Reservoir Engineering II

Chapter Three: Material Balance Equation

Fall 2018
Ramyar Adnan
Reservoir Engineering Lecturer
Natural Recourses Engineering and Management Department
University of Kurdistan Hewler
 Contents

• Material balance definition

• Data required for the use of material balance
• Derivation of general material balance equation
• Uses of material balance equation
• Straight-line material balance equation

Ramyar Adnan Reservoir Engineering II-PE402 2

Reservoir Engineering Tasks
• Be able to make dependable estimates of initial
hydrocarbons in place.

• Predict the future reservoir performance.

• Ultimate hydrocarbon recovery.

Ramyar Adnan Reservoir Engineering II-PE402 3

Material Balance Equation
• Basic tool in reservoir engineering.
• Many reservoir engineering techniques involve some
applications of the material balance.
• Principle of conservation of mass underlies the MB equation
• It is, however, written on a volumetric basis.
• Mass of fluids originally in place = fluids produced +
remaining reserves

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Material Balance Equation
• First presented by Schilthuis 1936
• Relates volumes to pressures
• Limited in application since no time dependant terms.
• Provides relationship with reservoir cumulative
production and its average pressure

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Material Balance Equation

• Basic ‘material balance’ equation

The reservoir volume of original fluids in place =

reservoir volume of fluids produced + volume of
remaining reserves

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Material Balance Equation
As a consequence of pressure depletion in a reservoir a
number of things will happen.
• The pore volume of reservoir will decrease
• Connate water will expand
• Undersaturated oil will expand
• Saturated oil will shrink as gas comes out of solution.
• Free gas will expand.
• Water may start flowing into reservoir.
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Material Balance Equation
As pressure reduces, gas, oil,
rock and water expand. Water
Gas Gas
from aquifer will encroach into
the reservoir
𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑂𝑖𝑙

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

Effect of water and formation compressibility

Figure-1: volumetric balance
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Material Balance Equation
• Water and formation compressibility can be considered in
undersaturated reservoirs (above Pb).
• For gas, gas-cap and saturated reservoirs (below Pb) the effect of
water and formation compressibility will be neglected due to high gas
saturation.
Table-1: Range of compressibilities
Compressibility
Formation 3-10 x 10-6 psi-1
Water 2-4 x 10-6 psi-1
Under-saturated oil 5-100 x 10-6 psi-1
Gas at 1000 psi 900-1300 x 10-6 psi-1
Gas at 5000 psiReservoir Engineering50-200 -6 -1
Ramyar Adnan II-PE402 x 10 psi 9
Material Balance Equation
• General material balance equation is simply a volumetric basis
(figure-1).
• The summation of changes in the volumes of oil, gas, water and
formation (rock) must equal to zero
• For example if the volume of both oil and gas reduced then the total
decrease by these two should be balanced by changes of equal
magnitude in both water and rock volumes.
• General MB equation relates:
• Oil, gas and water produced.
• Average reservoir pressure.
• Water volume that may encroach into the reservoir.
• Initial oil and gas in-place.
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Material Balance Equation
Data used in MBE calculations:
• Initial and average reservoir pressure: will be recorded at successive
intervals after the production start.
• Stock tank barrel of oil: measured at 1 atm and 60 F during any production
interval.
• Total gas produced: if gas being injected into the reservoir then this will be
the difference between the total gas produced and those returned to the
reservoir.
• The ratio of initial gas-cap volume to the initial oil volume: from log, core
data and well completion.

intial reservoir gas cap volume

m=
initial reservoir oil volume
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Material Balance Equation
Data used in MBE calculations cont’d:
• Oil and gas formation volume factors and solution gas oil ratios: will
be measured in lab. Measurements on down-hole samples (PVT
tests).
• Quantity of water has been produced
• Quantity of water encroached into the reservoir from aquifer.

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Material Balance Equation

Bob
Rsob
Boi Rsoi

Figure-2: Oil formation volume factor Figure-3: Solution gas-oil ratio

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Material Balance Equation

Ramyar Adnan Figure-4: GasReservoir

formation volume factor
Engineering II-PE402 14
Material Balance Equation
Data used in MBE calculations:
Table-2
Term Name Unit
N Initial reservoir oil STB
Np Cumulative produced oil STB
Boi Initial oil formation volume factor bbl/STB
Bo Oil formation volume factor bbl/STB
G Initial reservoir gas SCF
Gf Free gas in reservoir SCF
Bgi Initial gas formation volume factor bbl/SCF
Bg Gas formation volume factor bbl/SCF
Rsi Initial solution gas-oil ratio SCF/STB

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Rs Solution gas-oil ratio Reservoir Engineering II-PE402
SCF/STB 15
Material Balance Equation
Data used in MBE calculations cont’d:
Term Name Unit
Rp Cumulative produced gas-oil ratio SCF/STB
W Initial reservoir water bbl
Wp Cumulative produced water STB
Bw Water formation volume factor bbl/STB
We Water influx into the reservoir bbl
cw Water compressibility psi-1
∆P Average pressure psi
Swi Initial water saturation Fraction
Vf Initial void space bbl
cf Formation compressibility psi-1
Ramyar Adnan Reservoir Engineering II-PE402 16
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• The derivation of general material balance equation will be divided
into three volume changes between the start of production and any
time.
• Change in oil volume (∆N).
• Change in gas volume (∆G)
• Change in water and rock volume (∆(W+Vf)

