Chapter 8 - Current Electricity - Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 ICSE - KnowledgeBoat

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Chapter 8
Current Electricity
Class 10 - Concise Physics Selina
Exercise 8(A)
Question 1
Define the term current and state it's S.I. unit.
Answer
Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge. The S.I. unit of charge is
coulomb and therefore current is measured in coulomb per second which has
been given the name ampere (A).
Question 2
Define the term electric potential. State it's S.I. unit.
Answer
The electric potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done per
unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point.
The S.I. unit of electric potential is volt.
Question 3
How is the electric potential difference between the two points defined? State
it's S.I. unit.
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Answer
The potential difference (p.d.) between two points is equal to the work done per
unit charge in moving a positive test charge from one point to the other. It's S.I.
unit is volt. It is a scalar quantity.
Question 4
Explain the statement 'the potential difference between two points is 1 volt'.
Answer
Prev Exercises Chapters Next
The potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if the work
done in moving 1 coulomb charge from one point to other is 1 joule i.e.,
1 joule
1 volt = = 1 J C-1
1 coulomb

Question 5
(a) State whether the current is a scalar or vector? What does the direction of
current convey?
(b) State whether the potential is a scalar or vector? What does the positive
and negative sign of potential convey?
Answer
(a) Current is a scalar quantity.
By stating the direction of current in a conductor we mean that the direction of

motion of electrons is opposite to it.
(b) Potential is a scalar quantity.
When the potential is positive at a point in the vicinity of a positive charge

since work has to be done on the positive test charge against the
repulsive force due to the positive charge in bringing it from infinity, while
it is negative at a point in the vicinity of a negative charge since the attractive
force on test charge due to the negative charge does work by itself.
Question 6
Define the term resistance. State it's S.I. unit.

Answer
The obstruction offered to the flow of current by the conductor (or wire) is
called it's resistance.
The S.I. unit of resistance is Ohm.
Question 7
(a) Name the particles which are responsible for the flow of current in a metallic
wire.
(b) Explain the flow of current in a metallic wire on the basis of movement of
the particles named by you above in part (a).
(c) What is the cause of resistance offered by the metallic wire in the flow of
current through it?
Answer
(a) The particles which are responsible for the flow of current in a metallic wire
are free electrons.
(b) In a metallic wire, the moving charges are the free electrons which
constitute the current.
If n electrons pass through the cross section of a conductor in time t, then total
charge passed through the conductor is given as
Q (charge) = n × e
and the current in conductor is
Q ne
I= =
t t

(c) When the ends of a metal wire are connected to a cell, the electrons inside
it experience a force in direction from the end at negative potential to positive,
due to which they began to move as shown in the diagram below.
Due to force, their speed increases but during the movement they collide with
the fixed positive ions and loose some of their kinetic energy due to which their
speed decreases. This lost energy heats up the wire.
After the collision, they are again accelerated towards the positive potential due
to the existing potential difference so their speeds again increases and then
again in collision with the positive ions, their speed decreases. This process
continues. As a result, the electrons do not move in bulk with a continuously
increasing speed, but their is a drift of electrons towards the positive terminal.
Thus, a metal wire offers some resistance to the flow of electrons through it.
Question 8
State Ohm's law and draw a neat labelled circuit diagram containing a battery,
a key, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a rheostat and an unknown resistance to verify
it.
Answer
According to Ohm's law, the current flowing in a conductor is directly

proportional to the potential difference applied across it's ends provided
that the physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remain
constant.
If a current I flows in a conductor when the potential difference across it's ends
is V and R is the resistance, then according to Ohm's law V = IR
Below circuit diagram shows the setup for verifying Ohm's law:
Question 9
(a) Name and state the law which relates the potential difference and current in
a conductor.
(b) What is the necessary condition for a conductor to obey the law named
above in part (a)?
Answer
(a) The law which relates the potential difference and current in a conductor is
known as Ohm's law.
Ohm's law states that the current flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across it's ends provided that the
physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remain
constant.
(b) The necessary condition for a conductor to obey Ohm's law is that the
physical conditions and the temperature should remain constant.
Question 10
(a) Draw a V-I graph for a conductor obeying Ohm's law.
(b) What does the slope of V-I graph for a conductor represent?
Answer
(a) V-I graph for a conductor obeying Ohm's law is shown below:
(b) Slope of V-I graph for a conductor represents resistance.
Question 11
Draw an I-V graph for a linear resistor. What does it's slope represent?
Answer
I-V graph for a linear resistor
ΔI
Slope of I-V graph — The slope of I-V graph is which is the reciprocal
ΔV

of resistance of the conductor i.e.,
ΔI 1
Slope = =
ΔV resistance of the conductor

Question 12
What is an ohmic resistor? Give one example of an ohmic resistor. Draw a

graph to show it's current–voltage relationship. How is the resistance of the
resistor determined from this graph?
Answer
The conductors which obey the Ohm's law are called the ohmic resistors or
linear resistances. Examples are all metallic conductors (such as Silver,
Aluminium, Copper, Iron etc.)
Current–Voltage relationship of an ohmic resistor is shown in the below graph:
Resistance is determined in the form of slope from the graph.
Question 13
What are non-ohmic resistors? Give one example and draw a graph to show it's
current-voltage relationship.
Answer
The conductors which do not obey the Ohm's law are known as the non-
ohmic resistors (or non-linear resistances). Examples — LED, solar cell,
junction diode, etc.
Current-Voltage relationship of non-ohmic resistors is shown in the graph

below:
Question 14
Give two differences between an ohmic and non-ohmic resistor.
Answer
Ohmic resistor Non-ohmic resistor
V
It obeys the Ohm's law i.e., V
It does not obey the Ohm's law i.e.,

I
is constant for all values of V I

is not same for all values of V and I.
and I.
The graph for potential The graph for potential difference V

difference V versus current I is versus current I is not a straight line, but
a straight line passing through is a curve which may not pass through
the origin. the origin.
Question 15
Figure below shows the I-V curves for two resistors. Identify the ohmic and
non-ohmic resistors. Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
Graph (a) is non-ohmic resistor and
Graph (b) is ohmic resistor.
The I-V graph for (b) is a straight line or linear while for (a), the graph is a
curve.
Question 16
Draw a V-I graph for a conductor at two different temperatures. What

conclusion do you draw from your graph for the variation of resistance of
conductor with temperature?
Answer
V-I graph of a conductor at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is shown

below:
Figure shows two straight lines A and B on the V-I graph for a conductor at two
different temperatures T1 and T2 (T1 > T2) respectively.
The straight line A is more steeper than the line B because the resistance of
conductor is more at high temperature T1 than at low temperature T2
Question 17
(a) How does the resistance of a wire depend on it's radius? Explain your
answer.
(b) Two copper wires are of same length, but one is thicker than the other.
Which will have more resistance?
Answer
(a) In a thick conductor, electrons get a larger area of cross section to flow as
compared to a thin conductor, therefore a thick wire offers less resistance.
The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to it's area of cross
section (a), normal to the direction of flow of current i.e.,
1
1
R∝
a
Hence,
1
R∝
πr 2

where r is the radius of the wire.
Hence, resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of the

radius of the wire.
(b) As we have seen above that the resistance of a conductor is inversely

proportional to it's area of cross section (a), normal to the direction of flow of
current. Hence, the thin wire, will offer more resistance as it's area of cross
section is less.
Question 18
How does the resistance of a wire depend on it's length ? Give a reason for
your answer.
Answer
Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire.
R∝l
In a long conductor, the number of collisions of free electrons with the positive
ions will be more as compared to a shorter one. Therefore, a longer conductor
offers more resistance. Hence, the resistance of a conductor is directly
proportional to the length of the wire.
Question 19
How does the resistance of a metallic wire depend on it's temperature? Explain
with reason.
Answer
With the increase in temperature of a conductor, the random motion of

electrons increases. As a result, the number of collisions of electrons with the
positive ions increase. Hence, the resistance of a conductor increases with

an increase in it's temperature.
Question 20
Two wires, one of copper and other of iron, are of the same length and same
radius. Which will have more resistance? Give reason.
Answer
The iron wire will have more resistance.
Iron wire has more resistance as compared to copper because specific

resistance of iron is more than that of copper.
Question 21
Name three factors on which resistance of a given wire depends and state how
it is affected by the factors stated by you?
Answer
The three factors on which the resistance of wire depends are —
1. Dependence on length of the wire — the resistance of a wire is directly

proportional to the length of the wire.
R∝l
2. Dependence on the thickness of the wire — the resistance of a wire is
inversely proportional to it's area of cross section (a) normal to the
direction of flow of current.
1
R∝
a

3. Dependence on the temperature of the wire — the resistance of

conductor increases with an increase in it's temperature.
Question 22
Define the term specific resistance and state it's S.I. unit.
Answer
Specific resistance of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material

of unit length and unit area of cross section.
The S.I. unit of specific resistance is ohm × metre or (Ω m)
Question 23
Write an expression connecting the resistance of a wire and specific resistance

of it's material. State the meaning of symbols used.
Answer
The expression is —
l
R=ρ
a
where
R = resistance of wire
ρ = specific resistance of the material of wire
l = length of wire
a = area of cross section of wire
Question 24
State the order of specific resistance of (i) a metal, (ii) a semiconductor and (iii)
an insulator.
Answer
The order of specific resistance is as follows:
1. The specific resistance is very low for metals, because it allows most of
current to pass through it.
2. The specific resistance is low for semiconductor.
3. The specific resistance is very high for insulators, as the current won't
pass through it.
Question 25
(a) Name two factors on which the specific resistance of a wire depends?
(b) Two wires A and B are made of copper. The wire A is long and thin while the
wire B is short and thick. Which will have more specific resistance?
Answer
(a) Two factors on which the specific resistance of a wire depends are —
1. Material of the substance — It is a characteristic property of the

substance. It is different for different substances.
2. Temperature of the substance — It increases with the increase in
temperature for metals, but it decreases with the increase in temperature
for the semiconductor.
(b) Both the wires will have the same specific resistance because the specific
resistance is a characteristic property of the material and as both the wires are
of copper hence both will have same specific resistance.
Question 26
Name a substance of which the specific resistance remains almost unchanged

by the increase in temperature.
Answer
The substance whose specific resistance remains almost unchanged with

increase in temperature is manganin.
Question 27
How does the specific resistance of a semi-conductor change with the increase
in temperature?
Answer
The specific resistance of a semi-conductor decreases with the increase in

