Nagarajan 2020
Nagarajan 2020
Nagarajan 2020
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to help the researchers, public, industries and government to realize the tremendous trends to improve the
power quality of both sources and load side.
Design/methodology/approach – The work carried out in the Facts device and power quality issues.
Findings – Maintaining the quality of electric power is always a challenging task. The effect of power electronics devices leads to improper power
quality. The use of FACTS devices is preferably the best approach to treat power-quality-related problems. Usually, all FACTS devices are constructed
to operate on the side of either the source side or the load.
Originality/value – This paper explores a broad comprehensive study of various types of power quality problems and classification of FACTS
devices with its recent developments. Furthermore unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is particularly reviewed to highlight the
advantages over other compensating devices. An exhaustive study of literature has been carried out and most significant concepts are
presented
Keywords Power quality problems, FACTS devices, UPQC
Paper type Research paper
Figure 1 Power quality issues transients and waveform distortion (Babaei and Farhadi
Kangarlu, 2011).
2.2 Long duration variation tackle either generation side issue or distribution side issue
The variation in the RMS value of the voltage from its nominal (Sujatha and Anitha, 2015).
values for a time greater than 60 sec is LDV. The LDV is again
classified as under voltage, over voltage, sustained voltage. An 3.1 Static VAR compensator
under voltage is a sudden decrease in RMS voltage to less than The SVC consists of two main building blocks, such as
90 per cent at a power frequency for the duration longer than Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) and Thyristor Controlled
60 s. And it happens when connecting a huge load to domestic Reactor (TCR) which is shown in Figure 3. In TSC a capacitor
distribution system. An overvoltage is an event in which the is connected in series with two opposite pole thyristors. Current
RMS voltage is greater than a fixed level (Graovac et al., 2007). flows through the capacitor only when the opposite pole
These are caused by switching a large load or switching a large thyristors are gated (Imran, 2016; Esfahani and Vahidi, 2015;
capacitor. Chompoo-inwai et al., 2005). TSC is operated to control the
reactive power. One of the major disadvantages is switching
2.3 Transients transients while using TSC.
When the number of positive and negative cycles occur, it is Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) is also connected in
transient in a very short period of time. The main reason for the series with two opposite pole thyristors. Among two thyristors,
occurrence of the transient is a sudden change in voltage or one is conducted in the positive half cycle of the supply
current in power system. This will be classified into impulsive frequency and other is conducted in the negative half cycle of
transient and oscillatory transient. An impulsive transient is a the supply frequency (Orillaza and Wood, 2013). Alpha is the
unidirectional non-power frequency event in which the steady delay for both thyristors. In addition to them, the SVC also
state condition of the voltage, current, or both change have tuned filters to minimize the harmonic current flow into
suddenly. The main source of impulsive transient is lightning the AC system.
strikes directly on the transmission line or from magnetic
induction on nearest lines. An oscillatory transient is also a non- 3.1.1 Recent development on SVC
power frequency event in which the steady-state condition of Sivachandran (2017) deals with the reactive power control of
voltage and current. These transients can occur due to Autonomous Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power Systems (AWDHPS)
resonances during switching operation (Bhui and Senroy, under d-SPACE real time environment. The reactive power
2017). The oscillatory transient is again classified as low- absorption and supply is done by a Static VAR Compensator
frequency oscillation and high-frequency oscillation transients. (SVC) controlled by proportional plus integral controller and
Less than 5 kHz are considered as low-frequency transient and tuned by d-SPACE. Rahmani et al. (2014) has experimented a
more than 500 kHz is considered as high-frequency transients. combination of shunt hybrid power filter (SHPF) and the
thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) is presented for harmonic
2.4 Waveform distortion elimination and reactive power compensation. A Proportional-
The waveform distortion in a system is referred as steady state Integral controller was used, and by using lookup table the
deviation from an ideal sinusoidal waveform. Harmonic is triggering extraction was done to control TCR. Integral
considered as the major waveform distortion, in which compensators were added to eliminate the steady state error
unwanted signals present in the voltage and current waveforms (Table I).