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
Change in oil volume
Gas Gas
Above the bubble point(under-
saturated condition) production
NBoi is due to expansion of liquids, (N − Np )Bo
oil and water and reduction in
Water pore volume. Water

Initial reservoir oil volume = 𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢

Remaining Oil volume at time t, and pressure P = (𝐍 − 𝐍𝐩 )𝐁𝐨

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Change in Oil volumeat = 𝐍𝐁 − (𝐍 − 𝐍𝐩 )𝐁𝐨
Reservoir Engineering II-PE402 𝐨𝐢
3-1 18
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝐆𝐁𝐠𝐢 Change in gas volume (𝐆 − 𝐆𝐩 )𝐁𝐠

NBoi (N − Np )Bo
𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫

𝐆𝐁𝐠𝐢
Ratio of initial free gas to initial oil volume = 𝐦 =
𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢

Initial free gas volume = 𝐆𝐁𝐠𝐢 = 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝐭)(𝐒𝐂𝐅) = 𝐆𝐟
= initial free + dissolved − produced − remained in solution

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢
= + 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐩 − [(𝐍 − 𝐍𝐩 )𝐑 𝐬𝐨 ]
𝐁𝐠𝐢

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 (𝐭)

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢
= + 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐩 − (𝐍 − 𝐍𝐩 )𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠
𝐁𝐠𝐢

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢
Ramyar Adnan = 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − + 𝐍𝐑Engineering
Reservoir 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − II-PE402
𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐩 − (𝐍 − 𝐍𝐩 )𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 3-2 20
𝐁𝐠𝐢
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝑮𝑩𝒈𝒊 Change in water volume (𝑮 − 𝑮𝒑 )𝑩𝒈

𝑁𝐵𝑜𝑖 (𝑁 − 𝑁𝑝 )𝐵𝑜
𝑾 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
Initial reservoir watervolume = 𝐖

Cummulative water produced at t = 𝐖𝐩

Reservoir volume of cummulative produced water = 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

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Volume of encroached water at t = 𝐖𝐞
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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
Change in water volume = 𝐖 − (𝐖 + 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 + 𝐖𝐜𝐰 ∆𝐩)
= 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐜𝐰 ∆𝐩 3-3

Initial void space volume = 𝐕𝐟

Change in void space volume = 𝐕𝐟 − 𝐕𝐟 − 𝐕𝐟 𝐜𝐟 ∆𝐩 = −𝐕𝐟 𝐜𝐟 ∆𝐩

Change in void space is the negative of the change in the rock volume
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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Combining the change in water and rock volume in one single term:
𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐜𝐰 ∆𝐩 − 𝐕𝐟 𝐜𝐟 ∆𝐩

𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 +𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢
Since 𝐖 = 𝐕𝐟 𝐒𝐰𝐢 and 𝐕𝐟 =
𝟏−𝐒𝐰𝐢

𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 + 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢
𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐞 − [ ](𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 +𝐜𝐟 )∆𝐩
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐞 − (𝟏 + 𝐦)𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 [ ]∆𝐩 3-4
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𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢 23
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Equating the changes in both oil and gas volumes to the negative
change in water and rock volumes.

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠
𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − 𝐍𝐁𝐨 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − − 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐩 𝐁𝐠
𝐁𝐠𝐢
𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
+ 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 = 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 + (𝟏 + 𝐦)𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 [ ]∆𝐩
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

Add and subtract the term 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 to the left side of the equation

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠
𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − 𝐍𝐁𝐨 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − − 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐩 𝐁𝐠
𝐁𝐠𝐢
+ 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐍𝐩 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 ∆𝐩
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
Grouping terms
𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 + 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 − 𝐍 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠
𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠
+ 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐠 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 −
𝐁𝐠𝐢
𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐨𝐢 ∆𝐩
Ramyar Adnan 𝟏−𝐒
Reservoir Engineering 𝐰𝐢
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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• 𝐁𝐨𝐢 = 𝐁𝐭𝐢 and 𝐁𝐭 = 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨 𝐁𝐠

𝐁𝐠
𝐍 𝐁𝐭𝐢 − 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 𝟏−
𝐁𝐠𝐢

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐖𝐞 − 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 3-5
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Equation 5 can be rearrange to get (General MBE)

𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 3-6
𝐁𝐠𝐢

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
+ 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰
Water
Hydrocarbon production
production
𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢
𝐁𝐠𝐢
Oil expansion
Gas expansion

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
+ 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
Water influx
Ramyar Adnan Connate water andReservoir
voidEngineering
spaceII-PE402
expansion 28
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Equation (3-6) with all terms is used for saturated oil reservoir and
with gas-cap reservoirs.
• Equation 6 can also be modified to be used for different reservoir
types:
• Undersaturated oil reservoirs
• Gas reservoirs

