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MOTOROLA as AN463/D

SEMICONDUCTOR
APPLICATION NOTE

AN463
68HC05K0 Infra-red Remote Control
Tony Breslin,
MCU Applications Group,
Motorola Ltd., East Kilbride, Scotland

The MC68HC05K0 is a low cost, low pin count When a key on the remote control keypad is
single chip microcomputer with 504 bytes of user pressed, the micro controller must first determine
ROM and 32 bytes of RAM. The MC68HC05K0 is what key is being pressed and generate an
a member of the 68HC05K series of devices which individual code for the key. The key code is then
are available in 16-pin DIL or SOIC packages. converted to a instruction code that is inserted into
It uses the same CPU as the other devices in the the transmission command which, using a defined
68HC05 family and has the same instructions and protocol, is transmitted to the television receiver.
registers. Additionally, the device has a 15-stage The command is continually transmitted as long as
multi-function timer and 10 general purpose the key is being held down.
bi-directional I/0 lines. A mask option is available
for software programmable pull-downs on all of As the remote control is battery powered it needs
the I/O pins and four of the pins are capable of to use as little power as possible. This is achieved
generating interrupts. by entering STOP mode when no keys are being
pressed and effectively switches off the device.
The device is ideally suited for remote-control The micro controller comes out of STOP mode
keyboard applications because the pull-downs and upon receipt of an interrupt request that is
the interrupt drivers on the port pins allow generated when a key is pressed.
keyboards to be built without any external
components except the keys themselves. There is
Remote Control Keyboard
no need for external pull-up or pull-down resistors,
or diodes for wired-OR interrupts, as these features
The 68HC05K0 has ten general purpose I/O pins.
are already designed into the device.
One of these is used for the transmission signal
output leaving nine pins for the keyboard control.
This application makes use of many of the device
Of these, four pins on PortA have internal interrupt
features to control an infra-red television remote
request hardware. Using these four pins as inputs
control. The application could be very easily
allows key presses to be detected without any
modified to control any device with a similar
external interrupt hardware. This leaves the five
transmission protocol. It will run on any of the ‘K’
remaining pins for outputs.
devices without modification.
Using the internal pull-down facility and the rising
Remote Control Specifications edge interrupt request on the four inputs permits
interrupts to be generated. If the five outputs are
The basic purpose of a television remote control is set to logic ‘1’, so driving an input from logic ‘0’
to transmit a control instruction to the television. to logic ‘1’ when a key is pressed, an interrupt
The instruction is generated by a keystroke on the request can be generated. Using this
remote control keyboard. The detection and arrangement a five by four keyboard matrix can be
decoding of a key press and the transmission used. An extra four keys can be controlled if the
encoding is carried out by the remote control micro Vdd line is used to drive one row of four keys to
controller. logic ‘1’. Therefore the maximum amount of keys
controllable becomes twenty four.

!MOTOROLA
© MOTOROLA LTD., 1992
 31 32 34 38
1 2 3 NORM VDD
11 12 13 00
71 72 74 78
4 5 6 MUTE A7
14 15 16 01
VOL+ b1 b2 b4 b8
7 8 9 A6
17 18 19 06
A5 d1 d2 d4 d8
0 PC+ PC- VOL-
10 2c 2d 07
TV/ e1 e2 e4 e8
MIX TIME CON+ A4
TEXT 39 3b 3a 0c
f4
STOP SUB- INDEX CON- B0 f1 f2 f8
PAGE 3e 3d 3c 0d
A0 A1 A2 A3

