regurgitation and vomiting; prevention and management of pulmonary aspiration
Cricoid pressure: indications and safe provision
Principles of endotracheal suctioning (see 5.5)
Select appropriate tracheal tube type, size and length
Management of difficult or failed airway (see 5.4)
Airway management in special circumstances including but not limited to : head injury, full
stomach, upper airway obstruction, shock, cervical spine injury, laryngectomy
Appropriate use of double lumen endotracheal tube for one lung isolation / ventilation
Choose a safe environment to undertake airway management (or optimise environment
as circumstances allow)
Accurately assess the airway for potential difficulties with airway management
Optimise the patient’s position for airway management
Maintain a clear airway using oral / nasal airways
Support ventilation using bag and mask Insert and check correct placement of laryngeal
mask airway
Select appropriate tracheal tube type, size and length
Perform intubation and verify correct placement of tube
Manage and minimise cardiovascular and respiratory changes during and after intubation
Demonstrate rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia / cricoid pressure
Apply an end-tidal CO2 detector post-intubation and interpret a capnograph trace
Prepare the patient for and perform extubation
Change an orotracheal tube
Management of complications of tracheostomy including but not limited to: blockage,
displacement
Demonstrate correct placement of double lumen endotracheal tube
5.3 Performs difficult and failed airway management according to local protocols
Airway management in special circumstances, (head injury, full stomach, upper airway
obstruction, shock, cervical spine injury)
Bronchoscopic appearance of the upper and lower airways
Management of difficult intubation and failed intubation (local algorithm or protocol)
Indications and methods of securing an emergency surgical airway
Anatomical landmarks for cricothyrotomy/tracheostomy/mini-tracheostomy
Indications and techniques for needle and surgical cricothyroidotomy
Indications and contraindications to tracheostomy (percutaneous and surgical) and mini-
tracheostomy
Accurately assess the airway for potential difficulties with airway management Optimise
the patient’s position for airway management
Maintain a clear airway using oral / nasal airways
Support ventilation using bag and mask
Principles of oxygen therapy and use of oxygen administration devices (see 5.1)
Appropriate use of drugs to facilitate airway control
Prepare equipment for difficult or failed intubation

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Demonstrate failed intubation drill (according to local algorithm or protocol)

Demonstrate mini-tracheostomy or needle cricothyroidotomy
5.4 Performs endotracheal suction
Symptoms, signs and causes of acute airway insufficiency and indications for intervention
Bronchoscopic appearance of the upper and lower airways
Method of bronchoscopy via an endotracheal tube
Methods of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in an intubated patient
Detection and management of haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension)
Safety and maintenance of flexible fibreoptic endoscopes
Undertake bronchoscopy to assess tube position including double lumen endotracheal
tube
Undertake therapeutic bronchoscopy for sputum clearance

5.6 Performs percutaneous tracheostomy

Indications and contraindications to tracheostomy (percutaneous and surgical) and mini
tracheostomy
Causes of regurgitation and vomiting; prevention and management of pulmonary
aspiration
Anatomical landmarks for cricothyrotomy/tracheostomy/mini tracheostomy
Techniques for percutaneous and surgical tracheotomy
Identify patients requiring tracheostomy; discuss indications and contraindications for
percutaneous tracheostomy
Manage and minimise cardiovascular and respiratory changes during and after intubation
Select appropriate tracheal tube type, size and length
Perform percutaneous tracheostomy
Manage and minimise cardiovascular and respiratory changes during and after intubation
under direct supervision
Change a tracheostomy tube electively
Manage anaesthesia and control the airway during planned tracheostomy tube insertion
in the intensive care unit (ICU)
5.7 Performs chest drain insertion
Detection and management of haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension)
Anatomical landmarks for intrapleural drains
Insertion and management of chest drains and air exclusion devices
Patient groups at risk who may require chest drain placement under ultrasound or CT
guidance
Consequences of the procedure during ventilation
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Demonstrate aseptic insertion of an intrapleural chest drain and connection to a one-way
seal device
5.8 Performs arterial catheterisation
Principles of arterial catheterisation
Surface anatomy: arteries of the arms and legs Allens test - application and limitations
Ultrasound techniques for vascular localisation (see 5.9)
Recognition and management of inadvertent intra-arterial injection of harmful substances
Insert arterial catheters by different routes
Minimise blood loss related to clinical investigations and procedures
5.9 Describes ultrasound techniques for vascular localisation
Basic principles of ultrasound and the Doppler effect
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle of
the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle; arteries of the arms and legs
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Principles, routes and techniques of peripheral and central venous cannulation
Principles of arterial catheterisation
5.10 Performs central venous catheterisation
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle of
the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle
Principles, routes and techniques of central venous cannulation
Chest x-ray interpretation (see 2.6)

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Ultrasound techniques for vascular localisation (see 5.9)

Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Detection and management of haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension)
Insert central venous catheters by different routes
Minimise blood loss related to clinical investigations and procedures
Describe a method for tunnelled intravenous catheterisation (e.g. for parenteral nutrition)
5.11 Performs defibrillation and cardioversion
Principles of ECG monitoring (heart rate, rhythm, conduction, ST segment change and QT
interval) – indications, limitations and techniques.
Advantages and disadvantages of different lead configurations
Basic and complex cardiac arrhythmias - recognition and management
(pharmacological and electrical)
Treatment (algorithm) of patients in ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular
tachycardia (VT)
Defibrillation: principles of monophasic and biphasic defibrillators; mechanism, indications,
complications, modes and methods (manual and automated external defibrillators (AED))
Electrical safety: conditions which predispose to the occurrence of macro-shock / micro-
shock; physical dangers of electrical currents; relevant standards regarding safe use of
electricity in patient care; basic methods to reduce electrical hazards
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Obtain and interpret data from ECG (3- and 12-lead)
Use manual external defibrillators
Use automated external defibrillators (AED)
5.12 Performs transthoracic cardiac pacing, describes transvenous
Principles and techniques of cardiac pacing
Principles of ECG monitoring (heart rate, rhythm, conduction, ST segment change and QT
interval) – indications, limitations and techniques
Advantages and disadvantages of different lead configurations
Basic and complex cardiac arrhythmias - recognition and management
(pharmacological and electrical)
Principles, routes and techniques of peripheral and central venous cannulation
Surface anatomy: structures in the antecubital fossa; large veins and anterior triangle of
the neck; large veins of the leg and femoral triangle
Methods for securing vascular access rapidly
Detection and acute management of cardiac tamponade
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Detection and management of haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension)
Insertion and management of chest drains and air exclusion devices
Describe insertion of a temporary pacing wire
Demonstrate the use of transthoracic pacing
Demonstrate emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
Principles of defibrillation and cardioversion (see 5.11)
Describe emergency percutaneous pericardial aspiration
Establish and review pacing box settings
5.13 Describes how to perform pericardiocentesis
Anatomical landmarks and technique for percutaneous pericardial aspiration
Detection and acute management of cardiac tamponade
Principles of ECG monitoring (heart rate, rhythm, conduction, ST segment change and QT
interval) – indications, limitations and techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of
different lead configurations
Treatment (algorithm) of patients in ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular
tachycardia (VT)
Principles of emergency airway management (see 5.3)
Principles of defibrillation and cardioversion (see 5.11)
5.14 Demonstrates a method for measuring cardiac output & derived haemodynamic variables
Principles of haemodynamic monitoring - invasive and non-invasive methods, indications
and limitations, physiological parameters and waveform interpretation
Zero and calibration techniques for invasive pressure monitoring

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Invasive and non-invasive systems available for measuring cardiac output and derived
haemodynamic variables, the principles involved and the type and site of placement of
the monitoring device
Interpretation of, relationships between, sources of error and limitations of measured and
derived cardiovascular variables including pressure, flow, volume and gas transport
Indications, limitations and complications of techniques of measurement of cardiac
output (e.g. pulmonary artery catheter, oesophageal Doppler, PiCCO, LiDCO) and action
to prevent them
Obtain and interpret data from central venous catheters
Prepare equipment for intravascular pressure monitoring
Obtain and interpret data from a cardiac output measurement technique
Measure and interpret haemodynamic variables (including derived variables)
5.15 Performs lumbar puncture (intradural / ‘spinal’) under supervision
Indications for and contraindications of lumbar puncture and CSF sampling; laboratory
analysis of CSF samples
Performs lumbar puncture
Insert a lumbar drain for CSF drainage
5.16 Manages the administration of analgesia via an epidural catheter
Indications, contraindications, methods and complications of epidural catheterisation
Pharmakokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and complications of opiates and
local anaesthetic agents
Indications, contraindications and complications of epidural infusion / injection; principles
of safe epidural drug administration
Physiological effects of pain and anxiety
Recognition and methods of assessment of pain
Contraindications, methods and complications of epidural catheter removal
Select an appropriate epidural infusion regimen and titrate safely
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Manage an established epidural infusion
Administer bolus analgesia via an epidural catheter
Minimise complications associated with opioid and non-opioid analgesics
5.17 Performs abdominal paracentesis
Anatomy of the abdominal wall; landmarks for abdominal paracentesis and abdominal
drainage catheters
Indications, contraindications, complications and technique of abdominal paracentesis
Insert an abdominal drain
5.18 Describes Sengstaken tube (or equivalent) placement
Principles and techniques for insertion of gastro-oesophageal balloon tamponade tube
(e.g. Sengstaken-Blakemore)
5.19 Performs nasogastric tube placement
Principles of nasogastric cannulation in the intubated and non-intubated patient
Causes of regurgitation and vomiting; prevention and management of pulmonary
aspiration
Insert a nasogastric tube in an intubated and non-intubated patient
5.20 Performs urinary catheterisation
Anatomy of the genitourinary system and anatomical landmarks for suprapubic urinary
catheters
Urinary catheterisation techniques: transurethral and suprapubic
Urinary catheterisation in pelvic trauma: indications, contraindications and techniques
Perform aseptic urinary catheterisation: male and female
Confirm correct placement and exclude complications

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Domain 6: Perioperative Care

Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Demonstrates desire to minimise patient distress
Attention to and control of pain
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with anaesthetist, surgeon, nursing
staff, other professionals, patients and relatives where appropriate
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
6.1 Manages the pre and post operative care of the high-risk surgical patient
Factors determining perioperative risk
Importance of preoperative health status on postoperative outcomes including
cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Indications for, and interpretation of pre-operative investigations
Dangers of emergency anaesthesia and surgery
Effect of gastric contents and volume depletion on perioperative risk
Anaesthetic risk factors complicating recovery: suxamethonium apnoea, anaphylaxis,
malignant hyperpyrexia, difficult airway
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Perioperative implications of current drug therapy
Consent and assent in the competent and non-competent patient
Implications for postoperative care of common acute and chronic medical conditions
(see 3.1 and 3.2)
Implications of type of anaesthesia (general/regional/local) for perioperative care
Implications of type / site of surgery for postoperative management and potential
complications within the first 24 hours of surgery
Indications and choice of agent for antibiotic prophylaxis
Indications for and methods of perioperative anti-thrombotic treatment
Recognition, assessment and management of acute pain
Triggered re-evaluation of the patient if pain worsens days after surgery eg anastomotic
dehiscence
Assessment and management of commonly encountered perioperative conditions and
complications including:
Respiratory: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of respiratory insufficiency in the
surgical patient; the unprotected airway; upper and lower airway obstruction including
laryngeal trauma and oedema; pneumonia, collapse or consolidation, pulmonary
infiltrates including acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) and their causative factors; TRALI; pulmonary oedema; pleural effusion,
haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension); use of chest drains; factors affecting
patients following thoracotomy, lung resection, oesophagectomy and oro facial surgery
Cardiovascular:
Interpretation of symptoms and signs of cardiovascular insufficiency in the surgical
patient; recognition of bleeding; management of hypo/hypertension; pulmonary
embolus, operative risk factors in patients with ischaemic heart disease, significant
valvular disease, cardiac tamponade; surgery for acquired and congenital cardiac
disease; management of patients following cardiac surgery (coronary grafting, valve
replacement) and aortic surgery (arch, thoracic, abdominal); heart and heart-lung
transplantation
Renal: Causes of perioperative oliguria and anuria; prevention and management of
acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis; consequences of nephrectomy, ileal conduits;
management post-renal transplantation
Haematology and oncology: Management of severe acute haemorrhage and blood
transfusion; correction of coagulation disorders and haemoglobinopathies., care of the
immunosuppressed or immunoincompetent patient, complications of chemotherapy
and radiotherapy
Metabolic and hormonal: Perioperative management of patients with diabetes; blood
glucose control; perioperative management of electrolyte disorders, hypo- and
hyperadrenalism, surgery to thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands
Gastrointestinal: Interpretation of abdominal pain and distension; peptic ulceration and
upper GI haemorrhage; diarrhoea, vomiting and ileus; peritonitis; intestinal ischaemia;
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perforation; abdominal hypertension; pancreatitis; jaundice; cholecystitis; Management

of the pre- and post-liver transplant patient; perioperative nutrition; post-operative
nausea and vomiting
Sepsis and Infection: Fever and hypothermia; postoperative hypoperfusion and
impaired oxygen delivery; wound infection; opportunistic and nosocomial infection;
perioperative infection risk and prophylactic antibiotics; necrotising fasciitis; peritonitis;
Clostridium difficile
Plastic Surgery: Management of vascular skin grafts
Neurological: Causes of post-operative confusion and delirium, stroke (CVA), coma and
raised intracranial pressure; determinants of cerebral perfusion and oxygen delivery;
prevention of secondary brain injury; perioperative management of patients with
neuropathies and myopathies; intracranial pressure monitoring; extra-dural and sub-dural
haematoma; intracerebral haemorrhage; spinal cord injury and ischaemia; brachial
plexus injury; complications of neuromuscular blockade
Musculo-skeletal: Principles and management of external fixators and casts;
perioperative positioning; pressure area care; compartment syndromes and pressure
monitoring; patients; on muscle relaxants; principles of salvage surgery
Methods of optimising high risk surgical patients: ERAS
Consider the impact of long-term and chronic treatment on acute surgical care
Communicate the risk of surgery to patients and family
Accurately assess the airway for potential difficulties with airway management
Ensure the necessary resources are available for safe post-operative care
Identify pre-operative health status and intercurrent disease, medications, allergies and
their interaction with the nature of anaesthetic and surgery
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Interpret pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings and
events/complications, and respond to them appropriately
Assess conscious level and conduct a careful systems review
Optimise high-risk surgical patients before surgery: consider site of care and
management plan
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Document, monitor and manage fluid balance, circulating volume, drains, systemic
oxygen supply
Establish a plan for postoperative management
Identify life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications; manage hypovolaemia and
impaired oxygen delivery
Manage post-operative hypo and hypertension
Differentiate and manage tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade and pulmonary
embolus
Manage post-operative stridor
Recognise and manage perioperative emergencies and seek assistance appropriately
6.2 Manages the care of the patient following cardiac surgery under supervision
Factors determining perioperative risk:
Importance of preoperative health status on postoperative outcomes
Indications for, and interpretation of pre-operative investigations
Dangers of emergency anaesthesia and surgery
Perioperative implications of current drug therapy
Implications for postoperative care of common acute and chronic medical conditions
(see 3.1 and 3.2)
Implications of type of anaesthesia (general/regional/local) for perioperative care
Implications of type / site of surgery for postoperative management and potential
complications within the first 24 hours of surgery
Recognition, assessment and management of acute pain
Indications for and methods of perioperative anti-thrombotic treatment
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site
of care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Assessment and management of commonly encountered perioperative conditions
and complications including:

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Respiratory: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of respiratory insufficiency in the

surgical patient; the unprotected airway; upper and lower airway obstruction
including laryngeal trauma and oedema; pneumonia, collapse or consolidation,
pulmonary infiltrates including acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) and their causative factors; TRALI; pulmonary oedema;
pleural effusion, haemo/pneumothorax (simple and tension); use of chest drains;
factors affecting patients following thoracotomy, lung resection, oesophagectomy
and oro facial surgery.
Management of bronchopleural fistula; post insertion management of tracheal and
bronchial stents
Cardiovascular: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of cardiovascular insufficiency in
the surgical patient; recognition of bleeding; management of hypo/hypertension;
pulmonary embolus; cardiac tamponade; surgery for congenital and acquired cardiac
disease; management of patients following cardiac surgery (coronary grafting, valve
replacement) and aortic surgery (arch, thoracic, abdominal); heart; principles of cardiac
pacing.
Management of pulmonary hypertension
Renal: Causes of perioperative oliguria and anuria; prevention and management of
acute renal failure
Neurological: stroke (CVA); causes of post-operative confusion
Gastrointestinal: post-operative alterations in gut motility; perioperative nutrition; post-
operative nausea and vomiting
Haematology and oncology: Management of severe acute haemorrhage and blood
transfusion, principles of cell salvage; correction of coagulation disorders and
haemoglobinopathies, care of the immunosuppressed or immune-incompetent patient,
complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Interprets thromboelastography in post cardiac surgical patients
Metabolic & Hormonal: Blood glucose control; perioperative management of electrolyte
disorders
Sepsis and Infection: fever and hypothermia; postoperative hypoperfusion and impaired
oxygen delivery; wound infection; opportunistic and nosocomial infection; perioperative
infection risk and prophylactic antibiotics; intestinal ischaemia; antibiotic selection and
prescribing
Management of cyanosis, hypo- and hypertension, hypothermia and shivering
Surgical interventions in patients with cardiac disease, perioperative management of the
cardiovascular surgery patient and potential complications occurring within 24 hours of
cardiac surgery
Consider the impact of long-term and chronic treatment on acute surgical care
Identify pre-operative health status and intercurrent disease, medications, allergies and
their interaction with the nature of anaesthetic and surgery
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Assess conscious level and conduct a careful systems review
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Document, monitor and manage fluid balance, circulating volume, drains, systemic
oxygen supply
Establish a plan for postoperative management
Identify life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications; manage hypovolaemia and
impaired oxygen delivery
Differentiate and manage tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade and pulmonary
embolus
Recognise and manage perioperative emergencies and seek assistance appropriately
Seek appropriate support and supervision in order to provide optimal patient care
Interpret pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings and events/complications,
and respond to them appropriately
Demonstrates management of intra-aortic balloon pump in surgical and non-surgical
cardiac patients
6.3 Manages the care of the patient following craniotomy under supervision
Factors determining perioperative risk
Importance of preoperative health status on postoperative outcomes

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Indications for, and interpretation of pre-operative investigations

Perioperative implications of current drug therapy
Implications for postoperative care of common acute and chronic medical conditions
(see 3.1 and 3.2)
Implications of type of anaesthesia (general/regional/local) for perioperative care
Recognition, assessment and management of acute pain
Indications for and methods of perioperative anti-thrombotic treatment
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU – factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Major neurosurgical procedures, peri-operative management of the patient undergoing
major neurosurgery, and potential complications occurring within 24 hours of surgery
Assessment and management of commonly encountered perioperative conditions and
complications including:
Respiratory: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of respiratory insufficiency in the
surgical patient
Cardiovascular: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of cardiovascular insufficiency in
the surgical patient; management of hypo/hypertension
Renal: Causes of perioperative oliguria and anuria; prevention and management of
acute renal failure
Neurological: causes of post-operative confusion, stroke (CVA), coma and raised
intracranial pressure; determinants of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation; prevention of
secondary brain injury; intracranial pressure monitoring; therapeutic correction of raised
intracranial pressure; intracerebral haemorrhage, contusion and oedema
Gastrointestinal: post-operative alterations in gut motility; perioperative nutrition; post-
operative nausea & vomiting
Metabolic & Hormonal: blood glucose control; perioperative management of electrolyte
disorders
Sepsis and Infection: fever and hypothermia; postoperative hypoperfusion and impaired
oxygen delivery; wound infection; opportunistic and nosocomial infection; perioperative
infection risk and prophylactic antibiotics; intestinal ischaemia; antibiotic selection and
prescribing
Consider the impact of long-term and chronic treatment on acute surgical care
Identify pre-operative health status and intercurrent disease, medications, allergies and
their interaction with the nature of anaesthetic and surgery
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Assess conscious level and conduct a careful systems review
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Document, monitor and manage fluid balance, circulating volume, drains, systemic
oxygen supply
Establish a plan for postoperative management
Recognise and manage perioperative emergencies and seek assistance appropriately
Seek appropriate support and supervision in order to provide optimal patient care
Interpret pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings and events/complications,
and respond to them appropriately
Monitor and manipulate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
6.4 Manages the care of the patient following solid organ transplant under supervision
Factors determining perioperative risk
Importance of preoperative health status on postoperative outcomes
Indications for, and interpretation of pre-operative investigations
Perioperative implications of current drug therapy
Implications for postoperative care of common acute and chronic medical conditions
(see 3.1 and 3.2)
Implications of type of anaesthesia (general/regional/local) for perioperative care
Solid organ-specific transplantation (heart-lung, liver, renal): peri-operative
considerations, pharmacological management, post-operative care and potential
complications
Immunosuppression and rejection
Implications of type / site of surgery for postoperative management and potential
complications within the first 24 hours of surgery