temperature.
Question 28
How does (a) resistance, and (b) specific resistance of a wire depend on it's (i)
length, and (ii) radius?
Answer
(a) Dependency of resistance of a wire is as follows:
1. Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to length of the wire.
2. Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of radius of

the wire.
(b) Dependency of specific resistance of a wire is as follows:
1. Specific resistance of a wire does not depend on length of the wire as it

is a characteristic property of the material of wire.
2. Specific resistance of a wire does not depend on radius of the wire as it
is a characteristic property of the material of wire.
Question 29
(a) Name the material used for making connection wires. Give reason for your
answer.
(b) Why should a connection wire be thick?
Answer
(a) Copper or aluminium materials are used for making connection wires
because their specific resistance is very low and hence they possess least
possible resistance.
Due to low (or negligible) resistance of connection wires, the current in circuit
remains unaffected, and the loss of energy due to heating is prevented. Hence,
they are made of materials such as copper or aluminium, whose specific
resistance is very small.
(b) The connection wires are made thick so that their resistance becomes
low.
Question 30
Name a material which is used for making the standard resistor. Give a reason.
Answer
Standard resistors are made of magnanin, constantan etc. for which the
specific resistance is high and the effect of change in temperature on their
resistance is negligible.
Question 31
Name the material used for making fuse wire. Give a reason.
Answer
The material used for making fuse wire is an alloy of lead and tin because it's
melting point is low and it's specific resistance is more than that of copper or
aluminium so that the resistance of a short and thin fuse wire is more than that
of the connecting wire. It permits current upto it's safe limit to pass through it,
but an excessive current melts it so that it blows off and the circuit is broken.
Question 32
Name the material used for (i) filament of an electric bulb and (ii) heating
element of a room heater.
Answer
(i) The material used for the filament of an electric bulb is a tungsten wire
because it has a high melting point.
(ii) The material used for the heating element of a room heater is nichrome
because the specific resistance of nichrome is high and it's resistance
increases to a great extent with the increase in temperature.
Question 33
What is a superconductor ? Give one example of it.
Answer
A superconductor is a substance of zero resistance (or infinite

conductance) at a very low temperature.
Example — Mercury below 4.2 K, lead below 7.25 K and niobium below 9.2
K
Resistances of these substances decrease tremendously with the decrease in

temperature and become almost zero in the low temperature range near
absolute zero. Zero resistance of a superconductor means it's infinite
conductivity (i.e., once a current starts flowing in a superconductor, it persists
even when there is no potential across it).
Question 34
A substance has zero resistance below 1 K. What is such a substance called ?
Answer
A substance of zero resistance (or infinite conductance) at a very low

temperature is called a superconductor.
Multiple Choice Type
Question 1
Which of the following is an ohmic resistance?
1. LED
2. junction diode
3. filament of a bulb
4. nichrome wire ✓
Answer
The conductors which obey the Ohm's law are called the ohmic resistors
or linear resistances.
A Nichrome wire obeys Ohm's law hence it is an ohmic resistor.
Question 2
For which of the following substances, resistance decreases with increase in

temperature?
1. copper
2. mercury
3. carbon ✓
4. platinum
Answer
Resistance decreases with increase in temperature for carbon.
Numericals
Question 1
In a conductor, 6.25 × 1016 electrons flow from it's end A to B in 2 s. Find the
current flowing through the conductor. (e = 1.6 × 10-19 C)
Answer
Given,
Number of electrons flowing (n) = 6.25 × 1016
Time taken (t) = 2 s
e = 1.6 × 10-19 C
Current in conductor is given by,

ne
I=
t

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,
6.25 × 1016 × 1.6 × 10−19

I=
2

6.25 × 1.6 × 10−3

I=
2

I = 6.25 × 0.8 × 10−3

I = 5 × 10−3 A
Hence, the current flowing through the conductor = 5 mA from B to A
Question 2
A current of 1.6 mA flows through a conductor. If charge on an electron is -1.6 x

10-19 coulomb, find the number of electrons that will pass each second through
the cross section of that conductor.
Answer
Given,
Current (I) = 1.6 mA = 1.6 × 10-3 A
Charge of one electron = -1.6 × 10-19 coulomb
t=1s
Charge flowing through the conductor in one second
Charge (Q) = current (I) x time (t)
Q = 1.6 x 10-3 x 1 = 1.6 x 10-3
Hence,
Total charge flowing

No. of electrons =
Charge on one electron

1.6 × 10−3
=
1.6 × 10−19

= 1016
Therefore, the number of electrons that will pass each second through the
cross section of that conductor = 1016
Question 3
Find the potential difference required to flow a current of 200 mA in a wire of

resistance 20 Ω.
Answer
Given,
Current (I) = 200 mA = 0.2 A
Resistance (R) = 20 Ω
Potential difference (V) = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
V = 0.2 × 20
V=4V
Hence, the required potential difference = 4 V
Question 4
An electric bulb draws 1.2 A current at 6.0 V. Find the resistance of filament of
bulb while glowing.
Answer
Given,
Current (I) = 1.2 A
Potential difference (V) = 6.0 V
Resistance (R) = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
6 = 1.2 × R
6
⇒R=
1.2

⇒ R = 5Ω
Hence, resistance of filament of bulb = 5 Ω
Question 5
A car bulb connected to a 12 volt battery draws 2 A current when glowing. What
is the resistance of the filament of the bulb? Will the resistance be more, same
or less when the bulb is not glowing.
Answer
Given,
Potential difference (V) = 12 V
Current (I) = 2 A
Resistance = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
12 = 2 × R
12
⇒R=
2

⇒ R = 6Ω
Hence, the resistance of the filament of the bulb = 6 Ω
The resistance will be less when the bulb is not glowing.
Question 6
Calculate the current flowing through a wire of resistance 5 Ω connected to a

battery of potential difference 3 V.
Answer
Given,
Resistance (R) = 5 Ohm
Current (I) = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
3=I ×5
3
⇒I=
5

⇒ I = 0.6A
Hence, the current flowing through the wire = 6 A
Question 7
In an experiment of verification of Ohm's law, following observations are

obtained.
Potential difference V (in volt) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Current I (in amp) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Draw a V-I graph and use this graph to find —
(a) the potential difference V when the current I is 0.5 A.
(b) the current I when the potential difference V is 0.75 V.
(c) the resistance in circuit.
Answer
V-I graph for the readings is shown below:
(a) We can observe from the graph that when current is 0.5 A then potential
difference is 1.25 V.
(b) We can observe from the graph that when potential difference is 0.75 V,
then current is 0.3 A.
(c) Slope of the graph gives the resistance, and as the graph is linear
So, if potential difference (V) = 1.0 V
current (I) = 0.4 A
From Ohm's law
V = IR
1.0 = 0.4 × R
1.0
⇒R=
0.4

10
⇒R=
4

⇒ R = 2.5Ω
Hence, the resistance in circuit = 2.5 Ω
Question 8
Two wires of the same material and same length have radii 1 mm and 2 mm
respectively. Compare (i) their resistances (ii) their specific resistance.
Answer
l l
(i) R = ρ =ρ
πr 2

a
Resistance for wire of radius 1 mm,
l l
R1 = ρ = ρ
π12

π
Resistance for wire of radius 2 mm,
l l
R2 = ρ =ρ
π22

π4
Hence, ratio between the two,
R1 : R2
l
ρ
= π
l

ρ
π4
4
=
1

=4:1
Hence, the ratio of resistance between the two wires = 4 : 1
(ii) The specific resistance of the two wires will be same because the specific
resistance is a characteristic property of the material, hence it does not change
with radius.
Therefore, ratio of specific resistance between the two wires = 1 : 1
Question 9
A given wire of resistance 1 Ω is stretched to double it's length. What will be it's
new resistance?
Answer
When the wire is stretched to double it's length, it's area of cross section
becomes half and it's length becomes double.
Let, a be the area of initial cross section and ρ be the specific resistance of the
material of wire.
Then,
length = l,
R = 1 Ω,
new length = 2l,

a
new area =
2

From relation
l l
l l
R=ρ =ρ
πr 2

a
l
Initial resistance R1 = 1 = ρ
[Equation 1]
a
2l 4l
New resistance Rn = ρ a = ρ
[Equation 2]
a
2

On dividing eqn (ii) by (i), we get,
4l
Rn ρ
= a

1 l

ρ
a
⇒ Rn = 4Ω
Hence, the new resistance = 4 Ω.
Question 10
A wire of resistance 3 ohm and length 10 cm is stretched to length 30 cm.

Assuming that it has a uniform cross-section, what will be it's new resistance?
Answer
Given,
Length (l) = 10 cm
material of wire.
Then,
R=3Ω
length = 10 cm,
new length = 30 cm,

a
new area a =
3

From relation
l l
R=ρ =ρ
πr 2

a
10
Initial resistance 3 = ρ [Equation 1]
a
30 90
New resistance R2 = ρ a = ρ [Equation 2]
a
3

On dividing eqn (i) by (ii), we get,
10
3 ρ
= a
90

R2
ρ
a
3 10
=
90

R2
3 1
=
9

R2
⇒ R2 = 3 × 9

⇒ R2 = 27Ω
Question 11
A wire of resistance 9 Ohm having length 30 cm is tripled on itself. What is it's

new resistance?
Answer
Given,
When the wire is tripled on itself, it's area of cross section becomes thrice and
l
it's length becomes .
3

material of wire.
Then,
length = 30 cm,
l 30
new length = = = 10 cm,
3 3

new area an = 3a
From relation
l
R=ρ
a
30
Initial resistance 9 = ρ [Equation 1]
a
10
New resistance Rn = ρ [Equation 2]
3a

On dividing eqn (ii) by (i), we get,
10
Rn ρ
= 3a

9 30

ρ
a
Rn 10
=

9 90

Rn 1
=

9 9

Rn = 1Ω

Question 12
What length of copper wire of specific resistance 1.7 x 10-8 Ω m and radius 1
mm is required so that it's resistance is 1 Ω.
Answer
Given,
Specific resistance ρ = 1.7 × 10-8ohm m
Radius r = 1 mm = 10-3m
Resistance R = 1 Ω
Length l = ?
From relation
l l
R=ρ =ρ
πr 2

a
l
1 = 1.7 × 10−8
π(10−3 )2

l
1 = 1.7 × 10−8
3.14 × (10−3 )2

1.7 × 10−2 × l
1=
3.14

1.7 × l
1=
314

314
⇒l =
1.7

⇒l = 184.7m
Hence, the length of the copper wire = 184.7 m.
Question 13
The filament of a bulb takes a current 100 mA when potential difference across
it is 0.2 V. When the potential difference across it becomes 1.0 V, the current
becomes 400 mA. Calculate the resistance of filament in each case and
account for the difference.
Answer
Case 1 —
Current (I) = 100 m A = 0.1 A
Potential Difference (V) = 0.2 V
From Ohm's law

V = IR
0.2 = 0.1 × R
0.2
⇒R=
0.1

⇒ R = 2Ω
Hence, resistance of filament of bulb = 2 Ω
Case 2 —
Current (I) = 400 m A = 0.4 A
Potentia Difference (V) = 1.0 V
From Ohm's law
V = IR
1.0 = 0.4 × R
1.0
⇒R=
0.4

⇒ R = 2.5Ω
Hence, resistance of filament of bulb = 2.5 Ω
Therefore, we observe that with increase in temperature resistance of the wire

increases.
Hence, resistance of filament increases with the increase in temperature.