Figure 1 Keyboard layout with associated scanned and transmitted codes

A depressed key will set one of the input columns Transmission Protocol
to logic ‘1’. By scanning the columns, and setting
each row output to logic ‘0’ and then checking if the The transmission protocol in this application is that
inputs all become logic ‘0’, the associated row for used by the MC144105 IR Remote Control
the key can be determined. If rotating the logic ‘0’ Transmitter. It uses a binary coded 9-bit data word
through the five output pins fails to identify a key with the LSB being transmitted first. Each bit of the
column, then the key must be connected to the transmitted signal is in the form of a bi-phase pulse
Vdd line. This process gives an individual code for code modulated (PCM) signal, whose bit coding is
each key which is a combination of the code from shown in Figure 2. For a transmitted ‘0’ there is a
the column inputs and the row outputs. This can 512µs pause followed by a 32kHz pulse train for
then be decoded to an instruction that is inserted 512µs. For a transmitted ‘1’ there is 32kHz pulse
into the output signal for transmission. train followed by a 512µs pause. This gives a bit
time of 1024µs for all bits.This is shown asFigure 2.
Figure 1 shows the layout of the keyboard on the
left and the scanned and transmitted codes on the
right. The keyboard layout incorporates the various
television controls plus controls for TELETEXT. On bit-n
the left hand side the codes returned from
scanning the keyboard are shown in the upper
right-hand corner of each key and the code sent for
transmission for that key instruction are shown in '0'
the bottom left-hand corner. The I/O pins for each
row and column are also shown for each key. 1024µs
512µs

'1'

Figure 2 Bit coding of PCM signal

MOTOROLA AN463/D
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A complete transmission command consists of The command timing in Figure 3 shows that after the
several messages. Each command begins with a start transmission the message is continually
start message of nine 1’s followed by the message re-transmitted at intervals of 131ms (approximately
appropriate to the key pressed. This message is 8Hz) until the key is released. This is shown as time
repeatedly transmitted until the key is released. (c). The control timing shows the nine bit instruction
The transmission is terminated after the key is 111001110 being transmitted starting with the LSB.
released by a end message of nine 1’s. The pre-bit pause is equal to two bit periods and is
followed by a start-bit of logical ‘1’. The pulse train is
Every message consists of a pre-bit, a pre-bit continuous during the transition between
pause, a start bit and nine data bits. The pre-bit and transmitting a logic ‘0’ and a logic ‘1’. The modulating
the start-bit are always logical ‘1’. The pre-bit allows pulse train has a frequency of approximately 32kHz
for the set up of the automatic gain control in the with a mark-to-space ratio of one to three.
receiving preamplifier. Figure 3 gives the exact
timing relationships for the transmissions. The signal for transmission is output through one port
pin and is used to drive an IR diode amplifier circuit.

(a) (c) (c) COMMAND TIMING

(b) (b)

START TRANSMISSION

MESSAGE TIMING

(1) (1) (0) (1) (1) (1) (0) (0) (1) (1) (1)

(d) (f) (d) (d)

(e) (e)
MODULATION

(g) (g) (h)

(i)

Command timing (a) = 32.8ms start transmission

(b) = 13.3ms start command 13 * bit time
(c) = 131ms control transmission
Message timing (d) = 512µs (half-bit time)
(e) = 1.024ms (bit time) 16/fcarrier
(f) = 3.072ms (pre-pulse time)
Modulation (g) = 8µs
(h) = 32µs (1/fcarrier) 16/fcarrier
(i) = 512µs (half-bit time)

Figure 3 Circuit timing

AN463/D MOTOROLA
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 Remote Control Operation

Figure 4 is a flow diagram showing the operation of

the remote control on power-up or reset. After the
initial set-up of the ports as inputs or outputs the
remote control goes into STOP mode. It will remain
setup ports
in STOP mode as long as the device is not reset or
for keybrd
a key is not pressed. When a key is pressed an
interrupt request is generated. A short time delay
makes sure that it is a true key press and not noise
STOP
and also allows time for any switching effects on
the inputs to pass prior to checking the inputs.

The keyboard is then read to find which key has interrupt

been pressed and the code for the key is decoded
into an instruction and transmitted to the television.
If the key is held down the instruction is NO
key
re-transmitted until the key is released. This is pressed
useful for the instructions which count through the
television channels or adjust the volume, colour or YES
brightness controls.
read
When the key is released a terminating instruction keybrd
is sent to the receiver to inform it that the next
message received is a separate instruction. This is decode
useful in the case of a one time instruction like
sending a channel number. In this example the
receiver will tune to a channel only once; to tune to send start
another channel the key must be released and a command
new instruction sequence received.