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Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Indications for and methods of perioperative anti-thrombotic treatment
Recognition, assessment and management of acute pain
Assessment and management of commonly encountered perioperative conditions and
complications including:
Respiratory: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of respiratory insufficiency in the
surgical patient; pneumonia, collapse or consolidation, pulmonary infiltrates including
acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and their
causative factors; pulmonary oedema; pleural effusion, haemo/pneumothorax (simple
and tension); use of chest drains; factors affecting patients following heart-lung
transplantation
Cardiovascular: Recognition of bleeding; interpretation of symptoms and signs of
cardiovascular insufficiency in the surgical patient; management of hypo/hypertension;
pulmonary embolus; management of patients following heart and heart-lung
transplantation
Renal: Causes of perioperative oliguria and anuria; prevention and management of
acute renal failure; management post-renal transplantation
Neurological: stroke (CVA); causes of post-operative confusion.
Gastrointestinal: post-operative alterations in gut motility; perioperative nutrition; post-
operative nausea and vomiting; management of the post-liver transplant patient.
Haematology and oncology: Management of severe acute haemorrhage and blood
transfusion, principles of cell salvage; correction of coagulation disorders and
haemoglobinopathies. Care of the immunosuppressed or immunoincompetent patient
complications of chemotherapy
Metabolic & Hormonal: blood glucose control; perioperative management of electrolyte
disorders
Sepsis and Infection: fever and hypothermia; postoperative hypoperfusion and impaired
oxygen delivery; wound infection; opportunistic and nosocomial infection; perioperative
infection risk and prophylactic antibiotics; intestinal ischaemia; antibiotic selection and
prescribing
Consider the impact of long-term and chronic treatment on acute surgical care
Interpret pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings and events/complications,
and respond to them appropriately
Identify pre-operative health status and intercurrent disease, medications, allergies and
their interaction with the nature of anaesthetic and surgery
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Assess conscious level and conduct a careful systems review
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Document, monitor and manage fluid balance, circulating volume, drains
Establish a plan for postoperative management
Review and monitor perioperative immunosuppressive therapy
Identify life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications; manage hypovolaemia and
impaired oxygen delivery
Recognise and manage perioperative emergencies and seek assistance appropriately
Seek appropriate support and supervision in order to provide optimal patient care
6.5 Manages the pre and postoperative care of the trauma patient under supervision
Factors determining perioperative risk
Importance of preoperative health status on postoperative outcomes
Indications for, and interpretation of pre-operative investigations
Dangers of emergency anaesthesia and surgery
Perioperative implications of current drug therapy
Consent and assent in the competent and non-competent patient
Implications for postoperative care of common acute and chronic medical conditions
(see 3.1 and 3.2)
Indications for and methods of perioperative anti-thrombotic treatment
Recognition, assessment and management of acute pain
Implications of type of anaesthesia (general/regional/local) for perioperative care
Implications of type / site of surgery for postoperative management and potential
complications within the first 24 hours of surgery
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Assessment and management of commonly encountered perioperative conditions &

complications including:
Respiratory: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of respiratory insufficiency in the
trauma patient; pneumonia, collapse or consolidation, pulmonary infiltrates including
acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and their causative
factors; pulmonary contusion; pulmonary oedema; pleural effusion,
haemo/pneumothorax (management of simple and tension); use of chest drains
Cardiovascular: Interpretation of symptoms and signs of cardiovascular insufficiency in
the trauma patient including cardiac contusion and tamponade; management of
Renal: Causes of perioperative oliguria and anuria; rhabdomyelosis; prevention and
management of acute renal failure
Neurological: causes of post-operative confusion, stroke (CVA), coma and raised
intracranial pressure; determinants of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation; prevention of
secondary brain injury; intracranial pressure monitoring; therapeutic correction of raised
intracranial pressure; intracerebral haemorrhage, contusion and oedema
Gastrointestinal: Interpretation of abdominal pain and distension; intestinal ischaemia;
abdominal hypertension; risk factors, monitoring and management of abdominal
compartment syndrome; perioperative nutrition; post-operative nausea and vomiting
Haematology: management of severe acute haemorrhage and blood transfusion,
principles of cell salvage; correction of coagulation disorders and haemoglobinopathies
Metabolic & Hormonal: Blood glucose control; perioperative management of electrolyte
disorders
Sepsis and Infection: fever and hypothermia; postoperative hypoperfusion and impaired
oxygen delivery; wound infection; opportunistic and nosocomial infection; perioperative
infection risk and prophylactic antibiotics; necrotising fasciitis; peritonitis; intestinal
ischaemia; antibiotic selection and prescribing
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Musculo-skeletal: principles and management of external fixators and casts;
perioperative positioning; pressure area care; compartment syndromes; paralysed
patients; principles of salvage surgery; management of vascular skin grafts
Consider the impact of long-term and chronic treatment on acute surgical care
Identify pre-operative health status and intercurrent disease, medications, allergies and
their interaction with the nature of anaesthetic and surgery
Obtain relevant information from the patient, relatives and other secondary sources
Interpret pre-operative investigations, intra-operative findings and events/complications,
and respond to them appropriately
Conduct a secondary survey following ATLS (or equivalent) principles
Communicate the risk of surgery to patients and family
Assess conscious level and conduct a careful systems review
Select & determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Document, monitor and manage fluid balance, circulating volume, drains, systemic
oxygen supply
Identify life-threatening cardiorespiratory complications; manage hypovolaemia and
impaired oxygen delivery
Describe the risk period for use of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in patients
undergoing repeated surgical procedures
Seek appropriate support and supervision in order to provide optimal patient care
Establish a plan for postoperative management including plans for further surgery

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Domain 7: Comfort and recovery

Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Communicate effectively with relatives who may be, in denial, anxious, angry, confused,
or litigious
Desire to minimise patient distress
Regards each patient as an individual
Establishes trusting relationships with and demonstrates compassionate care of patients
and their relatives
Willingness to communicate with and support families / significant others
Respects the religious beliefs of the patient and offers to liaise with a religious
representative if this is the wish of the patient or family
Acknowledges the consequences of the language used to impart information
Fosters effective communication and relationships with medical and nursing staff in other
wards / departments
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
Recognises that intensive care is a continuum within the 'patient journey'
Promotes appropriate and timely discharge from ICU
Appreciates that physical and psychological consequences of critical illness can have a
significant and long lasting effect for both patients and their relatives
Early planning for rehabilitation
Seeks to modify the stresses which the intensive care environment places upon patients,
their relatives and members of staff
7.1 Identifies and attempts to minimise the physical and psychosocial consequences of critical
illness for patients and families
Common symptomatology following critical illness
Causes and methods of minimising distress in patients
The role of patient's relatives and their contribution to care
Physiological effects of pain and anxiety
Stress responses
Recognition and methods of assessment of pain
Principles of acute pain management
Pharmakokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and complications of commonly
used analgesic, hypnotic, and neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients with normal and
abnormal organ system function
Sleep deprivation and its consequences
Causes and management of acute confusional states
Sensory deprivation / sensory overload
Environmental and drug-related psychopathology associated with critical illness (e.g.
anxiety, sleep disorders, hallucinations, drug withdrawal)
Impact of staff-patient contact and environmental factors on patient stress
Post-traumatic stress disorders
Methods of communicating with patients who are unable to speak
Relevance and methods to care for skin, mouth, eyes and bowels, and to maintain
mobility and muscle strength in critically ill patients
Fluid and caloric requirements in the critically ill patient including electrolytes, vitamins,
trace elements and principles of immunonutrition
Methods to assess nutritional status and basal energy expenditure
Causes, prevention and management of critical illness polyneuropathy, motor
neuropathy, and myopathy
Consequences of immobilisation and mobilisation techniques (including disuse atrophy,
foot-drop, ectopic calcification)
Prevention and management of pressure sores
Principles of rehabilitation: physical and psychological
Resources available to patients and relatives for education and support (e.g. societies,
local groups, publications, referral to allied health care professionals)
Common risk factors for post-ICU mortality or re-admission and their minimisation
Methods to minimise potential psychological trauma to the patient and their family of
transfer from the ICU (especially with regard to long term ICU patients)

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The implications for relatives of adopting a role as a carer at home