(Khadkikar et al., 2011; Vasumathi and Moorthi., 2012; Swain
and Ray, 2016). The total harmonic deviation equations are as
Figure 3 Schematic of SVC
follows:
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
uP
u 1
u Vh
t
THDvoltage ¼ 100 h¼2 (1)
V1
vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
uP
u 1
u Ih
t
THDcurrent ¼ 100 h¼2 (2)
I1
3.2 Thyristor controlled series compensator system. The optimal TCSC placement is governed by newly
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) contains proposed index of apparent power flow index.
AC capacitor that is connected parallel with a TCR. Because of In this paper (Jha et al., 2016), the harmonic state space
this configuration, the TCSC is sometimes called the fixed model (HSS) for controlled balanced three-phase TCSC is
capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR). It is to be presented which captures the switching instant variation. Also,
noted that since this is a series compensator, its placement is PI controller is presented to exhibit the HSS model’s ability to
not that crucial and it can be placed anywhere in the incorporate controls for possible dynamic harmonic domain
transmission line (de Almeida Carlos and Jacobina, 2017). analysis. And thus by using HSS model the current and voltage
The equivalent reactance of the parallel combination of a distortions are eliminated.
TCR with a fundamental reactance of XL (a) and a
capacitance with a reactance of Xc is given by, 3.3 Dynamic voltage restorer
The power electronic converter-based series compensator that
XC XL ð/Þ can protect a critical load from all supply side disturbance other
Xeq ð/Þ ¼ j (3)
XC XL ð/Þ than outage is called a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which
is illustrated in Figure 4. The DVR is capable of generating or
absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at
3.2.1 Recent development on TCSC its AC output terminal.(SasiKiran and Gowri Manohar, 2015;
In this study (Mercado et al., 2016), a hybrid system is included Nabipour et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016; Shuai et al.,
for ameliorating the voltage stability of test system with 2015; Saleh et al., 2008; Li et al., 2007; Vilathgamuwa et al.,
thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) installation. 2002; Babaei and Farhadi Kangarlu., 2011). By connection,
The hybrid techniques are improved gravitational search the VSI is connected to the network through a transformer and
algorithm (iGSA) and firefly algorithm (FA). The voltage a filter capacitor. A common DC storage capacitor is connected
stability is evaluated with IEEE 6, 14 and 30 bus transmission to the other end of the VSI. Here the transformer not only
Recent power quality issues Circuit World
Ananthan Nagarajan et al.
Figure 4 Structure of DVR Aware, 2010). The VSI is connected through a magnetic
coupling to the utility bus. The exchange of reactive power
between the converter and the AC system can be controlled by
varying the amplitude of the three phase output voltage.
3.4.1 Recent development in STATCOM
He et al. (2017) present reactive power strategy of cascaded
delta-connected STATCOM under asymmetrical voltage
condition. The author said that the STATCOM is an effective
solution for reactive power support in middle/high voltage
condition. Additionally, in this paper, a new phase current
reference calculation method is proposed to support reactive
power (Figure 5).
This paper (Yu et al., 2017) a novel dynamic state estimation
(DSE)-current feedback with STATCOM control scheme is
proposed for mitigation of voltage fluctuation of solid oxide fuel
cell (SOFC) power station connected to complex power grids
during an electrical fault. The SOFC internal dynamic state is
able to closely reflect the transience.
Figure 6 Structure of UPQC Figure 6 illustrates the schematic structure of Unified Power
Quality Conditioner. The series APF is installed to compensate
the source side issues like sag, swell and interruption. And the
shunt APF is used to tackle the load side issues like harmonic
and power factor.
vse ðv tÞ ¼ vl ðv tÞ vs ðv tÞ (7)
Munoz et al., 2009; Khadkikar and Chandra. 2009; Han et al., the proposed control technique is its fast response to the change
2006a; Exposto et al., 2016; Ganguly, 2014c, 2014 b). in load current amplitude.