After terminating the transmission the ports are send

reset ready for the next key press and the message
processor returns to the STOP mode.

key still YES

pressed

NO

send end
message

Figure 4 Flow diagram

MOTOROLA AN463/D
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 Hardware

The remote control circuit is shown in Figure 5. The The infra-red amplifier uses two transistors and two
hardware consists of the keyboard, the oscillator standard diodes to limit the current through the IR
and the infra-red amplifier. The oscillator can be a diodes to approximately 1A. There is a need for a
crystal or a ceramic resonator with a frequency of large capacitor close to the IR diodes because of
2MHz. The oscillator frequency is important since the high switching current of the circuit.
the transmission timing is based around a 1MHz
internal clock frequency.

5v

5v
2MHz 10M 220pF
RESET OSC1

470µF
GND

IR DIODES
47Ω
8k2
PB1 OSC2
220pF
VSS
68HC05K0

PB0

IRQ VDD

PA0 PA7

PA1 PA6 2*IN4148

0.47Ω
PA2 PA5

PA3 PA4

Figure 5 Infra-red remote control

AN463/D MOTOROLA
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 Software
The listing of the remote control assembler code is dependent upon the receiver software. In this
contained at the end of this application note. The example the eight bit instruction ‘14’ changes the
first section of the listing sets up the ports prior to channel to number four. In another receiver
going into STOP mode and waiting for a key to be application the receiver may interpret the
pressed. PortA bits 0-3 are set up as inputs with the instruction code ‘14’ as increase volume.
pull-downs enabled. Bits 4-7 are set up as outputs
logic ‘1’ as is PortB bit 0. PortB bit 1 is set-up as The transmission routine is entered with the
output logic ‘0’ to switch off the IR amplifier before instruction for transmission in ‘keyst3’. After the
going into STOP mode. pre-bit and the start-bit are transmitted the
instruction byte is rotated (LSB first) into the carry
The next section of code named ‘presd’ is the flag. A logic ‘1’ is sent for transmission if the flag is
routine pointed to by the interrupt vector and is set after rotation and a logic ‘0’ is sent for
entered when a key is pressed. This routine first transmission if the flag is cleared. Each bit is
calls the keyboard scanning routine to determine transmitted as shown in Figure 1. The routines
which key has been pressed. It then calls the ‘send0’ and ‘send1’ send a pause of 512µs
decoding routine to convert the code from the followed by a 32kHz pulse train for 512µs and a
keyboard to a code that will be accepted by the 32kHz pulse train for 512µs followed by a 512µs
television. The start message is then transmitted pause respectively. In the situation when a ‘1’
and is followed by the instruction message. There follows a ‘0’ then a pulse train of 1024µs is
is then a check to see if the same key is still being required. To avoid breaks in this pulse train the
pressed. If it is then the instruction message is ‘send0’ routine checks the next bit to be
re-transmitted until the key is released and the end transmitted to see if a double length pulse train
message is transmitted. must be transmitted. The ‘send1’ routine then has
to check that a double length pulse train has not
As the transmission protocol requires nine data bits been sent in the previous one and a half bit periods
and only one byte instructions are being decoded a before sending a pulse train.
flag has to be set for the ninth bit of the
transmission routine. For the start and end The routine ‘burst’ produces the 32kHz pulse train for
transmissions this flag is set to 1 to give the nine a duration set by a count in the accumulator. As the
1’s message. For all instructions the ninth bit is 0 so instruction time for setting the PortB bit 1 pin high or
the flag is cleared. low is five clock cycles then the minimum processor
clock period is derived by dividing the minimum
The decoding routine compares the code from the output state time, which is 8µs when the output is
keyboard scan routine with data array ‘keydat’. On high, by the minimum number of clock cycles to
a match it takes the corresponding element from change this state. This gives an internal clock period
the array ‘tvdat’ as the instruction code for of 8µs/5 equalling 1.6µs. Adding a three cycle delay
transmission. will require an internal clock period of 8µs/8 = 1µs,
allowing a 2MHz oscillator to be used.
The values of the instruction codes shown in the
right-hand side of Figure 1 are specific for the The code size is approximately 300 bytes, leaving
receiver application. Each receiver using the same memory space for more features to be added to the
communications protocol will receive the same controller.
nine bit instruction but what the instruction does is