Exercise 8(B)
Question 1
Explain the meaning of the terms e.m.f., terminal voltage and internal
resistance of a cell.
Answer
e.m.f — e.m.f of a cell is defined as the energy spent (or the work done) per
unit charge in taking a positive test charge around the complete circuit of the
cell. (i.e., in the circuit outside the cell as well as in the electrolyte inside the
cell).
Terminal voltage — The terminal voltage of a cell is defined as the work done
per unit charge in carrying a positive test charge around the circuit connected
across the terminals of the cell.
Internal resistance — The resistance offered by the electrolyte inside the cell,
to the flow of current, is known as the internal resistance of the cell.
Question 2
State two differences between the e.m.f. and terminal voltage of a cell.
Answer
E.m.f of cell Terminal voltage of cell
It is measured by the amount of work It is measured by the amount of

done per unit change in moving a work done per unit charge in
positive test charge in the complete moving a positive test charge in
circuit inside and outside the cell. the circuit outside the cell.
It depends on the amount of

It is the the characteristic of the cell,
current drawn from the cell.
i.e., it does not depend on the amount
More the current drawn from the
of current drawn from the cell.
cell, less is the terminal voltage.
Question 3
Name two factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends and state
how does it depend on the factors stated by you.
Answer
The factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends are —
1. The surface area of the electrodes — larger the surface area of

electrodes, less is the internal resistance.
2. The distance between the electrodes — more the distance between the
electrodes, greater is the internal resistance.
Question 4
A cell of e.m.f. ε and internal resistance r is used to send current to an external

resistance R. Write expressions for (a) the total resistance of circuit, (b) the
current drawn from the cell, (c) the p.d. across the cell, and (d) voltage drop
inside the cell.
Answer
Given,
e.m.f. = ε
internal resistance = r
external resistance = R
(a) The total resistance of circuit = R + r
(b) The current drawn from the cell
e.m.f.of cell ε
I= =
total resistance (R + r)

(c) the p.d. across the cell = V = IR
Substituting from above,

ε
V= xR
(R + r)

(d) voltage drop inside the cell V = Ir
Substituting from above,

ε
V= xr
(R + r)

Question 5
A cell is used to send current to an external circuit. (a) How does the voltage
across it's terminals compare with it's e.m.f. ? (b) Under what condition is the
e.m.f. of the cell equal to it's terminal voltage?
Answer
(a) When a cell is used to send current to an external circuit, it's terminal
voltage V is less than it's e.m.f.
Hence, terminal voltage < e.m.f.
(b) The emf of the cell is equal to it's terminal voltage when no current is
drawn.
Question 6
Explain why is the p.d. across the terminals of a cell is more in an open circuit
and reduced in a closed circuit.
Answer
In a closed circuit, the current flows through the circuit. There is a fall of
potential across the internal resistance of the cell. Hence, the p.d. across the
terminals in a closed circuit is less than the p.d. across the terminals in an open
circuit by an amount equal to the potential drop across the internal resistance
of the cell.
Hence, the p.d. across the terminals of a cell is more in an open circuit and
reduced in a closed circuit.
Question 7
Write the expressions for the equivalent resistance R of three resistors R1, R2
and R3 joined in (a) parallel, (b) series.
Answer
(a) Equivalent resistance R of three resistors R1, R2 and R3 joined in parallel is

given by —
1 1 1 1
=
+ +
R R 1 R2 R3
(b) Equivalent resistance R of three resistors R1, R2 and R3 joined in series is

given by —
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Question 8
How would you connect two resistors in series? Draw a diagram. Calculate the
total equivalent resistance.
Answer
Below diagram shows two resistors connected in series:
If current I is drawn from the battery, the current through each resistor will also
be I.
By Ohm's law,
p.d. between A and B is V1 = VA - VB = IR1
p.d. between B and C is V2 = VB - VC = IR2
Adding these we get,
V = V1 + V2
= VA - VB + VB - VC
= VA - VC
= IR1 + IR2
= I (R1 + R2) [Equation 1]
If the equivalent resistance between the points A and C is RS, then the potential
difference between the points A and C is
V = VA - VC = IRS [Equation 2]
Therefore from equation 1 and 2,
IRS = I (R1 + R2)
⇒ RS = R1 + R2
Thus, in the series combination, the equivalent resistance is equal to the sum
of the individual resistances.
Question 9
Show by a diagram how two resistors R1 and R2 are joined in parallel. Obtain
an expression for the total resistance of combination.
Answer
Below diagram shows two resistors connected in parallel:
Let I1 and I2 be the currents through the resistances R1 and R2 respectively,

then total current drawn from the battery is
I = I1 + I2 [Equation 1]
If potential difference between the two ends A and B is V, then by Ohm's law
V
current in R1 is I1 =
R1
V
current in R2 is I2 =
R2
On adding these,
V V
I1 + I2 = + [Equation 2]
R1 R2

If the equivalent resistance of the combination between the points A and C is

Rp, then total current drawn from the source is
V
I=
[Equation 3]
Rp
Substituting the values of I and I1 + I2 from equation 3 and 2 in 1, we get,
V 1 1
=V( + )
Rp
R1 R2
1 1 1
⇒ = +
Rp R1 R2
Thus, in the parallel combination, the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is

equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
Question 10
State how are the two resistors joined with a battery in each of the following
cases when —
(a) same current flows in each resistor,
(b) potential difference is same across each resistor,
(c) equivalent resistance is less than either of the two resistances,
(d) equivalent resistance is more than either of the two resistances.
Answer
(a) When same current flows in each resistor, then the two resistors are joined
in series
(b) When potential difference is same across each resistor, then the two
resistors are joined in parallel
(c) When equivalent resistance is less than either of the two resistances, then
the two resistors are joined in parallel
(d) When equivalent resistance is more than either of the two resistances, then
the two resistors are joined in series
Question 11
The V-I graph for a series combination and for a parallel combination of two
resistors is shown in figure. Which of the two, A or B, represents the parallel
combination? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
The slope of V-I graph gives the resistance. Since the straight line A is less
steeper than B, so the straight line A represents small resistance. In parallel
combination, the equivalent resistance is less than in series combination so A

represents the parallel combination.
Question 1
In series combination of resistances —
1. p.d. is same across each resistance

2. total resistance is reduced
3. current is same in each resistance ✓
4. all of the above are true
Answer
Current is same in each resistance in series combination of resistances. The

current has a single path to flow, hence, same current passes through each
resistor.
Question 2
In parallel combination of resistances —
1. p.d. is same across each resistance ✓

2. total resistance is increased
3. current is same in each resistance
4. all of the above are true
Answer
Potential difference is same across each resistor in parallel combination of

resistances, which is equal to the potential difference across the terminals of
the battery (or source).
Question 3
Which of the following combinations have the same equivalent resistance

between X and Y?
Answer
(a) and (d) have the same equivalent resistance between X and Y.
(a) In the circuit, two resistors of 2 Ω each are connected in parallel. In parallel,
the equivalent resistance is RP, then
1 1 1
= +
2 2

RP
1 2
=
2

RP
⇒ RP = 1Ω
Hence, RP = 1 Ω
(b) In the circuit, three resistors of 1 Ω, 1 Ω and 2 Ω are connected in parallel.

In parallel, the equivalent resistance is RP, then
1 1 1 1
= + +
1 1 2

RP
1 2+2+1
=
2

RP
2
⇒ RP = Ω
5

⇒ RP = 0.4Ω
Hence, RP = 0.4 Ω
(c) In the circuit two resistors of 1 Ω each are connected in parallel. In parallel,
the equivalent resistance is RP, then
1 1 1
= +
1 1

RP
1 1+1
=
1

RP
1 2
=
1

RP
1
RP =
2

⇒ RP = 0.5Ω
Hence, RP = 0.5 Ω
(d) In the circuit there are three parts. In the first part two resistor of 1 Ω each
are connected in series. In series, the equivalent resistance is R'S, then
R'S = (1 + 1) Ω = 2 Ω
In the second part two resistor of 1 Ω each are connected in series. In series,
the equivalent resistance is R''S, then
R''S = (1 + 1) Ω = 2 Ω
In the third part,R'S and R''S are in parallel, the equivalent resistance is RP,
then
1 1 1
= +
2 2

RP
1 1+1
=
2

RP
1 2
=
2

RP
⇒ RP = 1Ω
Hence, RP = 1 Ω
Therefore, on observing the values we can say that (a) and (d) have same
equivalent resistances i.e., 1 Ω.
Numericals
Question 1
The diagram in figure shows a cell of e.m.f. ε = 2 volt and internal resistance r =
1 ohm connected to an external resistance R = 4 ohm. The ammeter A
measures the current in the circuit and the voltmeter V measures the terminal
voltage across the cell. What will be the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter
when (i) the key K is open, and (ii) the key K is closed.
Answer
Given,
e.m.f. ε = 2 volt
resistance r = 1 ohm
external resistance R = 4 ohm
(i) When the key is open then no current is flowing in the circuit and hence the
ammeter reading = 0
From relation,
Voltage (V) = ε – Ir
Substituting the values in the formula we get,
V = 2 – (0 × 1)
V = 2 volt
Hence, voltmeter reading = 2 volt
(ii) When key is closed, current drawn from the cell,
e.m.f. of cell ε
I= =
total resistance R+r

2
I=
4+1

2
I=
5

⇒ I = 0.4 ampere
Hence, ammeter reading = 0.4 ampere
From relation,
V = 2 - (0.4 x 1) = 1.6 V
Hence, voltmeter reading = 1.6 volt
Question 2
A battery of e.m.f. 3.0 V supplies current through a circuit in which resistance

can be changed. A high resistance voltmeter is connected across the battery.
When the current is 1.5 A, the voltmeter reads 2.7 V. Find the internal
resistance of the battery.
Answer
Given,
e.m.f. (ε) = 3.0 V
Current (I) = 1.5 A