The different configuration of UPQC with its abbreviations
are tabulated in Table II. And detailed classification view of 4.6 Elimination of waveform distortion using UPQC
UPQC is shown in Figure 7. The combined operation of unified power quality conditioner
(UPQC) with the distributed generation was presented by Han
4.3 Mitigation of short duration variation using UPQC et al. (2006b). The author said that UPQC has compensation
This study proposed a command generator tracker-based direct capability for harmonic current and reactive power, but UPQC
adaptive control technique (CGT-DAC) in a three phase three- has no capability in compensation the voltage interruption
wire unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). CGT is a because there is no energy storage system. By using this
model reference control law for a linear time-invariant system combined operation, the power quality is improved.
with known coefficients and formulated for generation of In three phase, four-wire system both unified power quality
reference signals for both shunt and series inverter model. This conditioner and uninterruptable power supply were used to
technique is introduced to eliminate both the source side and improve the power quality (Modesto et al., 2015). The dual
load side issues like sag, swell and harmonics (Patjoshi and topology was implemented so that the parallel converter is
Mahapatra, 2016). controlled to operate the sinusoidal voltage source. Likewise,
A new algorithm is proposed for power angle control (PAC) series converter is controlled to operate the sinusoidal current
to improve power quality in the distribution system. The source. The series and parallel filtering capabilities were tested
algorithm reduces mathematical complication and its response by supplying balanced and unbalanced non-linear three-phase
time. The new concept is incorporated on triangle rules of loads connected to the 3P4W system.
vector addition/subtraction (Singh et al., 2015), and thus the Control strategy for single-phase transformer less three-leg
short duration variation is eliminated. unified power quality conditioner based on space vector
The author proposes the output regulated based unified modulation were presented (Lu et al., 2016). Author plans to
power quality conditioner (UPQC) with Kalman filter and this eliminate the transformer losses such as hysteresis loss, eddy
novelty is used to eliminate the state component of distorted current loss by using the transformer less circuit was
power supply voltage and load current. Also, it is used as a state implemented. Harmonic distortion of the drawn current can be
observer in this paper (Kwan et al., 2012). Additionally, the reduced with the implementation of MM2, as the shunt
exogenous Kalman filter also facilitates sensitive filtering of converter output current ripple introduced by the modulation
harmonic. process is minimized.
The author investigates the compensation of power quality
4.4 Mitigation of long duration variation using UPQC issues of utility connected micro grid system using unified
The protection of unified power quality conditioner against the power quality conditioner (UPQC) (Senthil Kumar, Rajasekar,
load side short circuit is presented in this paper (Axente et al., and Raj, 2015). Here Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inferences System
2010). The proposed scheme protects the series inverter from (ANFIS) is used to enhance the performance of the series and
overcurrent and overvoltage when the short circuit is on the shunt compensators. The ANFIS is trained off-line and
load side. The author used the crowbar circuit to protect the implemented in the online simulation. This investigation
secondary of the series transformer. The protection scheme is targeted to compensate sag and eliminate the harmonics.
demonstrated in both simulation and hardware in this paper.
Probabilistic estimation of LDV in the distribution system was 5. Conclusion
presented in this paper (Rodrigues et al., 2015). The proposed
method was used in the quasi-sequential Monte Carlo simulation This study elaborates the various power quality problems
method to generate the system operation scenarios. This and their causes in detail. Also the various types of FACTS
simulation method was modulated in the system failures in devices and its recent developments were explained. This
distributed generation. The uncertainties were using time series paper is made to categorize interesting features of the
models and that was tested with IEEE 33 bus system. Unified Power Quality Conditioner by organizing an
A soft switching single phase unified power quality acronymic list. This overview particularly targeted to
conditioner (UPQC) using simple resonant unit is proposed in explain the compensation property of UPQC for all power
this paper (Jiang et al., 2016). Here the author used zero voltage quality illnesses. It is desirable that this study on power
switching (ZVS) for main switches and zero current switching quality issues and improvements will serve as a useful
(ZCS) for auxiliary switches. This soft switching is used to reference guide to the researchers working in the area of
regulate both over voltage and under voltage. Additionally, the power quality enhancement by using UPQC.
shunt active filter is used to compensate the current harmonics
and improve the power factor.
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