Impact of chronic illness post-ICU on socialisation and employment
Identify complications associated with critical illness
Work with colleagues and relatives to minimise patient distress
Anticipate the development of pain and/or anxiety and adopt strategies for its
prevention or minimisation
Use analgesic, hypnotic and neuromuscular blocking drugs appropriately and safely
Propose and implement a plan to provide adequate sleep and rest in ICU patients
Participate in the education of patients/families
Appropriate and timely referral to specialists / allied health professionals
Take decisions to admit, discharge or transfer patients
Follow-up patients after discharge to the ward
Participate in follow-up clinics / services where available
7.2 Manages the assessment, prevention and treatment of pain and delirium
Physiological effects of pain and anxiety
Stress responses
Causes and methods of minimising distress in patients
Recognition and methods of assessment of pain
Principles of acute pain management
Pharmakokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and complications of commonly
used analgesic, hypnotic, and neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients with normal and
abnormal organ system function
Indications, contra-indications, methods and complications of regional analgesia in
critical illness
Patient-controlled analgesia
Environmental and drug-related psychopathology associated with critical illness (e.g.
anxiety, sleep disorders, hallucinations, drug withdrawal)
Causes and management of acute confusional states
Relevance and methods to care for skin, mouth, eyes and bowels, and to maintain
mobility and muscle strength in critically ill patients
Sleep deprivation and its consequences
Potential long-term consequences of acute delirium
Anticipate the development of pain and/or anxiety and adopt strategies for its
prevention or minimisation
Interpret data from scoring or scaling systems to assess pain and sedation
Select and determine adequacy and route of administration of analgesia
Use analgesic, hypnotic and neuromuscular blocking drugs appropriately and safely
Minimise complications associated with opioid and non-opioid analgesics
Propose and implement a plan to provide adequate sleep and rest in ICU patients
Work with colleagues and relatives to minimise patient distress
7.3 Manages sedation and neuromuscular blockade
Physiological effects of pain and anxiety
Causes and methods of minimising distress in patients
Stress responses
Causes and management of acute confusional states
Recognition and assessment of anxiety
Environmental and drug-related psychopathology associated with critical illness (e.g.
anxiety, sleep disorders, hallucinations, drug withdrawal)
Sensory deprivation / sensory overload
Pharmakokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications and complications of commonly
used analgesic, hypnotic, and neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients with normal and
abnormal organ system function
Methods of measuring depth of sedation; effects of over-sedation and strategies to
avoid this; sedation holds
Consequences of immobilisation and mobilisation techniques (including disuse atrophy,
foot-drop, ectopic calcification)
Causes, prevention and management of critical illness polyneuropathy, motor
neuropathy, and myopathy
Prevention and management of pressure sores

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Sleep deprivation and its consequences

Post-traumatic stress disorders
Anticipate the development of pain and/or anxiety and adopt strategies for its
prevention or minimisation
Use analgesic, hypnotic and neuromuscular blocking drugs appropriately and safely
Interpret data from scoring or scaling systems to assess pain and sedation
Obtain and interpret data from a nerve stimulator to monitor the degree of
neuromuscular blockade
Identify complications associated with critical illness
Propose and implement a plan to provide adequate sleep and rest in ICU patients
Work with colleagues and relatives to minimise patient distress
7.4 Communicates the continuing care requirements, including rehabilitation, of patients at ICU
discharge to health care professionals, patients and relatives
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Common symptomatology following critical illness
Common risk factors for post-ICU mortality or re-admission and their minimisation
Post-traumatic stress disorders
Environmental and drug-related psychopathology associated with critical illness (e.g.
anxiety, sleep disorders, hallucinations, drug withdrawal)
Consequences of immobilisation and mobilisation techniques (including disuse atrophy,
foot-drop, ectopic calcification)
Causes, prevention and management of critical illness polyneuropathy, motor
neuropathy, and myopathy
Fluid and caloric requirements in the critically ill patient including electrolytes, vitamins,
trace elements and principles of immunonutrition
Principles of rehabilitation: physical and psychological
Methods of communicating with patients who are unable to speak
Causes and methods of minimising distress in patients
Resources available to patients and relatives for education and support (eg societies,
local groups, publications, referral to allied health care professionals)
Supportive services integral to the long-term rehabilitation of critically ill patients
(physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthotics, social services).
The implications for relatives of adopting a role as a carer at home
Management of tracheostomy: care and avoidance of complications outside the ICU
Persistent vegetative state; locked in syndromes
Methods to assess nutritional status and basal energy expenditure
Impact of chronic illness post-ICU on socialisation and employment
Methods for assessing or measuring quality of life
Methods to minimise potential psychological trauma to the patient and their family of
transfer from the ICU (especially with regard to long term ICU patients)
Long-term ventilation outside the ICU environment (e.g. home ventilation)
Define the role of rehabilitation services and the multi-disciplinary team to facilitate long-
term care
Understand the function of post ICU follow-up clinics, how they can be organised and
what the risks/benefits are for these services
Outline the concept of patient self-care
Know, understand and be able to compare medical and social models of disability
Understand the relationship between local health, educational and social service
provision including the voluntary sector
Anticipate the development of pain and/or anxiety and adopt strategies for its
prevention or minimisation
Work with colleagues and relatives to minimise patient distress
Appropriate and timely referral to specialists / allied health professionals
Ensure effective information exchange before patient discharge from ICU
Liaise with medical and nursing staff in other departments to ensure optimal
communication and continuing care after ICU discharge
Communicate effectively with relatives who may be anxious, angry, confused, or litigious
Participate in the education of patients/families

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Follow-up patients after discharge to the ward

Develop a self-management plan including investigation, treatments and
requests/instructions to other healthcare professionals, in partnership with the patient
Support patients, parents and carers where relevant to comply with management plans
Promote and encourage involvement of patients in appropriate support networks, both
to receive support and to give support to others
Recognise the impact of long-term conditions on the patient, family and friends
Put patients in touch with the relevant agency including the voluntary sector from where
they can procure the items as appropriate
Provide the relevant tools and devices when possible
Show willingness to facilitate access to the appropriate training and skills in order to
develop the patient's confidence and competence to self-care
Manage follow-up effectively
Provide brief advice on use of alcohol and other drugs
Provide management and/or referral where appropriate
Support patient self-management
Recognise and respect the role of family, friends and carers in the management of the
patient with a long-term condition
Recommend appropriate secondary prevention treatments and lifestyle changes on
discharge
7.5 Manages the safe and timely discharge of patients from the ICU
Common symptomatology following critical illness
The role of patient's relatives and their contribution to care
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU – factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Common risk factors for post-ICU mortality or re-admission and their minimisation
Management of tracheostomy: care and avoidance of complications outside the ICU
Methods to minimise potential psychological trauma to the patient and their family of
transfer from the ICU (especially with regard to long term ICU patients)
Long-term ventilation outside the ICU environment (e.g. home ventilation)
Potential psychological impact of inter-hospital transfer and family dislocation
Anticipate the development of pain and/or anxiety and adopt strategies for its
prevention or minimisation
Work with colleagues and relatives to minimise patient distress
Appropriate and timely referral to specialists / allied health professionals
Ensure effective information exchange before patient discharge from ICU
Liaise with medical and nursing staff in other departments to ensure optimal
communication and continuing care after ICU discharge
Identify discharge criteria for individual patients
Take decisions to admit, discharge or transfer patients
Follow-up patients after discharge to the ward
Change a tracheostomy tube electively
Identify discharge criteria for individual patients

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Domain 8: End of life care

Bereavement: anticipating and responding to grief
Define the standards of practice defined by the GMC when deciding to withhold or
withdraw life-prolonging treatment
Know the role and legal standing of advance directives in different UK legislations
Outline the principles of the Mental Capacity Act (Adults with Incapacity Act in
Scotland)
Communicate effectively with relatives who may be, in denial, anxious, angry, confused,
or litigious
Appreciates that the decision to withhold or withdraw treatment does not imply the
termination of care
Desire to support patient, family, and other staff members appropriately during treatment
withdrawal
Establishes trusting relationships with and demonstrates compassionate care of patients
and their relatives
Offers psychological, social and spiritual support to patients, their relatives or colleagues
as required
Respects the expressed wishes of competent patients, even when in conflict with the
views of the physician
Respects the ideas and beliefs of the patient and their family and their impact on
decision making (does not impose own views)
Respects the religious beliefs of the patient and is willing to liaise with a religious
representative if requested by patient or family
Willingness to communicate with and support families / significant others
Acknowledges the consequences of the language used to impart information
Integrity, honesty and respect for the truth underpin relationships with patients, relatives
and colleagues
Values clear decision-making and communication
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
8.1 Manages the process of withholding or withdrawing treatment with the multidisciplinary team
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Ethical and legal issues in decision-making for the incompetent patient: incapacity
Difference between euthanasia and allowing death to occur: doctrine of double effect
Withholding and withdrawing treatment: omission and commission
Decision-making processes for withholding and withdrawing life sustaining therapies
including documentation and iterative review
The limitations of intensive care medicine – expectations of what can and cannot be
achieved
Principles of delivering bad news to patients and families
Local resources available to support dying patients and their families, and how to access them
Cultural and religious practices of relevance when caring for dying patients and their
families
Principles of pain and symptom management
Procedure for withdrawing treatment and support
Procedure for pronouncing life extinct and subsequently completion of death
certification
Responsibilities in relation to legal authorities for certifying death (e.g. coroner, procurator
fiscal or equivalent), and reasons for referral
The value of autopsy (post-mortem) examination.
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Discuss end of life decisions with members of the health care team
Willing and able to communicate and discuss issues pertaining to end of life with patients
and relatives
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Relieve distress in the dying patient
Withdraw life sustaining treatment or organ support

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Aware of the emotional needs of self and others; seeks and offers support appropriately
8.2 Discusses end of life care with patients and their families / surrogates
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Ethical and legal issues in decision-making for the incompetent patient: incapacity
Difference between euthanasia and allowing death to occur: doctrine of double effect
With-holding and withdrawing treatment: omission and commission
Decision-making processes for withholding and withdrawing life sustaining therapies
including documentation and iterative review
The limitations of intensive care medicine - expectations of what can and cannot be
achieved
Principles of delivering bad news to patients and families
Local resources available to support dying patients and their families, and how to access
them
Bereavement: anticipating and responding to grief
Principles of pain and symptom management
Cultural and religious practices of relevance when caring for dying patients and their
families
Causes and prognosis of vegetative states
Causes of brain stem death
Cultural and religious factors which may influence attitude to brain stem death and
organ donation
Responsibilities in relation to legal authorities for certifying death (e.g. coroner, Procurator
Fiscal or equivalent), and reasons for referral
Procedure for pronouncing life extinct and subsequent completion of death certification
The value of autopsy (post-mortem) examination
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Willing and able to communicate and discuss issues pertaining to end of life with patients
and relatives
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Differentiate competent from incompetent statements by patients
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Participate in discussions with relatives about treatment limitation or withdrawal
Explain the concept and practicalities of brain stem death and organ donation clearly
Lead a discussion about end of life goals, preferences and decisions with a patient
and/or their relatives
Obtain consent/assent for treatment, research, autopsy or organ donation
8.3 Manages palliative care of the critically ill patient
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Ethical and legal issues in decision-making for the incompetent patient: incapacity
Difference between euthanasia and allowing death to occur: doctrine of double effect
Principles of delivering bad news to patients and families
Local resources available to support dying patients and their families, and how to access
them
Cultural and religious practices of relevance when caring for dying patients and their
families
Principles of pain and symptom management
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Willing and able to communicate and discuss issues pertaining to end of life with patients
and relatives
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Differentiate competent from incompetent statements by patients
Participate in timely discussion and regular review of ‘do not attempt resuscitation’
orders and treatment limitation decisions
Participate in discussions with relatives about treatment limitation or withdrawal
Lead a discussion about end of life goals, preferences and decisions with a patient
and/or their relatives
Relieve distress in the dying patient
Aware of the emotional needs of self and others; seeks and offers support appropriately