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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝐁𝐠𝐢 𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

• For undersaturated oil reservoir

𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
G 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝐁𝐠𝐢 𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
GBgi
• For gas reservoir
𝑵𝒑 𝑩𝒕 + 𝑮𝒑 − 𝑵𝑹𝒔𝒐𝒊 𝑩𝒈 + 𝑾𝒑 𝑩𝒘
𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
𝐆𝐩 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 = 𝐆 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + 𝐆𝐁𝐠𝐢 ∆𝐩𝒄𝒇+ 𝐖𝐞
𝑺𝒘𝒊 𝒄𝒘 +
= 𝑵 𝑩𝒕 − 𝑩𝒕𝒊 + 𝑮 𝑩𝒈 − 𝑩𝒈𝒊 + 𝑵𝑩𝒕𝒊 + 𝑮𝑩𝒈𝒊𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢 ∆𝒑 + 𝑾𝒆
𝟏 − 𝑺𝒘𝒊
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Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Undersaturated oil reservoirs
𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟 3-7
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
• Gas reservoirs

𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐆𝐩 − 𝐍𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰
3-8

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐆 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + 𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐆𝐁𝐠𝐢 ∆𝐩 + 𝐖𝐞
Ramyar Adnan Reservoir Engineering II-PE402 𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢 32
Derivation of Material Balance Equation
• Since in gas reservoirs there is no amount of initial and produced oil
therefore, equation 8 will be:

𝑺𝒘𝒊 𝒄𝒘 + 𝒄𝒇
𝑮𝒑 𝑩𝒈 + 𝑾𝒑 𝑩𝒘 = 𝑮 𝑩𝒈 − 𝑩𝒈𝒊 + 𝑮𝑩𝒈𝒊 ∆𝒑 + 𝑾𝒆
𝟏 − 𝑺𝒘𝒊
3-9
• Equation 3-9 is the general MBE for gas reservoirs.

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Drive Mechanisms Index
• Equation 6 can be re-arranged to represent the drive mechanisms
that could associate with reservoirs.
• The drive mechanisms indexes could be:

Gas Segregation (gas-cap) drive index (SDI)

𝑂𝑖𝑙 Depletion drive index (DDI)

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 Water drive index (WDI)

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Drive Mechanisms Index
• When all three drive mechanisms exist in one reservoir then the
compressibility term will be neglected from equation 6:

𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + (𝐖𝐞 −𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 )
𝐁𝐠𝐢

• Dividing both sides on left side

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Drive Mechanisms Index

𝐦𝐍𝐁𝐭𝐢
𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢
𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 𝐁𝐠𝐢
+
𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠

(𝐖𝐞 −𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 ) 3-10

+ =𝟏
𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠

𝐃𝐃𝐈 + 𝐒𝐃𝐈 + 𝐖𝐃𝐈 = 𝟏

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Uses of Material Balance Equation
Material balance equation is mainly used for the followings:
• Determining initial hydrocarbons in-place
• Calculating water influx
• Predicting reservoir pressure

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Material Balance Equation as Straight Line
• Havlena and Odeh developed a straight form of material balance
equation.
• The straight-line method begins with adding the below terms to the
equation 6
• 𝐖𝐈 = cummulative water injection
• 𝐆𝐈 = cummulative gas injection
• 𝐁𝐈𝐠 = formation volume factor of injected gas

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Material Balance Equation as Straight Line
𝐅 = 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐈 − 𝐆𝐈 𝐁𝐈𝐠

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟 𝐦𝐁𝐭𝐢
= 𝐍 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐁𝐭𝐢 ( )∆𝐩 + 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 + 𝐖𝐞 3-11
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐁𝐠𝐢
Eo Ef,w Eg
• Havlena and Odeh choose to neglect the effect of formation and
connate water compressibility.
• Havlena and Odeh defined the following terms and re-arranged
equation 11.

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 Material Balance Equation as Straight Line
Net
production 𝐅 = 𝐍𝐩 𝐁𝐭 + 𝐑 𝐩 − 𝐑 𝐬𝐨𝐢 𝐁𝐠 + 𝐖𝐩 𝐁𝐰 − 𝐖𝐈 − 𝐆𝐈 𝐁𝐈𝐠
from
reservoir
𝐄𝐨 = 𝐁𝐭 − 𝐁𝐭𝐢 Oil expansion

𝐒𝐰𝐢 𝐜𝐰 + 𝐜𝐟 Water and formation

𝐄𝐟,𝐰 =( )∆𝐩 expansion
𝟏 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢

𝐄𝐠 = 𝐁𝐠 − 𝐁𝐠𝐢 Gas expansion

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Material Balance Equation as Straight Line
𝐦𝐁𝐭𝐢
𝐅 = 𝐍 𝐄𝐨 + 𝟏 + 𝐦 𝐁𝐭𝐢 𝐄𝐟,𝐰 + 𝐄𝐠 + 𝐖𝐞 3-12
𝐁𝐠𝐢

• For case of no gas-cap, no water influx and neglected compressibility.

Equation 3-12 will be:
𝐅 = 𝐍𝐄𝐨 3-13

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