BIT2054: OPERATING SYSTEM

AUGUST 2023 SEMESTER

ASSIGNMENT
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2

BY :
B22110039 TUAN MUHAMMAD SHAHRUL
AZLAN BIN TUAN ABDUL RAHMAN

SUBMITTED TO :
SIR SYAHRUDDIN
Introduction of the selected Operating System

The operating system (OS) is the software that manages the computer hardware
and provides a platform for running application programs. It is the foundation of
all software and is essential for the operation of any computer.

The OS is responsible for a variety of tasks, including:

 Managing the hardware: The OS allocates resources to different applications,

handles input and output, and manages the memory and storage devices.

 Providing a user interface: The OS provides a way for users to interact with the
computer, typically through a graphical user interface (GUI) or a command-line
interface (CLI).

 Running application programs: The OS loads application programs into

memory and provides them with the resources they need to run.

 Managing files and directories: The OS organizes and stores files and
directories on the computer's storage devices.

 Protecting the system: The OS protects the computer from unauthorized access
and malicious software. There are many different operating systems available for
personal computers, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the
most popular operating systems include:

 Microsoft Windows: Windows is the most popular operating system for

personal computers. It is known for its ease of use and wide range of compatible
applications.

 macOS: macOS is the operating system for Apple Macintosh computers. It is

known for its user-friendly interface and tight integration with Apple's other
hardware and software products.

 Linux: Linux is a free and open-source operating system that is known for its
flexibility and security. It is a popular choice for servers and workstations, but it
can also be used on personal computers.
 Android: Android is the most popular operating system for mobile devices. It
is based on the Linux kernel and is known for its open-source nature and wide
range of available apps.

 iOS: iOS is the operating system for Apple iPhones and iPads. It is known for
its user-friendly interface and tight integration with Apple's other hardware and
software products.

History of the selected Operating System

Microsoft Windows:

Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a family of

operating systems developed by Microsoft. The first version, Windows 1.0,
was released on November 20, 1985.

Key Versions:

 Windows 3.1 (1992): This version introduced the Start menu and the
concept of multitasking.
 Windows 95 (1995): A major milestone, featuring the Start button,
taskbar, and support for 32-bit applications.
 Windows XP (2001): Known for its stability and user interface
improvements.
 Windows 7 (2009): Introduced the Aero user interface and improved
performance.
  Windows 10 (2015): A modern, continuously updated version with
features like Cortana and the Edge browser.

macOS:

macOS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for their

Macintosh computers. It was first introduced in 1984 as System Software.

Key Versions:

 Mac OS X (2001): Marked a shift to a Unix-based system. Versions like

Leopard (10.5), Snow Leopard (10.6), and Lion (10.7) followed.
 OS X Mavericks (10.9, 2013): Began the trend of naming versions after
locations in California.
 macOS Sierra (10.12, 2016): Introduced Siri integration and a focus on
continuity between Apple devices.

Linux:

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the

Linux kernel. Linus Torvalds created the first Linux kernel in 1991.

Key Developments:

 1991: Linus Torvalds releases the first version of the Linux kernel.
 1992: The first complete Linux distribution, Slackware, is created.
 2004: Ubuntu, a popular user-friendly distribution, is released.
 2011: Linux celebrates its 20th anniversary with widespread use in
server environments and embedded systems.

Android:

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. The first

commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.

Key Versions:

 Android 2.3 (Gingerbread, 2010): Popular for its performance

improvements.
 Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich, 2011): Unified the phone and tablet
interfaces.
  Android 5.0 (Lollipop, 2014): Introduced the Material Design language.
 Android 10 (2019): Focused on privacy and security.

iOS:

iOS is the mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its iPhone,
iPad, and iPod Touch devices. The first version was released in 2007.

Key Versions:

 iOS 4 (2010): Introduced multitasking and the App Store.

 iOS 7 (2013): A significant design overhaul with a flatter and cleaner
look.
 iOS 11 (2017): Brought a redesigned Control Center and Files app for
better file management.
 iOS 14 (2020): Introduced widgets, App Library, and other
customization features.

These operating systems have evolved significantly over the years, adapting to
technological advancements and user demands. Each has played a crucial role in
shaping the computing landscape.

System Architecture of the selected Operating System

Microsoft Windows:

 Architecture: Windows operating systems are designed for

compatibility with a wide range of hardware configurations.
Windows uses a monolithic kernel, where the core functionality is
part of the kernel space. Device drivers run in kernel mode for direct
access to hardware.