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8.4 Performs brain-stem death testing

Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Causes of brain stem death
Legal aspects of brain stem death diagnosis
Applied anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system including cerebral
blood supply, base of skull, autonomic nervous system and cranial nerves
Physiological changes associated with brain stem death
Preconditions and exclusions for the diagnosis of brain stem death
Clinical, imaging and electrophysiologic tests to diagnose brain death: applicability
Cultural and religious factors which may influence attitude to brain stem death and
organ donation
Responsibilities in relation to legal authorities for certifying death (e.g. coroner, procurator
fiscal or equivalent), and reasons for referral
Document pre-conditions and exclusions to brain stem death testing
Consult and confirm findings of brain stem function tests with colleagues as required by
local / national policy or as indicated
Perform and document tests of brain stem function
8.5 Manages the physiological support of the organ donor
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Causes of brain stem death
Role of national organ/tissue procurement authority and procedures for referral
Responsibilities and activities of transplant co-ordinators
Physiological changes associated with brain stem death
Principles of management of the organ donor (according to national / local policy)
Common investigations and procedures undertaken in the ICU prior to organ donation
Explain the concept and practicalities of brain stem death and organ donation clearly
Liaise with transplant co-ordinators (local organ donation authority) to plan
management of the organ donor
Monitor vital physiological functions as indicated
Recognise and rapidly respond to adverse trends in monitored parameters
Aware of the emotional needs of self and others; seeks and offers support appropriately
Obtain consent/assent for treatment, research, autopsy or organ donation
8.6 Manages donation following cardiac death
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Common investigations and procedures undertaken in the ICU prior to organ donation
Procedure for pronouncing life extinct and subsequent completion of death certification
Responsibilities in relation to legal authorities for certifying death (e.g. Coroner, Procurator
Fiscal or equivalent), and reasons for referral
Legal and ethical framework for decision making
Role of national organ/tissue procurement authority and procedures for referral
Transplant team members and their roles
Responsibilities and activities of transplant co-ordinators
Recognise when treatment is unnecessary or futile
Identify potential non heart beating donors
Lead a discussion about end of life goals, preferences and decisions with a patient
and/or their relatives
Participate in discussions with relatives about treatment limitation or withdrawal
Liaise with transplant co-ordinators (local organ donation authority) and retrieval teams
to plan management of the organ donor

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Domain 9: Paediatric care

Impact of occupational and environmental exposures, socio-economic factors, and
lifestyle factors on critical illness
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
9.1 Describes the recognition of the acutely ill child and initial management of paediatric
emergencies
Key stages of physical and psychological development
Major anatomical and physiological differences between adults and children
Pathophysiology and principles of management of disorders which are life-threatening to
paediatric patients (may include: acute respiratory failure, cardiac failure, trauma, severe
infections including meningitis and epiglottitis, intoxications, metabolic disorders, seizures,
croup, diarrhoea)
Paediatric management of conditions common to both children and adults (e.g. acute
severe asthma, renal failure, trauma)
Paediatric resuscitation and the differences between adult and paediatric resuscitation
Principles of paediatric airway management: methods and techniques; calculation of tube
sizes; selection of masks and airways
Principles of mechanical ventilation in a child
Preparation for and methods of securing venous access
Intraosseous cannulation
Estimation of blood volume, replacement of fluid loss
Paediatric dosing of common emergency drugs
General principles for stabilising the critically ill or injured child until senior or more
experienced help arrives
Operation of local paediatric referral /retrieval services
Principles of communication (verbal and non verbal) with children of different ages;
awareness of the consequences of the language used to impart information
Issues of consent in children
Paediatric resuscitation at advanced life support level (APLS, PALS or equivalent)
Prepare equipment and drugs for paediatric intubation
Demonstrate paediatric tracheal intubation
Secure venous access (including local anaesthesia pre-medication)
Manage mechanical ventilation in a critically ill child
Communicate effectively with, and attempt to reassure the child and parents
Recognise and manage paediatric emergencies until senior or more experienced help
arrives
Manage and stabilise the injured child until senior or more experienced help arrives
9.2 Describes the national legislation and guidelines relating to child protection and their
relevance to critical care
Key stages of physical and psychological development
Principles of communication (verbal and non-verbal) with children of different ages;
awareness of the consequences of the language used to impart information
Legal and ethical aspects of caring for children
Issues of consent in children
National child protection guidelines

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Domain 10: Transport

Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Anticipates and prevents problems during transfer
Appreciates the importance of communication between referring, transporting and
receiving staff
Desire to minimise patient distress
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
10.1 Undertakes the transport of the mechanically ventilated critically ill patient outside the ICU
Indications, risks and benefits of patient transfer (intra / inter hospital)
Criteria for admission to, and discharge from ICU - factors influencing intensity and site of
care (ward, high dependency unit (HDU), intensive care unit (ICU))
Principles of safe patient transfer (before, during and after)
Ethical issues surrounding transfer
Strategies to avoid transfer-use of other facilities
Strategies to manage the unique problems associated with patient transfer - limitations of
space, personnel, monitoring and equipment
Advantages and disadvantages of road ambulance, fixed and rotary wing aircraft
including problems associated with altitude, noise, lighting conditions, vibration,
acceleration and deceleration
Selection of mode of transport based upon clinical requirements, distance, vehicle
availability and environmental conditions
Determination of required number of physicians / nurses / others during transfer and the
role of paramedical personnel
Selection and operation of transport equipment: size, weight, portability, power
supply/battery life, oxygen availability, durability and performance under conditions of
transport
Principles of monitoring under transport conditions
Homeostatic interaction between patient and environment (e.g. thermoregulation,
posture / positioning)
Communication prior to and during transport
Operation of locally available retrieval services
Physiology associated with air transport
Potential psychological impact of inter-hospital transfer and family dislocation
Take decisions to admit, discharge or transfer patients
Communicate with referring and receiving institutions and teams
Check transfer equipment and plan transfers with personnel prior to departure
Select appropriate staff based upon patient need
Prepare patients prior to transfer; anticipate and prevent complications during transfer -
maintain patient safety at all times
Adapt and apply general retrieval principles where appropriate to pre-, intra-, and inter-
hospital transportation.
Consider the need for and implements pre-transfer stabilisation before transfer
Undertake intra-hospital transfer of ventilated patients to theatre or for diagnostic
procedures (e.g. CT)
Undertake inter-hospital transfers of patients with single or multiple organ failure
Maintain comprehensive documentation of the patient's clinical condition before, during
and after transport including relevant medical conditions, therapy delivered,
environmental factors and logistical difficulties encountered
Determine when the patient's needs exceed local resources or specialist expertise
(requirement for transfer)

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Domain 11: Patient safety and health systems management