Potential difference (V) = 2.7 V
r=?
From relation,
V = ε – Ir
2.7 = 3 − (1.5r)
1.5r = 3 − 2.7
1.5r = 0.3
0.3
r=
1.5

3
r=
15

⇒ r = 0.2Ω
Hence, internal resistance of the battery = 0.2 Ω
Question 3
A cell of emf 1.8 V and internal resistance 2 Ω is connected in series with an

ammeter of resistance 0.7 Ω and resistance of 4.5 Ω as shown in figure.
(a) What would be the reading of the ammeter?
(b) What is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell ?
Answer
(a) Given,
e.m.f. (ε) = 1.8 V
Internal resistance (r) = 2 Ω
I=?
Total resistance of arrangement = 2 + 0.7 + 4.5 = 7.2 Ω
From relation,
ε
I=
R
1.8
I=
7.2

I = 0.25A
Hence, reading of ammeter = 0.25 A
(b) Current (I) = 0.25 A
total resistance (excluding internal resistance) = 4.5 + 0.7 = 5.2 ohm
Using ohm's law
V = IR
V = 0.25 × 5.2
V = 1.3 V
Hence, potential difference across the terminals of the battery = 1.3 V
Question 4
A music system draws a current of 400 mA when connected to a 12 V battery.
(a) What is the resistance of the music system ?
(b) The music system if left playing for several hours and finally the battery
voltage drops and the music system stops playing when the current drops to
320 mA. At what battery voltage does the music system stop playing.
Answer
Given,
I = 400 mA = 400 x 10-3 = 0.4 A
V = 12 V
From Ohm's law,
V = IR
12 = 0.4 × R
12
⇒R=
0.4

⇒ R = 30Ω
Hence, the resistance of the music system = 30 Ω
(b) Given,
I = 320 mA = 320 x 10-3 A = 0.32 A
R = 30 Ω
From Ohm's law,
V = IR
V = 0.32 x 30 = 9.6V
Hence, the battery voltage when the music system stops playing = 9.6 V
Question 5
A cell of e.m.f. ε and internal resistance r sends a current of 1.0 A when it is

connected to an external resistance of 1.9 ohm. But it sends a current of 0.5 A
when it is connected to an external resistance of 3.9 ohm. Calculate the values
of ε and r.
Answer
Given,
e.m.f. = ε
internal resistance = r
current (I) = 1.0 A
external resistance (R) = 1.9 ohm
Case 1
From relation,
ε = I (R + r)
Substituting the value in the formula above we get,
ε = 1 (1.9 + r)
ε = 1.9 + r [Equation 1]
In second case,
I = 0.5 A,
R = 3.9 Ω
ε = 0.5 (3.9 + r)
ε = 1.95 + 0.5r [Equation 2]
Equating 1 and 2 we get,
1.9 + r = 1.95 + 0.5r

r − 0.5r = 1.95 − 1.9
0.5r = 0.05
0.05
⇒r=
0.5

⇒ r = 0.1Ω
Now, substituting the value of r in equation 1, we get,
ε = 1.9 + 0.1
ε=2V
Hence, ε = 2 V , r = 0.1 Ω
Question 6
Two resistors having resistance 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel. Find

their equivalent resistance.
Answer
In parallel, if the equivalent resistance is RP, then
1 1 1
+
=
RP R1
R2
1 1 1
= +
4 6

RP
1 3+2
=
12

RP
1 5
=
12

RP
12
RP =
5

⇒ RP = 2.4Ω
Hence, equivalent resistance = 2.4 Ω
Question 7
Four resistors each of resistance 2 ohm are connected in parallel. What is the
effective resistance?
Answer
Give,
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 2 Ω
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
RP R1 R2 R3 R4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
2 2 2 2

RP
1 4
=
2

RP
1

=2
RP
⇒ RP = 0.5Ω
Question 8
You have three resistors of values 2 Ω, 3 Ω and 5 Ω . How will you join them so
that the total resistance is less than 1 Ω ? Draw diagram and find the total
resistance.
Answer
In order to get a total resistance less than 1 Ω, the three resistors of values 2
Ω, 3 Ω and 5 Ω, should be connected in parallel as shown in the diagram
below:
1 1 1 1
= + +
RP R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
2 3 5

RP
1 15 + 10 + 6
=
30

RP
1 31
=
30

RP
⇒ RP = 0.97Ω
Hence, the three resistors should be connected in parallel and total

resistance = 0.97 Ω
Question 9
Three resistors each of 2 Ω are connected together so that their total resistance
is 3 Ω. Draw a diagram to show this arrangement and check it by calculation.
Answer
When two resistors (2 Ω each) in parallel combination are connected to the

third resistor (2 Ω) in series connection then the resultant resistance is 3 Ω. The
below diagram shows this arrangement of resistors:
To verify,
Total resistance of two resistors in parallel,
1 1 1
= +
RP R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
2 2

RP
1 2
=
2

RP
⇒ RP = 1Ω
Hence, RP = 1 Ω
In series connection,
Equivalent resistance = RE = RP + R3
=1+2=3Ω
Hence, Equivalent resistance = 3 Ω
Question 10
Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points A and B in figure if each
resistance is 2.0 Ω.
Answer
Let the resistors be R1, R2, R3, R4 each of 2.0 Ω.
1 1 1
= +
RP R3 R4
1 1 1
= +
2 2

RP
1 2
=
2

RP
⇒ RP = 1Ω
Hence, RP = 1 Ω
In series connection,
Equivalent resistance = RE = R1 + R2 + RP
=2+2+1=5Ω
Hence, Equivalent resistance = 5 Ω
Question 11
A combination consists of three resistors in series. Four similar sets are

connected in parallel. If the resistance of each resistor is 2 ohm, find the
resistance of the combination.
Answer
Let the four set of resistors be R1, R2, R3, R4 .
As each set consists of three resistors of 2 Ω each in series:

Resistance of each set = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 Ω
As four similar sets of equivalent resistance 6 Ω are arranged in parallel, so the

equivalent resistance (RP) will be:
1 1 1 1 1
= + +

+
RP R1 R2 R3 R4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
6 6 6 6

RP
1 4
=
6

RP
6
RP =
4

⇒ RP = 1.5Ω
Question 12
In the circuit shown below in figure, calculate the value of x if the equivalent
resistance between the points A and B is 4 Ω.
Answer
In the circuit, there are three parts. In the first part, resistors of 4 Ω and 8 Ω are
connected in series. If the equivalent resistance of this part is R's then
R's = 4 + 8 = 12 Ω
In the second part, resistors of x Ω and 5 Ω are connected in series. If the

equivalent resistance of this part is R''s then
R''s = (x + 5) Ω
In the third part, the two parts of resistance R's = 12 Ω and R''s = (x + 5) Ω are
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance between points A and B is Rp
then
1 1 1
= ′ + ′′
Rp Rs Rs
1 1 1
= +
12 x + 5

Rp
But it is given that equivalent resistance between points A and B is 4 Ω

∴ Rp = 4 Ω
Putting value of Rp in the equation above and solving for x:
1 1 1
= +
4 12 x + 5

1 x + 5 + 12
=
4 12(x + 5)

1 x + 17
=
4 12(x + 5)

12(x + 5)
= x + 17
4

3(x + 5) = x + 17
3x + 15 = x + 17
3x − x = 17 − 15
2x = 2
⇒ x = 1Ω
Hence, the value of x = 1 Ω
Question 13
Calculate the effective resistance between the points A and B in the circuit
shown in figure.
Answer
In the circuit, there are four parts. In the first part, three resistors of 1 Ω each
are connected in series. If the equivalent resistance of this part is R's then
R's = (1 + 1 + 1) Ω = 3 Ω
In the second part, three resistors of 2 Ω each are connected in series. If the
R''s = (2 + 2 + 2) Ω = 6 Ω
In the third part, the two parts of resistance R's = 3 Ω and R''s = 6 Ω and 2 Ω
are connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance is Rp then
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rs′ 2 Rs′′

Rp
1 1 1 1
= + +
3 2 6

Rp
1 2+3+1
=
6

Rp
1 6
=
6

Rp
⇒ Rp = 1Ω
∴ Rp = 1 Ω
In the fourth part 1 Ω, (Rp = 1 Ω) and 1 Ω are connected in series in between

points A and B.
Hence, the equivalent resistance is 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Ω
Question 14
A uniform wire with a resistance of 27 ohm is divided into three equal pieces
and then they are joined in parallel. Find the equivalent resistance of the
parallel combination.
Answer
Given, uniform wire with a resistance of 27 ohm is divided into three equal
pieces. Hence, resistance of each piece = 9 Ω.
Three such pieces are joined in parallel.
1 1 1 1
= + +
RP R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1 3 1
= + + = =
9 9 9 9 3

RP
⇒ RP = 3Ω
Hence, equivalent resistance = 3 Ω
Question 15
A circuit consists of a resistor of 1 ohm in series with a parallel arrangement of

resistors of 6 ohm and 3 ohm. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. Draw
a diagram of the arrangement.
Answer
Below diagram shows the arrangement of resistors:
In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, two resistors of 6 Ω and 3 Ω
are connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
6 3

RP
1 1+2 3 1
= = =
6 6 2

RP
⇒ RP = 2Ω
Hence, RP = 2 Ω
In the second part, 1 Ω and (RP = 2 Ω) are connected in series. If the

equivalent resistance is Rs then
Rs = 1 + RP = 1 + 2 = 3 Ω
Hence, total resistance of the circuit = 3 Ω
Question 16
Calculate the effective resistance between the points A and B in the network
shown below in figure.
Answer
In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, resistors of 12 Ω, 6 Ω and 4 Ω
are connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this part is R'p then
1 1 1 1
= + +
R′ P 12 6 4

1 1+2+3
=
R′ P 12

1 6
=
R′ P 12

1 1
1 1
=
R′ P 2

⇒ R′ P = 2Ω
Hence, R'P = 2 Ω
In the second part, resistors of 2 Ω, (R'p = 2Ω) and 5 Ω are connected in series.
If the equivalent resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = (2 + 2 + 5) Ω = 9 Ω
Hence, Effective resistance between A and B = 9 Ω
Question 17
Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points A and B in figure.
Answer
In the circuit, there are three parts. In the first part, two resistors of 3 Ω, 2 Ω are
connected in series. If the equivalent resistance is R's then
R's = 3 + 2 = 5 Ω
In the second part, two resistors of 6 Ω, 4 Ω are connected in series. If the

equivalent resistance is R''s then
R''s = 6 + 4 = 10 Ω
In the third part R's, 30 Ω and R''s are connected in parallel. If the equivalent
resistance is Rp then
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rs′ 30 Rs′′