 User Interface: Windows uses the Windows API (Application

Programming Interface) for the graphical user interface. The user
interface is managed by the Windows Explorer shell.

macOS:

 Architecture: macOS is built on a Unix-based foundation called

Darwin. The core is a hybrid XNU (X is Not Unix) kernel, which
combines elements of the Mach microkernel and components from
 FreeBSD. This architecture provides stability, security, and
compatibility with Unix-based software.

 User Interface: The macOS user interface is built using the Quartz
Compositor. The Aqua graphical user interface provides a
distinctive look and feel.

Linux:

 Architecture: Linux is based on the Unix architecture and follows

a monolithic kernel design. The Linux kernel manages hardware
resources and provides services to system processes. The rest of the
operating system components, including system libraries and
utilities, are separate from the kernel.

 User Interface: Linux supports various desktop environments (e.g.,

GNOME, KDE) and window managers. The X Window System is
commonly used for handling graphical elements.

Android:

 Architecture: Android is built on the Linux kernel, providing a

robust and secure foundation. The Android operating system is
designed for mobile devices, with a modified Linux kernel that
includes additional components for mobile functionality.

 User Interface: Android uses the Android Runtime (ART) for

executing applications. The user interface is managed through the
Android user interface framework, with a focus on touch-based
interactions.

iOS:

 Architecture: iOS is based on a Unix-like architecture. The core of

iOS is the XNU kernel, similar to macOS. However, iOS is
optimized for mobile devices, and certain features, such as
multitasking, are managed differently than on macOS.

 User Interface: iOS uses UIKit for building the graphical user
interface. It includes frameworks like Core Animation and Core
Graphics to handle animations and graphics rendering.
These operating systems have unique architectures tailored to their specific use
cases and device types. While Windows and macOS are commonly used on
desktop and laptop computers, Linux is prevalent in server environments, and
Android and iOS dominate the mobile device market. Each system architecture
reflects the priorities and design principles of its respective development
community.

Interface of the selected Operating System

The user interface (UI) of an operating system (OS) is the part of the OS that
allows users to interact with the computer. The UI can be text-based or graphical,
and it can range from simple and functional to complex and sophisticated.

Microsoft Windows

The UI of Microsoft Windows has evolved significantly over the years, but it has
always been based on a graphical user interface (GUI). The current version of
Windows, Windows 11, features a clean and modern design with a focus on
usability. The UI is organized around a Start menu that provides access to
applications, documents, and settings. The taskbar allows users to switch between
open applications and pin frequently used applications for quick access. The UI
also includes a notification center that displays important information and alerts.

macOS

The UI of macOS is also based on a GUI, and it has been known for its sleek and
elegant design. The current version of macOS, macOS Ventura, features a refined
design with improved consistency across Apple's devices. The UI is organized
around a Dock that provides quick access to applications and documents. The
Finder allows users to manage files and folders. The UI also includes a Control
Center that provides quick access to system settings and controls.

Linux

The UI of Linux can vary depending on the specific distribution, but it is typically
based on a desktop environment, such as GNOME or KDE. These desktop
environments provide a graphical interface for managing windows, launching
applications, and interacting with the system. The UI of Linux can also be
customized to a great extent, allowing users to change the appearance and
functionality of the desktop environment.
Android

The UI of Android is based on a touch-based GUI that is designed for use on

mobile devices. The current version of Android, Android 13, features a Material
Design interface that is characterized by its use of bold colors, clear hierarchy,
and intuitive interactions. The UI is organized around a home screen that displays
widgets, shortcuts, and applications. The app drawer provides access to all
installed applications. The UI also includes a notification center that displays
important information and alerts.

iOS

The UI of iOS is also based on a touch-based GUI that is designed for use on
mobile devices. The current version of iOS, iOS 16, features a clean and
minimalist design with a focus on usability. The UI is organized around a home
screen that displays widgets, shortcuts, and applications. The App Library
provides access to all installed applications. The UI also includes a Control Center
that provides quick access to system settings and controls.

The specific UI of each OS reflects its design goals and target audience. However,
the general principles of usability, consistency, and aesthetics are common to
most OS UIs. These principles allow OS designers to create interfaces that are
easy to use, enjoyable to interact with, and visually appealing.

File Management
File management is the process of organizing, storing, and retrieving data files on
a computer system. It is an essential part of any operating system (OS), as it
allows users to keep track of their files and find them easily when they need them.