Purpose and process of quality improvement activities such as evidence-based practice,
best practice guidelines and benchmarking and change management
Understand:
• the factors involved in clinical decision making such as knowledge, experience,
biases, emotions, uncertainty, context
• the critical relationship between CDM and patient safety
• the ways in which we process decision making: dual process theory: system 1 and
system 2
• the place of algorithms, guidelines, protocols in supporting decision making and
potential pitfalls in their use
• the pivotal decisions in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, handing over and receiving
diagnoses and the need to review evidence for diagnosis at these times
Confidentiality and data protection - legal and ethical issues
Principles of risk prevention
Critical incident or error monitoring and reporting
Professional responsibility and duty of care to patients placed at risk by the actions of
fellow clinicians
Methods of effective communication of information (written; verbal etc)
Electronic methods of accessing medical literature and learning modalities
Principles of aseptic technique and aseptic handling of invasive medical devices
Methods of sterilisation and cleaning or disposal of equipment
Universal precautions and preventative infection control techniques (hand washing,
gloves, protective clothing, sharps disposal etc.)
Understand the role of Notification of diseases within the UK and identify the principle
notifiable diseases for UK and international purposes
Define local and national ‘significant event reporting systems’ relevant to specialty
Keep abreast of national patient safety initiatives including NCEPOD / SASM reports, NICE
and SIGN guidelines etc
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Professional and reassuring approach - generates confidence and trust in patients and
their relatives
Acquire, interpret, synthesize, record, and communicate (written and verbal) clinical
information
Consults and takes into account the views of referring clinicians; promotes their
participation in decision making where appropriate
Inform colleagues, patients and relatives as applicable, of medical errors or adverse
events in an honest and appropriate manner
Manage inter-personal conflicts which arise between different sectors of the
organisation, professionals, patients or relatives
Maximise safety in everyday practice
Document adverse incidents in a timely, detailed and appropriate manner
Collaborate with other team members to achieve common goals
Use electronic retrieval tools (e.g. PubMed) to access information from the medical and
scientific literature
Demonstrate an interest in quality control, quality improvement and reflective practice
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Demonstrate routine application of infection control practices to all patients, particularly
hand washing between patient contacts
Use protective clothing (gloves / mask / gown / drapes) as indicated
Desire to minimise patient distress
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with patients, relatives and the
health care team
Ensures effective information transfer
Adopts a problem-solving approach
Enquiring mind, undertakes critical analysis of published literature
Recognises impaired performance (limitations) in self and colleagues and takes
appropriate action
Act appropriately on any concerns about own or colleagues’ use of alcohol and/or
other drugs.
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Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows how,
when and who to ask)
Accepts responsibility for patient care and staff supervision
Establishes collaborative relations with other health care providers to promote continuity
of patient care as appropriate.
11.1 Leads a daily multidisciplinary ward round
Roles of different members of the multidisciplinary team and local referral practices
Triage and management of competing priorities
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Demonstrate initiative in problem solving
Confirm accuracy of clinical information provided by members of the health care team
with particular emphasis on that information which is handed over at admission and at
shift changes
Summarise a case history
Assemble clinical and laboratory data, logically compare all potential solutions to the
patient's problems, prioritise them and establish a clinical management plan
Establish a management plan based on clinical and laboratory information
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Listen effectively
Consider risk-benefit and cost-benefit of alternative drugs and therapies
Organise multidisciplinary care for groups of patients in the ICU
11.2 Complies with local infection control measures
Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the ICU
Types of organisms – emergence of resistant strains, mode of transfer, opportunistic and
nosocomial infections; difference between contamination, colonisation and infection
Risk of colonisation with potentially pathogenic micro-organisms and the factors
associated with patient, staff, equipment and environmental colonisation
Recognition of patient groups at high risk of developing infectious complications
Autogenous infection: routes and methods of prevention
Cross infection: modes of transfer and common agents
Ventilator associated pneumonia: definition, pathogenesis and prevention
Requirements for microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling
Benefits and risks of different prophylactic antibiotic regimens
Local patterns of bacterial resistance and antibiotic policy
Infections from contaminated blood / body fluids; strategy
Local policies and procedures relevant to practice
Published standards of care at local, national and international level (including
consensus statements and care bundles). Has a critical approach to bundles and their
component parts.
Understand the role of Notification of diseases within the UK and identify the principle
notifiable diseases for UK and international purposes
Accept personal responsibility for the prevention of cross infection and self-infection
Apply methods to prevent autogenous infection (e.g. posture, mouth hygiene)
Implement prophylactic regimens appropriately
Prescribe antibiotics safely and appropriately
11.3 Identifies environmental hazards and promotes safety for patients and staff
Physical requirements of ICU design
Staff safety: susceptibility to harmful physical, chemical and infectious hazards in the ICU
Environmental control of temperature, humidity, air changes and scavenging systems for
waste gases and vapours
Measurement of gas and vapour concentrations, (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
and volatile anaesthetic agents) - environmental safety
Hazards associated with ionising radiation and methods to limit these in the ICU
Electrical safety: conditions which predispose to the occurrence of macro-shock / micro-
shock; physical dangers of electrical currents; relevant standards regarding safe use of
electricity in patient care; basic methods to reduce electrical hazards
Equipment requirements and selection: clinical need and priority; accuracy, reliability,
safety and practical issues (ease of use, acceptance by staff)
Local policies and procedures relevant to practice

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Published standards of care at local, national and international level (including

consensus statements and care bundles)
Identification and critical appraisal of literature; integration of findings into local clinical
practice
Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the ICU
Risk of colonisation with potentially pathogenic micro-organisms and the factors
associated with patient, staff, equipment and environmental colonisation
Types of organisms – emergence of resistant strains, mode of transfer, opportunistic and
nosocomial infections; difference between contamination, colonisation and infection
Cross infection: modes of transfer and common agents
Requirements for microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling
Infections from contaminated blood / body fluids; strategy if contaminated (e.g. needle
stick injury)
Benefits and risks of different prophylactic antibiotic regimens
Outline human factors theory and understand its impact on safety
Understand root cause analysis
Understand significant event analysis
Seek expert help to ensure all equipment in the ICU conforms with and is maintained to
the relevant safety standard
11.4 Identifies and minimises risk of critical incidents and adverse events, including complications
of critical illness
Common sources of error and factors which contribute to critical incidents / adverse
events (ICU environment, personnel, equipment, therapy and patient factors)
Pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of complications of ICU
management including:
• nosocomial infection
• ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
• ventilator associated lung injury - pulmonary barotrauma/volutrauma
• pulmonary oxygen toxicity
• thromboembolism (venous, arterial, pulmonary, intracardiac)
• stress ulceration
• pain
• malnutrition; refeeding syndromes
• critical illness poly-neuropathy, motor-neuropathy and myopathy
Modification of treatment or therapy to minimise the risk of complications and
appropriate monitoring to allow early detection of complications
Recognition of patient groups at high risk for developing complications
Risk of bleeding: indications, contraindications, monitoring and complications of
therapeutic anticoagulants
Epidemiology and prevention of infection in the ICU
Types of organisms - emergence of resistant strains, mode of transfer, opportunistic and
nosocomial infections; difference between contamination, colonisation and infection
Autogenous infection: routes and methods of prevention
Local patterns of bacterial resistance and antibiotic policy
Requirements for microbiological surveillance and clinical sampling
Benefits and risks of different prophylactic antibiotic regimens
Staff safety: susceptibility to harmful physical, chemical and infectious hazards in the ICU;
psychological
Factors that determine the optimum staff establishment for specialist and junior medical
staff, nurses and allied professional and non-clinical ICU staff
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Equipment requirements and selection: clinical need and priority; accuracy, reliability,
safety and practical issues (ease of use, acceptance by staff)
Local policies and procedures relevant to practice
Published standards of care at local, national and international level (including
consensus statements and care bundles)
Purpose and methods of clinical audit (e.g. mortality reviews, complication rates,
National Audits) and quality improvement
Plan of action / local procedures to be followed when a health care worker is noticed to
be in distress, whether or not patients are considered to be at risk
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Identification and critical appraisal of literature; integration of findings into local clinical
practice
Assemble clinical and laboratory data, logically compare all potential solutions to the
patient's problems, prioritise them and establish a clinical management plan
Consider potential interactions when prescribing drugs and therapies
Record relevant clinical information accurately
Monitor complications of critical illness
Accept personal responsibility for the prevention of cross infection and self-infection
Aware of relevant guidelines and consensus statements and apply these effectively in
everyday practice under local conditions
11.5 Organises a case conference
Roles of different members of the multidisciplinary team and local referral practices
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Summarise a case history
Plan long-term multidisciplinary care for patients in the ICU
11.6 Critically appraises and applies guidelines, protocols and care bundles
Purpose and process of quality improvement activities such as evidence-based practice,
best practice guidelines & benchmarking and change management
Purpose and methods of clinical audit (e.g. mortality reviews, complication rates) and
quality improvement
Published standards of care at local, national and international level (including
consensus statements and care bundles)
Local policies and procedures relevant to practice
Treatment algorithms for common medical emergencies
Recent advances in medical research relevant to intensive care
Identification and critical appraisal of literature; integration of findings into local clinical
practice; critical appraisal of whether this evidence is relevant to this particular patient.
Principles of appraisal of evidence: levels of evidence; interventions; diagnostic tests;
prognosis; integrative literature (meta-analyses, practice guidelines, decision and
economic analyses)
Principles of applied research and epidemiology necessary to evaluate new guidelines /
forms of therapy
Research methods (see basic sciences)
Statistical concepts (see basic sciences)
Aware of relevant guidelines and consensus statements and apply these effectively in
everyday practice under local conditions
Implement and evaluate protocols and guidelines
Recognise the need for clinical audit and quality improvement activities to be non-
threatening and non-punitive to individuals
11.7 Describes commonly used scoring systems for assessment of severity of illness, case mix and
workload
Principles of outcome prediction / prognostic indicators and treatment intensity scales;
limitations of scoring systems in predicting individual patient outcome
Process and outcome measurement
Principles of general and organ-specific scoring systems and their usefulness in assessing
likely outcome of an illness (e.g. Glasgow Coma Scale, APACHE II and III, PRISM, MEWS,
organ system failure scores, injury severity scores)
One general method for measuring severity of illness (severity scoring systems)
Influence of injury or illness being considered on the validity of a scoring system as a
predictor of likely outcome (e.g. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) in head injury versus drug
overdose)
Principles of case-mix adjustment
11.8 Demonstrates an understanding of the managerial and administrative responsibilities of the
ICM specialist
Principles of resource management; ethics of resource allocation in the face of
competing claims to care
Concept of risk: benefit ratio and cost effectiveness of therapies
Principles of national / local health care legislation applicable to ICM practice
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing

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Purpose and methods of clinical audit (e.g. mortality reviews, complication rates) and
quality improvement
Recent advances in medical research relevant to intensive care
Identification and critical appraisal of literature; integration of findings into local clinical
practice
Principles of appraisal of evidence: levels of evidence; interventions; diagnostic tests;
prognosis; integrative literature (meta-analyses, practice guidelines, decision and
economic analyses)
Local policies and procedures relevant to practice
Published standards of care at local, national and international level (including
consensus statements and care bundles)
Understand the legislative framework within which healthcare is provided in the UK – in
particular death certification and the role of the Coroner/Procurator Fiscal. child
protection legislation; mental health legislation (including powers to detain a patient and
giving emergency treatment against a patient’s will under common law); advanced
directives and living Wills; withdrawing and withholding treatment; decisions regarding
resuscitation of patients; surrogate decision making; organ donation and retention;
communicable disease notification; medical risk and driving; Data Protection and
Freedom of Information Acts; provision of continuing care and community nursing care
by a local authorities
Manage resistance to change in the ICU / hospital environment in order to optimise the
outcome of a task
Respect, acknowledge and encourage the work of others