RP
1 1 1 1
= + +
5 30 10

RP
1 6+1+3
=
30

RP
1 10
=
30

RP
1 1
=
3

RP
⇒ RP = 3Ω
Hence, RP = 3 Ω
Question 18
In the network shown in figure, calculate the equivalent resistance between the
points (a) A and B (b) A and C
Answer
In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, three resistors of 2 Ω each
R's = (2 + 2 + 2) Ω = 6 Ω
In the second part, the resistance of first part (R's = 6 Ω ) and 2 Ω are
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
6 2

Rp
1 1+3
=
6

Rp
1 4
=
6

Rp
⇒ Rp = 1.5Ω
∴ Rp = 1.5 Ω
(b) In the circuit, there are three parts. In the first part, two resistors of 2 Ω each
R's = (2 + 2) Ω = 4 Ω
In the second part, two resistors of 2 Ω each are connected in series. If the
R''s = (2 + 2) Ω = 4 Ω
In the third part, the two parts of resistance R's = 4 Ω and R''s = 4 Ω are
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance between points A and C is Rp
then
1 1 1
= +
4 4

Rp
1 2
=
4

Rp
1 1
=
2

Rp
⇒ Rp = 2Ω
∴ Equivalent Resistance between A and C = 2 Ω
Question 19
Five resistors, each of 3 ohm, are connected as shown in figure. Calculate the
resistance (a) between the points P and Q, and (b) between the points X and Y.
Answer
(a) In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, two resistors of 3 Ω each
R's = (3 + 3) Ω = 6 Ω
In the second part, resistance R's = 6 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in parallel. If

the equivalent resistance between points P and Q is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
6 3

Rp
1 1+2
=
6

Rp
1 3
=
6

Rp
⇒ Rp = 2Ω
∴ Equivalent resistance between the points P and Q = 2 Ω
(b) In the circuit, 3 Ω, Rp = 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in series. If the

equivalent resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = (3 + 2 + 3) Ω = 8 Ω
∴ Equivalent resistance between the points X and Y = 8 Ω
Question 20
Two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel, with a
battery of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance. For each case draw a circuit
diagram and calculate the current through the battery.
Answer
(a) Circuit diagram showing two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in

series with a battery of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is shown below:
Given,
Two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in series. If the equivalent

resistance of this part is R's then
R's = (2 + 3) Ω = 5 Ω
Potential Difference V = 6 V
Current I = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
6=Ix5
⇒ I = 6 / 5 = 1.2 A
Hence, in series, current through the battery = 1.2 A
(b) Circuit diagram showing two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in

parallel with a battery of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is shown
below:
Given,
Two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω are connected in parallel. If the equivalent

resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
2 3

Rp
1 3+2 5
= =
6 6

Rp
6
Rp = = 1.2Ω
5

Current I = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
6 = I x 1.2
⇒ I = 6 / 1.2 = 5 A
Hence, in parallel, current through the battery = 5 A
Question 21
A resistor of 6 Ω is connected in series with another resistor of 4 Ω. A potential

difference of 20 V is applied across the combination. Calculate (a) the current
in the circuit and (b) potential difference across the 6 Ω resistor.
Answer
(a) Given,
Two resistors of 6 Ω and 4 Ω are connected in series. If the equivalent

resistance of this part is R's then
R's = (6 + 4) Ω = 10 Ω
Current I = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
20 = I x 10
⇒ I = 20 / 10 = 2 A
Hence, in series, current through the battery = 2 A
(b) Given,
Resistance R = 6 Ω
Potential Difference V = ?
Current I = 2 A
From Ohm's law
V = IR

V = 2 x 6 = 12 V
Hence, potential difference = 12 V
Question 22
Two resistors of resistance 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel to a cell to

draw 0.5 A current from the cell.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the arrangement.
(b) Calculate the current in each resistor.
Answer
(a) Labelled diagram of the arrangement is shown below:
(b) Two resistors of 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel. If the equivalent

resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
4 6

Rp
1 3+2
=
12

Rp
1 5
=
12

Rp
12
Rp =
5

⇒ Rp = 2.4Ω
Current I = 0.5 A
Potential Difference V = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
V = 0.5 x 2.4 = 1.2 V
Current through 4 Ω = ?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
1.2 = I x 4
⇒ I = 1.2 / 4 = 0.3 A
Hence, current through 4 Ω resistor = 0.3 A
From Ohm's law
V = IR
1.2 = I x 6
⇒ I = 1.2 / 6 = 0.2 A
Hence, current through 6 Ω resistor = 0.2 A
Question 23
Calculate the current flowing through each of the resistors A and B in the circuit
shown in figure.
Answer
(a) Given,
R=1Ω
V=2V
From Ohm's law
V = IR
2=Ix1
⇒I=2/1=2A
Hence, current through Resistor A = 2 A
(b) Given,
R=2Ω
V=2V
From Ohm's law

V = IR
2=Ix2
⇒I=2/2=1A
Hence, current through Resistor B = 1 A
Question 24
In figure, calculate —
(a) the total resistance of the circuit,
(b) the value of R, and
(c) the current flowing in R
Answer
(a) Given,
V=4V
I = 0.4 A
From Ohm's law
V = IR
4 = 0.4 x R
⇒ R = 4 / 0.4 = 10 Ω
Hence, total resistance of the circuit = 10 Ω
(b) As total resistance of the circuit is equal to 10 Ω and the two resistors R and
20 Ω are connected in parallel, hence we get,
1 1 1
= +
10 R 20

1 1 1
= −
10 20

R
1 2−1
=
20

R
1 1
=
20

R
R = 20Ω
Hence, the value of R = 20 Ω
(c) current flowing in R = ?
V=4V
R = 20 Ω
I=?
From Ohm's law
V = IR
⇒ 4 = I x 20
⇒ I = 4 / 20 = 1 / 5 = 0.2 A
Hence, the current flowing in R = 0.2 A
Question 25
A particular resistance wire has a resistance of 3.0 ohm per meter. Find —
(a) The total resistance of three lengths of this wire each 1.5 m long, joined in
parallel.
(b) The potential difference of the battery which gives a current of 2.0 A in each
of the 1.5 m length when connected in parallel to the battery (assume that
resistance of the battery is negligible).
(c) The resistance of 5 m length of a wire of the same material, but with twice
the area of cross section.
Answer
(a) Resistance of 1 m of wire = 3 Ω.
Resistance of 1.5 m of wire = 3 x 1.5 = 4.5 Ω. As three such wires are joined in
parallel and if the equivalent resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1 1
= + +
4.5 4.5 4.5

Rp
1 3
=
4.5

Rp
4.5
⇒ Rp =
3

⇒ Rp = 1.5Ω
Hence, total resistance of circuit = 1.5 Ω
(b) I = 2 A
From Ohm's Law
V = IR
V = 2 x 4.5 = 9 V
Hence, potential difference = 9 V
(c) R = 3 Ω for 1 meter wire
Therefore, for 5 m
R = 3 x 5 = 15 Ω
Here the area is twice and resistance is inversely proportional to area.
Thus, resistance becomes half
R = 15 / 2 = 7.5 Ω
Hence, resistance = 7.5 Ω
Question 26
A cell supplies a current of 1.2 A through two resistors each of 2 Ω connected in

parallel. When the resistors are connected in series, it supplies a current of 0.4
A. Calculate (i) the internal resistance and (ii) e.m.f. of the cell.
Answer
Given,
Two resistors each of 2 Ω connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of

this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
2 2

Rp
1 2
=
2

Rp
⇒ Rp = 1Ω
Hence, equivalent resistance Rp = 1 Ω
Given,
I = 1.2 A
From relation,
ε = I (R + r)
ε = 1.2 (1 + r)
ε = 1.2 + 1.2r [Equation 1]
When the resistors are connected in series, it supplies a current of 0.4 A,
If the equivalent resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = 2 + 2 = 4 Ω
Hence, equivalent resistance Rs = 4 Ω
Given, I = 0.4 A
From relation,
ε = I (R + r)
ε = 0.4 (4 + r)
ε = 1.6 + 0.4r [Equation 2]
Equating 1 and 2, we get,
1.2 + 1.2r = 1.6 + 0.4r

1.2r–0.4r = 1.6–1.2
0.8r = 0.4
0.4
r=
0.8

r = 0.5Ω
Hence, Internal resistance r = 0.5 Ω
(ii) Substituting the value in equation 1 we get,
ε = 1.2(1 + r)
= 1.2 (1 + 0.5)
= 1.2 x 1.5
= 1.8 V
Hence, e.m.f. of the cell = 1.8 V
Question 27
A battery of e.m.f. 15 V and internal resistance 3 Ω is connected to two

resistors 3 Ω and 6 Ω connected in parallel. Find (a) the current through the
battery (b) p.d. between the terminals of the battery (c) the current in 3 Ω
resistor (d) the current in 6 Ω resistor.
Answer
(a) Given,
e.m.f. = 15 V
internal resistance r = 3 Ω
current through battery = ?
If Rp is the equivalent resistance of resistors 3 Ω and 6 Ω connected in parallel,

then
1 1 1
= +
3 6

Rp
1 2+1
=
6

Rp
1 3
=
6

Rp
1 1
=
2

Rp
⇒ Rp = 2Ω
From relation,
ε = I (R + r)
15 = I(2 + 3)
⇒ 15 = I x 5
⇒ I = 15 / 5 = 3 A
Hence, current through the battery = 3 A
(b) Potential difference between the terminals of the battery = ?
Using Ohm's law
V = IR
R=2Ω
I=3A
V=3x2=6V
Hence, potential difference between the terminals of the battery = 6 V
(c) Current in 3 Ω resistor = ?
Using Ohm's law
V = IR
R=3Ω
V=6V
I=?
6=I ×3
6
I=
3