Many different ways to manage files, but the most common methods include:

 Creating folders: Folders are used to organize files into groups. This makes it
easier to find the files you need, and it also helps to prevent them from getting
lost.
 Naming files: File names should be descriptive and easy to remember. This will
make it easier to find the files you need, and it will also help to avoid confusion.

 Storing files: Files can be stored on a hard drive, a solid-state drive (SSD), or a
network drive. The best place to store a file depends on how often you need to
access it and how much space it needs.

 Retrieving files: You can retrieve files by searching for them by name, by
browsing through folders, or by using a file manager. In addition to these basic
file management tasks, there are also a number of more advanced techniques that
can be used to manage files more effectively. These techniques include:

 Using file metadata: File metadata is information about a file, such as its
creation date, its size, and its type. This information can be used to sort and filter
files, and it can also be used to automate tasks, such as backing up files.

 Using file compression: File compression is a process of reducing the size of a

file. This can be useful for saving storage space and for making files easier to
transmit over a network.

 Using encryption: Encryption is a process of scrambling data so that it can only

be read by authorized users. This can be used to protect sensitive files from
unauthorized access.

File management is an important task that all computer users should be familiar
with. By using effective file management techniques, you can save time, improve
your productivity, and protect your data.

Process Management
Process management is a crucial aspect of any operating system, as it allows the
system to efficiently execute multiple programs simultaneously while sharing
system resources fairly. The operating system manages the creation, scheduling,
and termination of processes, ensuring that all programs have access to the
necessary resources to run smoothly.

Process management involves several key functions:

1. Process Creation: The operating system creates new processes when users
start applications or when system services need to be executed. This
involves allocating memory, setting up the process's execution
environment, and providing access to system resources.

2. Process Scheduling: The operating system determines which processes to

run and when, ensuring that all processes have a fair share of CPU time
and other resources. This involves algorithms like round-robin scheduling,
priority scheduling, and multilevel queue scheduling.

3. Process Synchronization: The operating system ensures that multiple

processes accessing shared resources do not interfere with each other,
preventing data corruption and ensuring consistent operation. This
involves mechanisms like semaphores, mutexes, and monitors.

4. Process Termination: The operating system terminates processes when

they have finished executing or when they encounter errors. This involves
reclaiming the process's resources and ensuring that no unfinished tasks
remain.

5. Process Communication: The operating system provides mechanisms for

processes to communicate with each other, allowing them to exchange data
and coordinate their actions. This involves mechanisms like pipes, message
queues, and shared memory.

6. Memory Management: The operating system allocates and manages

memory for processes, ensuring that each process has access to the memory
it needs to run effectively. This involves techniques like virtual memory,
swapping, and paging.

7. Resource Management: The operating system manages other system

resources, such as I/O devices, network connections, and file systems,
ensuring that all processes have fair access to these resources. This
involves scheduling device access, handling network traffic, and managing
file system access permissions.

8. Process Security: The operating system implements security measures to

protect processes from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. This
involves mechanisms like user authentication, access control lists, and
sandboxing.
Process management is a complex and dynamic task, requiring the operating
system tobalance resource allocation, scheduling decisions, and error handling to
ensure efficient and reliable system operation. The specific implementation of
process management varies across different operating systems, but the core
principles remain the same.

Summary System - Discuss what you have learned in this

assignment 2
In this assignment, I have learned about the different operating systems, their
history, system architecture, interface, and file management. I have also learned
about process management and its importance in ensuring efficient and reliable
system operation.

I have learned that operating systems are essential software programs that manage
hardware resources, provide a user interface, and execute applications. They are
the foundation upon which all computer software runs. I have also learned that
operating systems have evolved over time, and each operating system has its own
unique features and design goals. Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS
are some of the most popular operating systems today.

I have also learned that file management is an important part of any operating
system, and there are many different ways to manage files effectively. I have also
learned about process management and its crucial role in ensuring efficient and
reliable system operation.

This assignment has been a great learning experience for me, and I have gained a
deeper understanding of operating systems and their importance in the world of
computing.
References
Here are some references that I found helpful in learning about operating
systems:  Operating System Design and Implementation, 3rd Edition by
Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, 5th Edition by Abraham

Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, and Greg Gagne

 Linux in a Nutshell, 8th Edition by Arun Arora and Richard Stallman

 OS X Yosemite: Up and Running by Rob Griffiths and John Siracusa

 Android Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide, 3rd Edition by Bill
Phillips and Brian Hardy

 iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide, 6th Edition by Simon Bethune
and Donavan LaFollette