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Domain 12: Professionalism

Methods of effective communication of information (written; verbal etc)
Confidentiality and data protection - legal and ethical issues
Outline and follow the guidance given by the GMC on confidentiality
Purpose and process of quality improvement activities such as evidence-based
practice, best practice guidelines and benchmarking and change management
Impact of occupational and environmental exposures, socio-economic factors, and
lifestyle factors on critical illness
Electronic methods of accessing medical literature
Aware that how bad news is delivered to a patient can affect them for the rest of their
lives in terms of emotions, perception of the condition and their ability to cope. It also
irretrievably affects the subsequent relationship with the patient
Aware that ‘breaking’ bad news can be extremely stressful for the professional involved
Understand the legislative framework within which healthcare is provided in the UK
and/or devolved administrations, in particular – death certification and the role of the
Coroner/Procurator Fiscal; child protection legislation; mental health legislation
(including powers to detain a patient and giving emergency treatment against a
patient’s will under common law); advanced directives and living Wills; withdrawing
and withholding treatment; decisions regarding resuscitation of patients; surrogate
decision making; organ donation and retention; communicable disease notification;
medical risk and driving; Data Protection Act and Freedom of Information Act; provision
of continuing care and community nursing care by a local authorities
Outline the relevance of professional bodies e.g. Royal Colleges, NHSMEE, GMC,
Postgraduate Dean, BMA, specialist societies, medical defence societies etc
principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Acquire, interpret, synthesize, record, and communicate (written and verbal) clinical
information
Professional and reassuring approach - generates confidence and trust in patients and
their relatives
Communicate effectively with relatives who may be anxious, angry, confused, or
litigious.
In preparing to break bad news:
• Sets aside sufficient uninterrupted time
• Chooses an appropriate private environment and ensures that there will be no
unplanned disturbances
• Has sufficient information regarding prognosis and treatment
• Ensures the individual has appropriate support if desired
• Structures the interview
• Is honest, factual, realistic and empathic
• Aware of relevant guidance documents
Collaborate with other team members to achieve common goals
Lead, delegate and supervise others appropriately according to experience and role
Participate appropriately in educational activities and teaching medical and non-
medical members of the health care team
Manage inter-personal conflicts which arise between different sectors of the
organisation, professionals, patients or relatives
Maximise safety in everyday practice in part by good quality decision making sustained
by critical thinking, reflection and metacognition
Use electronic retrieval tools (e.g. PubMed) to access information from the medical and
scientific literature
Consults, communicates and collaborates effectively with patients, relatives and the
health care team
Acknowledges the consequences of the language used to impart information
Recognises that communication is a two-way process
Sensitive to the reactions and emotional needs of others
Remains calm in stressful or high-pressure situations and adopts a timely, rational
approach
Desire to minimise patient distress
Regards each patient as an individual

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Establishes trusting relationships with and demonstrates compassionate care of patients

and their relatives
Sensitive to patients' expectations and responses; considers their perspective in order to
understand their conduct and attitudes
Respects the expressed wishes of competent patients, even when in conflict with the
views of the physician
Respects the cultural and religious beliefs of the patient; demonstrate an awareness of
their impact on decision making
Recognises and manages circumstances where personal prejudices or biases may
affect behaviour, including cultural, financial and academic aspects skill
Promotes respect for patient privacy, dignity and confidentiality
Willingness to communicate with and support families / significant others
Integrity, honesty and respect for the truth underpin relationships with patients, relatives
and colleagues
Approachable and accessible when on duty
Well-being of the patient takes precedence over the needs of society or research
Generates enthusiasm amongst others
Fosters effective communication and relationships with medical and nursing staff in
other wards / departments
Participates in and promotes continuing education of members of the multi-disciplinary
healthcare team.
Contributes effectively to interdisciplinary team activities.
Accepts responsibility for patient care and staff supervision
Recognises impaired performance (limitations) in self and colleagues and takes
appropriate action
Act appropriately on any concerns about own or colleagues’ use of alcohol and/or
other drugs.
Takes responsibility for his/her personal physical and mental health, especially where
impairment may affect patient care and professional conduct and seeks appropriate
help if required
Recognises personal limitations, seeks and accepts assistance or supervision (knows
how, when and who to ask)
Desire to contribute to the development of new knowledge
Enquiring mind, undertakes critical analysis of published literature
Adopts a problem solving approach
Recognises and uses teaching and learning opportunities arising from clinical
experiences, including errors
Desire and willingness to share knowledge
Assesses, communicates with, and supports patients and families confronted with
critical illness
Recognises personal strengths and limitations as a consultant to other specialists
Seeks to modify the stresses which the intensive care environment places upon patients,
their relatives and members of staff
Seeks to recognise those changes in the specialty, medicine or society, which should
modify their practice and adapt their skills accordingly.
12.1 Communicates effectively with patients and relatives
12.2 Communicates effectively with members of the health care team
12.3 Maintains accurate and legible records / documentation
Consent and assent in the competent and non-competent patient
Principles of the guidance given by the GMC on consent, in particular:
• Understand that consent is a process that may culminate in, but is not limited to, the
completion of a consent form
• Understand the particular importance of considering the patient's level of
understanding and mental state (and also that of the relatives/carers where
relevant) and how this may impair their capacity for informed consent
Principles of delivering bad news to patients and families
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Strategies to communicate to the general population critical care issues and their
impact on the maintenance and improvement of health care.

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Communicate with patients and relatives - give accurate information and re-iterate to
ensure comprehension; clarify ambiguities
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Differentiate competent from incompetent statements by patients
Listen effectively
Use non-verbal communication appropriately
Use available opportunities and resources to assist in the development of personal
communication skills
Communicate effectively with professional colleagues to obtain accurate information
and plan care
Obtain consent/assent for treatment, research, autopsy or organ donation
Preparation of patient lists with clarification of problems and ongoing care plan
Communicate changes in priority to others
Work in a supportive, empathic and non-judgemental manner without collusion
Be confident and comfortable discussing alcohol and drug use with patients
12.4 Involves patients (or their surrogates if applicable) in decisions about care and treatment
12.5 Demonstrates respect of cultural and religious beliefs and an awareness of their impact on
decision making
12.6 Respects privacy, dignity, confidentiality and legal constraints on the use of patient data
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Consent and assent in the competent and non-competent patient
Ethical and legal issues in decision-making for the incompetent patient
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Principles of delivering bad news to patients and families
Communicate with patients and relatives - give accurate information and re-iterate to
ensure comprehension; clarify ambiguities
Involve patients in decisions about their care and treatment when appropriate
Discuss treatment options with a patient or relatives before ICU admission
Differentiate competent from incompetent statements by patients
Obtain consent/assent for treatment, research, autopsy or organ donation
Listen effectively
12.7 Collaborates and consults; promotes team-working
12.8 Ensures continuity of care through effective hand-over of clinical information
12.9 Supports clinical staff outside the ICU to enable the delivery of effective care
12.10 Appropriately supervises, and delegates to others, the delivery of patient care
Management of information
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Principles of professional appraisal and constructive feedback
Act appropriately as a member or leader of the team (according to skills and
experience)
Communicate effectively with professional colleagues to obtain accurate information
and plan care
Consult and take into account the views of referring clinicians; promote their
participation in decision making where appropriate
Liaise with medical and nursing staff in other departments to ensure optimal
communication and continuing care after ICU discharge
Respect, acknowledge and encourage the work of others
Contribute to professional meetings - understand their rules, structure and etiquette
Listen effectively
12.11 Takes responsibility for safe patient care
12.12 Formulates clinical decisions with respect for ethical and legal principles
12.13 Seeks learning opportunities and integrates new knowledge into clinical practice
12.14 Participates in multidisciplinary teaching
12.15 Participates in quality improvement under supervision
Basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
Ethical and legal issues in decision-making for the incompetent patient
Management of information
Principles of crisis management, conflict resolution, negotiation and debriefing
Principles of professional appraisal and constructive feedback

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Principles of adult education and factors that promote learning

Methods of quality improvement and translating findings into sustained change in
practice
Use of information technology to optimize patient care and life-long learning
Identification and critical appraisal of literature; integration of findings into local clinical
practice
Principles of appraisal of evidence: levels of evidence; interventions; diagnostic tests;
prognosis; integrative literature (meta-analyses, practice guidelines, decision and
economic analyses)
Principles of applied research and epidemiology necessary to evaluate new guidelines
/ forms of therapy
Principles of medical research: research questions; protocol design; power analysis,
data collection, data analysis and interpretation of results; manuscript preparation and
publication rules.
Ethical principles involved in conducting research (including subject protection,
consent, confidentiality and competing interests) and national ethical approval
processes
Ethical management of relationships with industry
Participate in the processes of clinical audit, quality improvement, peer review and
continuing medical education
Use a systematic approach to locate, appraise, and assimilate evidence from scientific
studies relevant to a patient's health problem and make an individual assessment of
whether this evidence is relevant to this patient.
Demonstrate initiative in problem solving
Listen effectively
Attentive to detail, punctual, reliable, polite and helpful
Take decisions at a level commensurate with experience; accept the consequences of
these decisions
Identify clinical and clerical tasks requiring attention or predicted to arise
Recognise the most urgent / important tasks and ensure that they are managed
expediently
Organise and manage workload effectively

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Basic sciences
Anatomy
Respiratory system:
Mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, segmental bronchi, structure of
bronchial tree: differences in the child
Airway and respiratory tract, blood supply, innervation and lymphatic drainage
Pleura, mediastinum and its contents Lungs, lobes, microstructure of lungs
Diaphragm, other muscles of respiration, innervations
The thoracic inlet and 1st rib
Interpretation of a chest x-ray
Cardiovascular system:
Heart, chambers, conducting system, blood and nerve supply
Congenital deviations from normal anatomy
Pericardium
Great vessels, main peripheral arteries and veins
Foetal and materno-foetal circulation
Nervous system:
Brain and its subdivisions
Spinal cord, structure of spinal cord, major ascending and descending pathways
Spinal meninges, subarachnoid and extradural space, contents of extradural space
Cerebral blood supply
CSF and its circulation
Spinal nerves, dermatomes
Brachial plexus, nerves of arm
Intercostal nerves
Nerves of abdominal wall
Nerves of leg and foot
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic innervation, sympathetic chain, ganglia and plexuses
Parasympathetic innervations
Stellate ganglion
Cranial nerves: base of skull: trigeminal ganglion
Innervation of the larynx
Eye and orbit
Vertebral column:
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
Interpretation of cervical spinal imaging in trauma
Sacrum, sacral hiatus
Ligaments of vertebral column
Surface anatomy of vertebral spaces, length of cord in child and adult
Surface anatomy:
Structures in antecubital fossa
Structures in axilla: identifying the brachial plexus
Large veins and anterior triangle of neck
Large veins of leg and femoral triangle
Arteries of arm and leg
Landmarks for tracheostomy, cricothyrotomy
Abdominal wall (including the inguinal region): landmarks for suprapubic urinary and
peritoneal lavage catheters
Landmarks for intrapleural drains and emergency pleurocentesis
Landmarks for pericardiocentesis
Abdomen:
Gross anatomy of intra-abdominal organs
Blood supply to abdominal organs and lower body
Physiology & Biochemistry
General:
Organisation of the human body and homeostasis
Variations with age
Function of cells; genes and their expression
Mechanisms of cellular and humoral defence
Cell membrane characteristics; receptors
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Protective mechanisms of the body