⇒ I = 2A
Hence, current in 3 Ω resistor is 2 A
(d) Current in 6 Ω resistor = ?
Using Ohm's law
V = IR
R=6Ω
V=6V
I=?
6=I×6
⇒I=6/6=1A
Hence, current in 6 Ω resistor is 1 A
Question 28
The circuit diagram in figure shows three resistors 2 Ω, 4 Ω and R Ω connected

to a battery of e.m.f. 2V and internal resistance 3 Ω. If main current of 0.25 A
flows through the circuit, find —
(a) the p.d. across the 4 Ω resistor
(b) the p.d. across the internal resistance of the cell,
(c) the p.d. across the R Ω or 2 Ω resistor, and
(d) the value of R.
Answer
(a) Given,
resistor = 4 Ω
I = 0.25 A
the p.d. across the 4 Ω resistor (V) = ?
Using Ohm's law
V = IR
V = 0.25 x 4 = 1 V
Hence, the p.d. across the 4 Ω resistor (V) = 1 V
(b) Given,
internal resistance = 3 Ω
I = 0.25 A
the p.d. across the internal resistance of the cell = ?
Using Ohm's law
V = IR
V = 0.25 x 3 = 0.75 V
Hence, the p.d. across the internal resistance (V) = 0.75 V
(c) Potential difference across R Ω or 2 Ω
V = Vnet - Vacross 4 Ω - Vacross 3 Ω
Hence, we get,
V = 2 - 1 - 0.75 = 0.25 V
(d) The p.d. across resistor of R Ω = 0.25 V
Let the equivalent resistance of the resistors of 2 Ω and R Ω connected in

parallel be R'p
1 1 1
= +
Rp′ R 2

1 2+R
⇒ =
Rp′ 2R

2R
⇒ Rp′ =
2+R

Using Ohm's law
V = IR
0.25 = 0.25 x R'p
Substituting the value of R'p from above:
2R
0.25 = 0.25 × ( )
2+R

2R
⇒ =1
2+R

⇒ 2R = 2 + R
⇒ 2R − R = 2
⇒R=2
Hence, value of R = 2 Ω
Question 29
Three resistors of 6.0 Ω, 2.0 Ω and 4.0 Ω are joined to an ammeter A and a cell
of e.m.f. 6.0 V as shown in figure. Calculate —
(a) the effective resistance of the circuit, and
(b) the reading of ammeter.
Answer
In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, resistors of 2.0 and 4.0 Ω are
connected in series. If the equivalent resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = 2 + 4 = 6 Ω
In the second part, Rs = 6.0 and resistor of 6.0 Ω are connected in parallel. If
the equivalent resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
6 6

Rp
1 1+1
=
6

Rp
1 2
=
6

Rp
6
Rp =
2

Rp = 3.0Ω

Hence, the effective resistance of the circuit = 3 Ω
(b) The reading of ammeter = ?
R=3Ω
V = 6.0 V
Using Ohm's law,
V = IR
6=Ix3
⇒I=6/3=2A
Hence, the reading of ammeter = 2 A
Question 30
The diagram below in figure shows the arrangement of five different

resistances connected to a battery of e.m.f. 1.8 V. Calculate —
(a) the total resistance of the circuit, and
(b) the reading of ammeter A.
Answer
(a) In the circuit, there are three parts. In the first part, resistors of 10 Ω and 40
Ω are connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this part is R'p then
1 1 1
= +
Rp′ 10 40

1 4+1
=
Rp′ 40

1 5
=
Rp′ 40

40
Rp′ =
5

Rp′ = 8Ω

In the second part, resistors of 30 Ω, 20 Ω and 60 Ω are connected in parallel.

If the equivalent resistance of this part is R''p then
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rp′′ 30 20 60

1 2+3+1
=
Rp′′ 60

1 6
=
Rp′′ 60

60
60
Rp′′ =
6

Rp′′ = 10Ω

In the third part, resistors R'p and R''p are connected in series. If the equivalent
resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = 8 + 10

Rs = 18Ω

Hence, the total resistance of the circuit = 18 Ω
(b) Given,
e.m.f. = 1.8 V
effective resistance of the circuit = 18 Ω
I=?
From Ohm's law
V= IR
1.8 = I × 18
1.8
⇒I=
18

⇒ I = 0.1A
Hence, the reading of ammeter = 0.1 A
Question 31
A cell of e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 1.2 Ω is connected to an ammeter of

resistance 0.8 Ω and two resistors of 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω as shown in figure.
Find —
(a) the reading of the ammeter,
(b) the potential difference across the terminals of the cell, and
(c) the potential difference across the 4.5 Ω resistor.
Answer
Given,
e.m.f. = 2V
I=?
In the circuit, there are two parts. In the first part, resistors of 4.5 Ω and 9 Ω are
connected in parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this part is Rp then
1 1 1
= +
4.5 9

Rp
1 9 + 4.5
=
4.5 × 9

Rp
1 13.5
=
40.5

Rp
40.5
Rp =
13.5

Rp = 3Ω

In the second part, 1.2 Ω, 0.8 Ω and Rp = 3 Ω are connected in series. If the
equivalent resistance of this part is Rs then
Rs = 1.2 + 0.8 + 3

Rs = 5Ω

Hence, the effective resistance of the circuit = 5 Ω
Using Ohm's law,
V = IR
2=I ×5
2
I=
5

⇒ I = 0.4A
Hence, the reading of the ammeter = 0.4 A
(b) The potential difference across the ends of the cells = ?
ε=2V
I = 0.4 A
r = 1.2 Ω
From relation,
V = 2 − (0.4 × 1.2)
V = 2 − 0.48
V = 1.52V
Hence, potential difference across the terminals of the cell = 1.52 V
(c) The potential difference across the 4.5 Ω resistor = ?
Current flowing is I = 0.4 A. Now the current I divides in two parts. Let the
current in 4.5 Ω resistor be I1 and in 9 Ω resistor be I2.
So I = I1 + I2
and I1 x 4.5 = I2 x 9
On solving,
9
I1 = ×I
4.5 + 9

9
I1 = × 0.4
4.5 + 9

I1 = 0.2667

p.d. across the 4.5 Ω resistor
= I1 × 4.5
= 0.2667 × 4.5
= 1.2V
Alternate Method:
V4.5Ω = Vcell - Vammeter
V4.5Ω = 1.52 − IR

V4.5Ω = 1.52 − (0.4 × 0.8)

V4.5Ω = 1.52 − 0.32

V4.5Ω = 1.2V
Hence, p.d. across the 4.5 Ω resistor = 1.2 V

Exercise 8(C)
Question 1
Write an expression for the electrical energy spent in flow of current through an
electrical appliance in terms of current, resistance and time.
Answer
The expression for electrical energy spent in flow of current through an

electrical appliance in terms of current, resistance and time is:
W = I2Rt
Question 2
Write an expression for the electrical power spent in flow of current through a
conductor in terms of (a) resistance and potential difference, (b) current and
resistance.
Answer
(a) Expression for electrical power spent in flow of current through a conductor
in terms of resistance and potential difference is —
V2
W =
R
(b) Expression for electrical power spent in flow of current through a conductor
in terms of current and resistance is —
W = I 2R
Question 3
(Q × V )
Electrical power P is given by the expression P = .
time

(a) What do the symbols Q and V represent?
(b) Express the power P in terms of current and resistance explaining the
meaning of symbols used there in.
Answer
(a) In the expression,
Q×V
P =
time
Symbol Q represents charge and the symbol V represents voltage.
(b) The expression for power P in terms of current and resistance is:
P = I 2R
where,
I represents current and
R represents resistance.
Question 4
Name the S.I. unit of electrical energy. How is it related to Wh?
Answer
The S.I. unit of electrical energy is Joule.
The relation between Wh and Joule is as follows —
1 Wh = 3600 J
Question 5
Explain the meaning of the statement 'the power of an appliance is 100 W'.
Answer
The statement 'the power of an appliance is 100 W' means that 100 J of
electrical energy is consumed by the appliance in 1 second.
Question 6
State the S.I. unit of electrical power.
Answer
The S.I. unit of electrical power is volt x ampere (VA) or watt (W) or J s-1
One watt is the electric power consumed when a current of 1 ampere flows
through a circuit having a potential difference of 1 volt.
Question 7
(i) State and define the household unit of electricity.
(ii) What is the voltage of the electricity that is generally supplied to a house?
(iii) What is consumed while using different electrical appliances, for which
electricity bills are paid?
Answer
(i) The household unit of electricity is Kilowatt hour (kWh).
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the electrical energy consumed by an electrical

appliance of power 1 kilowatt when it is used for 1 hour.
(ii) The voltage of the electricity that is generally supplied to a house is 220
volt.
(iii) The electrical energy is consumed by various appliances in our houses (or
industries) and it's cost is paid to the electrical company.
Question 8
Name the physical quantity which is measured in (i) kW, (ii) kWh. (iii) Wh
Answer
(i) The physical quantity measured in kW is electrical power.
(ii) The physical quantity measured in kWh is electrical energy. kWh is

commercial unit of electrical energy.
(iii) The physical quantity measured in Wh is electrical energy. Wh is

commercial unit of electrical energy.
Question 9
Define the term kilowatt-hour and state it's value in S.I. unit.
Answer
One kilowatt-hour (kwh) is the electrical energy consumed by an electrical

appliance of power 1 kilowatt when it is used for 1 hour.
Value of kilowatt-hour (kWh) in S.I. unit is —
1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Question 10
How do kilowatt and kilowatt-hour differ?
Answer
Kilowatt is the unit of electrical power. i.e., one kilowatt is the electric power
consumed when a current of 1 ampere flows through a circuit having a potential
difference of 1 volt.
Kilowatt-hour is the unit of electrical energy i.e., One kilowatt - hour (kwh) is
the electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance of power 1 kilowatt
when it is used for 1 hour.
Question 11
Complete the following —
1 volt × 1 ampere × ……
(a) 1 kWh =
1000

(b) 1 kWh = …… J
Answer
1 volt × 1 ampere × 1 hour

(a) 1 kWh =
1000

(b) 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Question 12
What do you mean by power rating of an electrical appliance? How do you use
it to calculate (a) the resistance of the appliance and (b) the safe limit of the
current in it, while in use ?
Answer
An electrical appliance such as electric heater, geyser etc is rated with it's
power and voltage.
For example, an electric bulb is rated as 100 W - 220 V. It means that if the
bulb is lighted on a 220 V supply, the electric power consumed by it is 100 W
(i.e., 100 J of electric energy is consumed by the bulb in 1 s).
(a) Resistance of element of appliance while in use is —
V2
R=
P
(b) The safe limit of current in it, while in use is —
P
I=
V
If current exceeds this value, the power supplied at voltage V will exceed the
rated power of the appliance and the appliance may get damaged. So this
value of current is called the safe current which can flow through the appliance
at voltage V.
Question 13
An electric bulb is rated '100 W, 250 V'. What information does this convey ?
Answer
When an electric bulb is rated '100 W, 250 V' it means that if the bulb is lighted
on a 250 V supply, the electric power consumed by it is 100 W (i.e., 100 J of
electrical energy is consumed by the bulb in 1 s).
Question 14
List the names of three electrical gadgets used in your house. Write their
power, voltage rating and approximate time for which each one is used in a
day. Hence find the electrical energy consumed by each in a month of 30 days.
Answer
Electrical energy
Power Voltage Time
Appliance (E = P × t)
(in kilowatt) (V) (t)
in (kWh)
Fluorescent tube 0.04 220 6 0.24
Television set 0.12 220 3 0.36
Room heater 1 220 2 2
(i) Energy consumed by fluorescent tube in one day = 0.24 kWh
Hence, energy consumed in 30 days = 0.24 x 30 = 7.2 kWh.
(ii) Energy consumed by television set in one day = 0.36 kWh
Hence, energy consumed in 30 days = 0.36 x 30 = 10.8 kWh.
(iii) Energy consumed by room heater in one day = 2 kWh
Hence, energy consumed in 30 days = 2 x 30 = 60 kWh.
Question 15
Two lamps, one rated 220 V, 50 W and the other rated 220 V, 100 W, are
connected in series with mains of voltage 220 V. Explain why does the 50 W
lamp consume more power.
Answer
Resistance of lamp A (rating 220 V, 50 W) is —
V2
RA =
PA
2202
RA =
50

⇒ RA = 968Ω
Resistance of lamp B (rating 220 V, 100 W) is —
V2
RB =
PB
2202
RB =
100

⇒ RB = 484Ω
From formula, we get, P = I2 R
As we observe that RA > RB and same current is flowing in both the lamps as
both are connected in series therefore PA > PB. Hence, 50 W lamp consumes
more power than 100 W lamp.
Question 16
Name the factors on which the heat produced in a wire depends when current
is passed in it, and state how does it depend on the factors stated by you.
Answer
The amount of heat produced in a wire on passing current through it, depends
on the following three factors.
1. The amount of current passing through the wire — The amount of heat
H produced in a wire is directly proportional to the square of current I
passing through the wire, i.e., H ∝ I2
2. The resistance of wire — The amount of heat H produced in the wire is
directly proportional to the resistance R of the wire, i.e., H ∝ R.
3. The time for which current is passed in the wire — The amount of heat
H produced in a wire is directly proportional to the time t for which current
is passed in the wire i.e., H ∝ t
Question 1
When a current I flows through a resistance R for time t, the electrical energy
spent is —
1. IRt
2. I2Rt ✓
3. IR2t
I 2R
4.
t
Answer
The electrical energy spent when a current I flows through a resistance R for
time t is I2Rt.
Question 2
An electrical appliance has a rating 100 W, 120 V. The resistance of element of

appliance when in use is —
1. 1.2 Ω
2. 144 Ω ✓
3. 120 Ω
4. 100 Ω
Answer
Resistance of an electrical appliance (rating 100 W, 120 V) is —
V2
RA =
PA
1202
RA =
100

⇒ RA = 144Ω
Hence, resistance of an electrical appliance = 144 Ω

Numericals
Question 1
An electric bulb of resistance 500 Ω draws current 0.4 A from the source.
Calculate: (a) the power of bulb and (b) the potential difference at it's end.
Answer
(a) Given,
Current (I) = 0.4 A
Power = ?
From Ohm's law:
V = IR

V = 0.4 x 500 = 200 V
Power (P) = VI
Substituting the values in the power formula we get,
P = 200 x 0.4 = 80 W
Hence, the power of bulb = 80 W
(b) The potential difference at it's end = 200 V
Question 2
A current of 2 A is passed through a coil of resistance 75 Ω for 2 minutes. (a)

How much heat energy is produced? (b) How much charge is passed through
the resistance ?
Answer
(a) Given,
Current (I) = 2 A
Time (t) = 2 min = 120 s
Heat produced = ?
Using
H = I2Rt
H = 22 × 75 × 120
⇒ H = 36000J
Hence, heat energy produced = 36000 J
(b) Charge passed through the resistance = ?
From relation,
Q = It
Q = 2 × 120
⇒ Q = 240 C
Hence, charge passed through the resistance = 240 C
Question 3
Calculate the current through a 60 W lamp rated for 250 V. If the line voltage
falls to 200 V, how is power consumed by the lamp affected?
Answer
Given,
Power (P) = 60 W
Voltage (V) = 250 V
We know that,
Power (P) = VI
60 = 250 × I
60
⇒I=
250

⇒ I = 0.24A
Hence, current through the lamp = 0.24 A
Power consumed when voltage is 200 V = ?
V2
Resistance of lamp (R) =
P
Substituting the values in the formula, we get,
2502
R=
60

⇒ R = 1041.6Ω
From relation,
V2
P=
R
2002
P =
1041.6

⇒ P = 38.4W
Hence, power consumed reduces to 38.4 W
Question 4
An electric bulb is rated '100 W, 250 V'. How much current will the bulb draw if
connected to a 250 V supply ?
Answer
Given,
Power (P) = 100 W
Voltage (V) = 250 V
From relation,
Power (P) = VI
100 = 250 × I
100
⇒I=
250

⇒ I = 0.4A
Hence, current drawn = 0.4 A
Question 5
An electric bulb is rated '220 V, 100 W'. (a) What is it's resistance? (b) What
safe current can be passed through it?
Answer
(a) Given,
P = 100 W
V = 220 volt
We know that,
V2
Power P =
R
2202
100 =
R
2202
⇒R=
100

⇒ R = 484Ω
Hence, resistance of electric bulb = 484 Ω
(b) From relation P = VI
P
Safe current I =
V
Substituting the value we get,
100
I=
220

⇒ I = 0.45A
Hence, safe current limit = = 0.45 A
Question 6
A bulb of power 40 W is used for 12.5 h each day for 30 days. Calculate the
electrical energy consumed.
Answer
Given,
Power (P) = 40 W
time (t) = 12.5 h for 30 days
As energy consumed (E) = P × t
E = 40 × 12.5
⇒ E = 500 Wh
Hence, electrical energy consumed in one day = 500 Wh
Electrical energy consumed for in 30 days = ?
E = 500 × 30
E = 15000 Wh
E = 15 kWh
Hence, electrical energy consumed in 30 days = 15 kWh
Question 7
An electric press is rated '750 W, 230 V'. Calculate the electrical energy
consumed by the press in 16 hours.
Answer
Given,
Power (P) = 750 W
time (t) = 16 h
As energy consumed (E) = P × t
E = 750 × 16
⇒ E = 12000 Wh
⇒ E = 12 kWh
Hence, electrical energy consumed in 16 hours = 12 kWh
Question 8
An electrical appliance having a resistance of 200 Ω is operated at 200 V.

Calculate the energy consumed by the appliance in 5 minutes (i) in joule, (ii) in
kWh
Answer
(i) Given,
Voltage (V) = 200 volt
Time (t) = 5 min = 300 sec
As we know,
V 2t
Energy (E) =
R
2002 × 300
E=
200

⇒ E = 60, 000 J
Hence, energy consumed = 60,000 J
(ii) In kWh = ?
As we know,
1kWh = 3.6 × 106 J

1
1J= kWh
3.6 × 106

60, 000
60, 000 J =
3.6 × 106

⇒ 60, 000 J = 0.0167 kWh
Hence, energy consumed = 0.0167 kWh
Question 9
A bulb rated 12 V, 24 W operates on a 12 volt battery for 20 minutes. Calculate

—
(i) the current flowing through it, and
(ii) the energy consumed.
Answer
(i) Given,
Voltage (V) = 12 V
Power (P) = 24 W
Current (I) = ?
From relation,
Power (P) = VI
24 = 12 × I
24
⇒I=
12

⇒ I = 2A
Hence, the current flowing through it = 2 A
(ii) Energy (E) = P × t
Time (t) = 20 min = 1200 sec
E = 24 × 1200
E = 28, 800J
Hence, energy consumed = 28,800 J
Question 10
A current of 0.2 A flows through a wire whose ends are at a potential difference
of 15 V. Calculate —
(i) the resistance of the wire, and
(ii) the heat energy produced in 1 minute.
Answer
(a) Given,
Current (I) = 0.2 A
From Ohm's law
V = IR
15 = 0.2 × R
15
⇒R=
0.2

150
⇒R=
2

⇒ R = 75Ω
Hence, the resistance of the wire = 75 Ω
(ii) Given,
Time (t) = 60 sec
heat energy produced in 1 minute = ?
From relation,
Heat energy (H) = I2Rt
H = 0.22 x 75 x 60 = 180 J
Question 11
What is the resistance, under normal working conditions, of an electric lamp

rated at '240 V, 60 W'? If two such lamps are connected in series across a 240
V mains supply, explain why each one appears less bright.
Answer
Given,
Voltage (V) = 240 V
Power (P) = 60 W
Resistance (R) = ?
From relation
V2
P =
R
We get,
2402
60 =
R
2402
⇒R=
60

⇒ R = 960Ω
Hence, resistance of the electric lamp = 960 Ω
From the relation for current through the element, we know,
P
I=
V
60
I=
240

⇒ I = 0.25A
When one lamp is connected across the mains, it draws 0.25 A current. If two
such lamps are connected in series across the mains, current through each
bulb becomes —
240V
(960 + 960)Ω

= 0.125A
i.e., current is halved. Hence, heating (= I2Rt) in each bulb becomes one fourth,
so each bulb appears less bright.
Question 12
Two bulbs are rated '60 W, 220 V' and '60 W, 110 V' respectively. Calculate the
ratio of their resistances.
Answer
Given,
Voltage (V1) = 220 V
Voltage (V2) = 110 V
P = 60 W (both bulbs have same power)
Resistance (R) = ?
From relation
V2
P =
R
Case 1:
2202
60 =
R
2202
⇒ R1 =
60