Genetics & disease processes
Biochemistry:
Acid base balance and buffers Ions e.g. Na + , K+, Ca++ , Cl-, HCO3-, Mg++, PO4-
Cellular and intermediary metabolism; variations between organs
Enzymes
Body fluids:
Capillary dynamics and interstitial fluid
Oncotic pressure Osmolarity: osmolality, partition of fluids across membranes
Lymphatic system
Special fluids: cerebrospinal, pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids
Haematology & Immunology:
Red blood cells: haemoglobin and its variants
Blood groups
Haemostasis and coagulation; pathological variations
White blood cells Inflammation and its disorders
Immunity and allergy
Muscle:
Action potential generation and its transmission
Neuromuscular junction and transmission
Muscle types
Skeletal muscle contraction
Motor unit
Muscle wasting
Smooth muscle contraction: sphincters
Renal tract:
Blood flow, glomerular filtration and plasma clearance
Tubular function and urine formation
Endocrine functions of kidney
Assessment of renal function Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulation of acid-base balance
Micturition
Pathophysiology of acute renal failure
Respiration:
Gaseous exchange: O2 and CO2 transport, hypoxia and hyper- and hypocapnia,
hyper-and hypobaric pressures
Functions of haemoglobin in oxygen carriage and acid-base equilibrium
Pulmonary ventilation: volumes, flows, dead space
Effect of IPPV and PEEP on lungs and circulation
Mechanics of ventilation: ventilation/perfusion abnormalities
Control of breathing, acute and chronic ventilatory failure, effect of oxygen therapy
Non-respiratory functions of the lungs
Cardio-respiratory interactions in health & disease
Nervous system:
Functions of nerve cells: action potentials, conduction, synaptic mechanisms and
transmitters
The brain: functional divisions
Intracranial pressure: cerebrospinal fluid, blood flow
Maintenance of posture Autonomic nervous system: functions Neurological reflexes
Motor function: spinal and peripheral Senses: receptors, nociception, special senses
Pain: afferent nociceptive pathways, dorsal horn, peripheral and central mechanisms,
neuromodulatory systems, supraspinal mechanisms, visceral pain, neuropathic pain,
influence of therapy on nociceptive mechanisms
Spinal cord: anatomy and blood supply, effects of spinal cord section
Liver:
Functional anatomy and blood supply
Metabolic functions
Tests of function
Effects of alcohol and other drugs on the unborn child, children and families
Recommended limits on alcohol intake

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Gastrointestinal system:
Gastric function; secretions, nausea and vomiting
Gut motility, sphincters and reflex control
Digestive functions and enzymes
Nutrition: calories, nutritional fuels and sources, trace elements, growth factors
Metabolism & Nutrition:
Nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and trace elements
Metabolic pathways, energy production and enzymes; metabolic rate
Hormonal control of metabolism: regulation of plasma glucose, response to trauma
Physiological alterations in starvation, obesity, exercise and the stress response
Body temperature and its regulation
Endocrinology:
Mechanisms of hormonal control: feedback mechanisms, effect on membrane and
intracellular receptors
Central neuro-endocrine interactions
Adrenocortical hormones
Adrenal medulla: adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Pancreas: insulin, glucagon and exocrine function
Thyroid and parathyroid hormones and calcium homeostasis
Pregnancy:
Physiological changes associated with a normal pregnancy and delivery
Materno-foetal, foetal and neonatal circulation Functions of the placenta: placental transfer
Foetus: changes at birth
Pharmacology
Applied chemistry:
Types of intermolecular bonds Laws of diffusion. Diffusion of molecules through
membranes
Solubility and partition coefficients Ionization of drugs
Drug isomerism
Protein binding
Oxidation and reduction
Principles of pharmacology:
Dynamics of drug-receptor interaction
Agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists
Efficacy and potency. Tolerance
Receptor function and regulation
Metabolic pathways; enzymes; drug: enzyme interactions; Michaelis-Menten equation
Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
Mechanisms of drug action
Ion channels: types: relation to receptors. Gating mechanisms
Signal transduction: cell membrane/receptors/ion channels to intracellular molecular
targets, second messengers
Action of gases and vapours
Osmotic effects. pH effects. Adsorption and chelation
Mechanisms of drug interactions
Inhibition and promotion of drug uptake. Competitive protein binding. Receptor
interactions
Effects of metabolites and other degradation products.
Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics
Drug uptake from: gastrointestinal tract, lungs, nasal, transdermal, subcutaneous, IM,
IV, epidural and intrathecal routes
Bioavailability
Factors determining the distribution of drugs: perfusion, molecular size, solubility, protein
binding
The influence of drug formulation on disposition
Distribution of drugs to organs and tissues:
• Body compartments
• Influence of specialised membranes: tissue binding and solubility
• Materno-foetal distribution
• Distribution in CSF and extradural space

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Modes of drug elimination:

• Direct excretion
• Metabolism in organs of excretion: phase I & II mechanisms
• Renal excretion and urinary pH
• Non-organ breakdown of drugs
Pharmacokinetic analysis:
• Concept of a pharmacokinetic compartment
• Apparent volume of distribution
• Orders of kinetics
• Clearance concepts applied to whole body and individual organs
• Simple 1 and 2 compartmental models: concepts of wash-in and washout curves
• Physiological models based on perfusion and partition coefficients
• Effect of organ blood flow: Fick principle
• Pharmacokinetic variation: influence of body size, sex, age, disease, pregnancy,
anaesthesia, trauma, surgery, smoking, alcohol and other drugs
Effects of acute organ failure (liver, kidney) on drug elimination Influence of renal
replacement therapies on clearance of commonly used drugs
Pharmacodynamics: concentration-effect relationships: hysteresis Pharmacogenetics:
familial variation in drug response
Adverse reactions to drugs: hypersensitivity, allergy, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid reactions
Addictive potential of alcohol and other drugs, including prescribed and over-the-
counter medicines
Systemic Pharmacology:
Hypnotics, sedatives and intravenous anaesthetic agents
Simple analgesics
Opioids and other analgesics; Opioid antagonists
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Neuromuscular blocking agents (depolarising and non-depolarising) and anti-
cholinesterases
Drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system (including inotropes, vasodilators,
vasoconstrictors, antiarrhythmics, diuretics)
Drugs acting on the respiratory system (including respiratory stimulants and
bronchodilators)
Antihypertensives
Anticonvulsants
Anti-diabetic agents
Diuretics
Antibiotics
Corticosteroids and other hormone preparations
Antacids. Drugs influencing gastric secretion and motility
Antiemetic agents
Local anaesthetic agents
Immunosuppressants
Principles of therapy based on modulation of inflammatory mediators indications,
actions and limitations
Plasma volume expanders
Antihistamines
Antidepressants
Anticoagulants
Vitamins A-E, folate, B12
Physics & Clinical Measurement
Mathematical concepts:
Relationships and graphs
Concepts of exponential functions and logarithms: wash-in and washout
Basic measurement concepts: linearity, drift, hysteresis, signal: noise ratio, static and
dynamic response
SI units: fundamental and derived units
Other systems of units where relevant to ICM (e.g. mmHg, bar, atmospheres)
Simple mechanics: Mass, Force, Work and Power
Heat:
Freezing point, melting point, latent heat
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Conduction, convection, radiation

Mechanical equivalent of heat: laws of thermodynamics
Measurement of temperature and humidity
Gases & Vapours:
Absolute and relative pressure
The gas laws; triple point; critical temperature and pressure
Density and viscosity of gases
Laminar and turbulent flow; Poiseuille's equation, the Bernoulli principle
Vapour pressure: saturated vapour pressure Measurement of volume and flow in gases
and liquids
The pneumotachograph and other respirometers
Principles of surface tension
Electricity & Magnetism:
Basic concepts of electricity and magnetism
Capacitance, inductance and impedance
Amplifiers: bandwidth, filters
Amplification of biological potentials: ECG, EMG, EEG
Sources of electrical interference
Processing, storage and display of physiological measurements
Bridge circuits
Electrical safety:
Principles of cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators
Electrical hazards: causes and prevention
Electrocution, fires and explosions
Diathermy and its safe use
Basic principles and safety of lasers
Basic principles of ultrasound and the Doppler effect
Pressure & Flow Monitoring:
Principles of pressure transducers Resonance and damping, frequency response
Measurement and units of pressure
Direct and indirect methods of blood pressure measurement; arterial curve analysis
Principles of pulmonary artery and wedge pressure measurement
Cardiac output: Fick principle, thermodilution
Clinical measurement:
Measurement of gas and vapour concentrations, (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous
oxide, and volatile anaesthetic agents) using infrared, paramagnetic, fuel cell, oxygen
electrode and mass spectrometry methods
Measurement of H+, pH, pCO2, pO2
Measurement CO2 production/ oxygen consumption/ respiratory quotient
Colligative properties: osmometry Simple tests of pulmonary function e.g. peak flow
measurement, spirometry
Capnography
Pulse oximetry
Measurement of neuromuscular blockade
Measurement of pain
Data collection:
Simple aspects of study design (research question, selection of the method of
investigation, population, intervention, outcome measures) Power analysis
Defining the outcome measures and the uncertainty of measuring them
The basic concept of meta-analysis and evidence-based medicine
Descriptive statistics:
Types of data and their representation
The normal distribution as an example of parametric distribution
Indices of central tendency and variability
Deductive & inferential statistics:
Simple probability theory and the relation to confidence intervals
The null hypothesis
Choice of simple statistical tests for different data types
Type I and type II errors
Inappropriate use of statistics

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