Case 2:
1102
60 =
R
1102
⇒ R2 =
60

Ratio between the two is —

2 2
2202 1102
R1 : R2 = :
60 60

2202
R1 : R2 =
1102

22
R1 : R2 =
12

4
R1 : R2 =
1

Hence, ratio of resistances of the two bulbs is = 4 : 1
Question 13
An electric bulb is rated '250 W, 230 V'. Calculate
(i) the energy consumed in one hour, and
(ii) the time in which the bulb will consume 1.0 kWh energy when connected to
230 V mains?
Answer
(i) Given,
Power (P) = 250 W
Voltage (V) = 230 V
Time (t) = 1 h = 3600 sec
Energy (E) = ?
From relation,
E=P×t
E = 250 x 3600 = 9 x 105 J
Hence, energy consumed in one hour = 9 x 105 J
(ii) Let t be the time in which the bulb will consume 1.0 kWh energy when
connected to 230 V mains
P = 1.0 kWh = 1000 Wh
Substituting the value in the formula, we get,
1000 = 250 x t
⇒ t = 1000 / 250 = 4 h
Hence, time = 4 h
Question 14
Three heaters each rated 250 W, 100 V are connected in parallel to a 100 V
supply.
Calculate —
(i) The total current taken from the supply,
(ii) the resistance of each heater, and
(iii) the energy supplied in kWh to the three heaters in 5 hours.
Answer
(i) Given,
Power (P) = 250 W
Voltage (V) = 100 V
Current through each heater (I) = ?
As P = VI
250 = 100 x I
⇒ I = 250 / 100 = 2.5 A
Hence, current through each heater = 2.5 A
Therefore, current for three heaters =

I = 3 x 2.5 = 7.5 A
Hence, total current taken from supply = 7.5 A
(ii) Resistance for each heater (R) = ?
Since, V = IR
100 = 2.5 x R
⇒ R = 100 / 2.5 = 40 Ω
Hence, resistance of each heater = 40 Ω
(iii) Energy supplied to three heater in 5 h = ?
Energy (E) = P × t
E = 250 x 5 = 1250 Wh = 1.25 kWh
Hence, Energy for three heaters = 3 × 1.25 = 3.75 kWh
Hence, energy supplied to the three heaters = 3.75 kWh
Question 15
A bulb is connected to a battery of p.d. 4 V and internal resistance 2.5 ohm. A

steady current of 0.5 A flows through the circuit. Calculate —
(i) the total energy supplied by the battery in 10 minutes,
(ii) the resistance of the bulb, and
(iii) the energy dissipated in the bulb in 10 minutes.
Answer
(i) Given,
Voltage (V) = 4 V
Internal resistance = 2.5 Ω
Current (I) = 0.5 A
time (t) = 10 min = 600 sec
Energy supplied by the battery (E) = V x I x t
E = 4 x 0.5 x 600 = 1200 J
Hence, total energy supplied = 1200 J
(ii) resistance of the bulb = ?
From relation V = I (R + r)
We get,
4 = 0.5 (R + 2.5)
⇒ 4 = (0.5 R) + (0.5 x 2.5)
⇒ 4 = (0.5 R) + 1.25
⇒ 0.5 R = 4 - 1.25
⇒ R = 2.75 / 0.5 = 5.5 Ω
Hence, resistance of the bulb = 5.5 Ω
(iii) Energy dissipated in the bulb in 10 min = ?
From relation
E = I2Rt
E = 0.5 x 0.5 x 5.5 x 600 = 825 J
Hence, energy dissipated = 825 J
Question 16
Two resistors A and B of resistance 4 Ω and 6 Ω respectively are connected in

parallel. The combination is connected across a 6 volt battery of negligible
resistance. Calculate : (i) the power supplied by the battery, (ii) the power
dissipated in each resistor.
Answer
(i) Given,
Resistance, RA = 4 Ω
Resistance, RB = 6 Ω
Let equivalent resistance of the two resistors connected in parallel be RP
1 1 1
= +
4 6

RP
1 3+2
=
12

RP
1 5
=
12

RP
12
RP =
5

RP = 2.4Ω

From relation
V2
P =
R
We get,
62
P =
2.4

⇒ P = 15W
Hence, power supplied = 15 W
(ii) Power dissipation across each resistor = ?
From relation, P = VI
Current across A (4 Ω) resistor —
IA = 6 / 4 = 1.5 A
Power dissipation across A = VIA
Substituting we get,
P = 6 x 1.5 = 9 W
Similarly,
Current across B ( 6 Ω) resistor —
IB = 6 / 6 = 1 A
Power dissipation across B resistor = VIB
P=6x1=6W
Hence, power dissipated across A = 9 W and across B = 6 W
Question 17
A battery of e.m.f. 15 V and internal resistance 2 Ω is connected to two

resistors of resistances 4 Ω and 6 Ω joined in series. Find the electrical energy
spent per minute in 6 Ω resistor.
Answer
(i) Given,
e.m.f. (V) = 15 V
Internal resistance = 2 Ω
Resistors are R1 = 4 Ω and R2 = 6 Ω
Electrical energy = ?
As the battery and resistors are connected in series, equivalent resistance is

given by
R = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 Ω
From Ohm's law —
V = IR
15 = I x 12
⇒ I = 15 / 12 = 1.25 A
Hence, current in circuit = 1.25 A
Now,
Voltage across 6 Ω = IR = 1.25 × 6 = 7.50 V
Hence, Voltage across 6 Ω = 7.5 V
Time (t) = 1 min = 60 sec
V2×t
We know, E =
R
7.52 × 60
E=
6

E = 7.52 × 10
⇒ E = 562.5J
Hence, energy spent across the 6 Ω resistor = 562.5 J
Question 18
Water in an electric kettle connected to a 220 V supply takes 5 minutes to

reach it's boiling point. How long will it take if the supply voltage falls to 200 V?
Answer
Given,
V = 220 V
time (t) = 5 min = 300 sec
From relation
V2
P =
R
and
Heat produced (H) —
H =P ×t
V2
⇒H =( )×t
R
Case 1 for V = 220 V
2202
H=( ) × 300
R
[Equation 1]
Case 2 for V = 200 V
2002
H=( )×t
R
[Equation 2]
Equating 1 and 2 we get,
2202 2002
( ) × 300 = (

)×t
R R
2202
⇒t=( ) × 300
2002

⇒ t = 363 sec
⇒ t = 6.05 min
Hence, time taken = 6.05 min
Question 19
An electric toaster draws current 8 A in a circuit with source of voltage 220 V. It

is used for 2 h. Find the cost of operating the toaster if the cost of electrical
energy is ₹ 4.50 per kWh.
Answer
Given,
I=8A
V = 220 V
t=2h
rate = 4.50 per kWh
Cost = ?
From relation,
E=VxIxt
we get,
E = 220 x 8 x 2 = 3520 Wh = 3.52 kWH
As cost of energy for 1 kWh = ₹ 4.50
Therefore, cost of energy for 3.52 kWh = 4.5 x 3.52

= ₹15.84
Hence, cost of electrical energy = ₹15.84
Question 20
An electric iron is rated 220 V, 2 kW. If the iron is used for 3h daily, find the cost
of running it for 1 week if it costs ₹ 4.25 per kWh.
Answer
Given,
Power (P) = 2 kW
Voltage (V) = 220 V
Time (t) = 7 x 3 = 21 h
From relation,
E=P×t
E = 2 x 21 = 42 kWh
cost for 1 kWh of energy = ₹ 4.25
∴ Cost for 42 kWh of energy = 4.25 x 42

= ₹178.50
Question 21
A geyser is rated '1500 W, 250 V'. This geyser is connected to 250 V mains.
Calculate —
(i) the current drawn,
(ii) the energy consumed in 50 hours, and
(iii) the cost of energy consumed at ₹ 4.20 per kWh.
Answer
(i) Given,
P = 1500 W
V = 250 volt
P
Current drawn (I) =
V
1500
I=
250

I = 6A
Hence, current drawn = 6 A
(ii) energy consumed in 50 hours = ?
t = 50 h
From relation,
E=P×t
E = 1500 x 50 = 75000 Wh = 75 kWh
Hence, energy consumed in 50 hours = 75 kWh

(iii) cost of energy consumed at ₹ 4.20 per kWh = ?
Cost per unit of energy = ₹ 4.20
Cost for 75 kWh of energy = 4.2 x 7.5

= ₹ 315
Hence, cost of energy consumed = ₹ 315
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7/7/23, 4:56 AM Chapter 8: Current Electricity | Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 ICSE | KnowledgeBoat

Home / Class 10 - Co… / Current Electric…

Define the term current and state it's S.I. unit.

Define the term electric potential. State it's S.I. unit.

(a) Current is a scalar quantity.

By stating the direction of current in a conductor we mean that the direction of

(b) Potential is a scalar quantity.

When the potential is positive at a point in the vicinity of a positive charge

Define the term resistance. State it's S.I. unit.

The S.I. unit of resistance is Ohm.

and the current in conductor is

According to Ohm's law, the current flowing in a conductor is directly

(a) Draw a V-I graph for a conductor obeying Ohm's law.

(b) Slope of V-I graph for a conductor represents resistance.

I-V graph for a linear resistor

of resistance of the conductor i.e.,

What is an ohmic resistor? Give one example of an ohmic resistor. Draw a

Current–Voltage relationship of an ohmic resistor is shown in the below graph:

Resistance is determined in the form of slope from the graph.

Current-Voltage relationship of non-ohmic resistors is shown in the graph

Give two differences between an ohmic and non-ohmic resistor.

Ohmic resistor Non-ohmic resistor

is constant for all values of V I

The graph for potential The graph for potential difference V

Graph (a) is non-ohmic resistor and

Graph (b) is ohmic resistor.

Draw a V-I graph for a conductor at two different temperatures. What

V-I graph of a conductor at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is shown

where r is the radius of the wire.

Hence, resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of the

(b) As we have seen above that the resistance of a conductor is inversely

Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire.

With the increase in temperature of a conductor, the random motion of

positive ions increase. Hence, the resistance of a conductor increases with

The iron wire will have more resistance.

Iron wire has more resistance as compared to copper because specific

The three factors on which the resistance of wire depends are —

1. Dependence on length of the wire — the resistance of a wire is directly

3. Dependence on the temperature of the wire — the resistance of

Specific resistance of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material

The S.I. unit of specific resistance is ohm × metre or (Ω m)

Write an expression connecting the resistance of a wire and specific resistance

The order of specific resistance is as follows:

1. Material of the substance — It is a characteristic property of the

Name a substance of which the specific resistance remains almost unchanged

The substance whose specific resistance remains almost unchanged with

The specific resistance of a semi-conductor decreases with the increase in

(a) Dependency of resistance of a wire is as follows:

1. Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to length of the wire.

2. Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the square of radius of

(b) Dependency of specific resistance of a wire is as follows:

1. Specific resistance of a wire does not depend on length of the wire as it

(b) Why should a connection wire be thick?

What is a superconductor ? Give one example of it.

A superconductor is a substance of zero resistance (or infinite

Resistances of these substances decrease tremendously with the decrease in

A substance has zero resistance below 1 K. What is such a substance called ?

A substance of zero resistance (or infinite conductance) at a very low

Which of the following is an ohmic resistance?