MOTOROLA AN463/D
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 Debug
On applying power to the circuit the RESET vector signal by pressing a key the first signal out will be
will initialise the program counter at the beginning the start message of nine 1’s. To capture the
of the software. When examining the output at instruction the key should be held down and as the
PortB bit 1 with an oscilloscope or logic analyser it instruction will be continually re-transmitted then
should be noted that when trying to capture the the capture can be initiated at this point.

AN463/D MOTOROLA
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 Listing

0026 ***************************************************************
0027 * INFRA RED REMOTE CONTROL FOR K0,K1 *
0028 ***************************************************************
0029 * WRITTEN BY A.BRESLIN 13.1.92 *
0030 ***************************************************************
0031 * THIS PROGRAM READS AND ENCODES A KEY FROM A 24 KEY KEYBOARD *
0032 * TO A FORM OF BIPHASE PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) FOR INFRA *
0033 * RED TRANSMISSION. IT USES THE TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL OF THE *
0034 * MC144105 IR REMOTE CONTROL TRANSMITTER *
0035 ***************************************************************
0036
0037
0038 0000 porta equ 00
0039 0001 portb equ 01
0040 0004 ddra equ 04
0041 0005 ddrb equ 05
0042 0008 tcsr equ $08
0043 0010 papd equ $10
0044
0045 00e0 org $e0
0046
0047 00e0 keyst1 rmb 1 ; initial code from keyboard
0048 00e1 keyst2 rmb 1 ; keycode
0049 00e2 keyst3 rmb 1 ; code transmitted
0050 00e3 dflag rmb 1 ; flag for last and 9th bits
0051
0052
0053 **************************************************************
0054 * THE PORTS ARE SET UP USING PORTA 0-3 AS INPUTS MAKING USE *
0055 * OF THE INTERNAL INTERUPT GENERATION ON THESE I/0 LINES. *
0056 * STOP MODE IS ENTERED UNTIL A KEY IS PRESSED *
0057 **************************************************************
0058
0059 0200 org $200
0060
0061 0200 9a start cli
0062 0201 ad 04 wpres bsr setup
0063 0203 9c rsp
0064 0204 8e stop
0065 0205 20 fa bra wpres
0066
0067 0207 a6 f0 setup lda #$f0 ; porta 0-3 inputs
0068 0209 b7 04 sta ddra ; 4-7 as outputs
0069 020b b7 00 sta porta ; set outputs high
0070 020d b7 10 sta papd ; 0-3 pulldown
0071 020f a6 03 lda #$03 ; portb 0-1 outputs
0072 0211 b7 05 sta ddrb
0073 0213 a6 01 lda #$01 ; set portb 0 high
0074 0215 b7 01 sta portb
0075 0217 81 rts
0076
0077

MOTOROLA AN463/D
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0078 **************************************************************
0079 * THE KEY READ IS DECODED FOR TRANSMISSION. *
0080 * THE TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL REQUIRES A START MESSAGE OF 9 *
0081 * ONES FOLLOWED BY THE KEYPRESSED CODE. THIS CODE IS *
0082 * CONTINUALLY RETRANSMITTED IF THE KEY IS HELD DOWN. AN END *
0083 * CODE OF 9 ONES TERMINATES THE TRANSMISSION AND THE DEVICE *
0084 * RETURNS TO STOP MODE. *
0085 **************************************************************
0086
0087 0218 ad 34 presd bsr keyscn ; get key pressed
0088 021a b6 e1 lda keyst2 ; save key to check
0089 021c b7 e0 sta keyst1 ; if key held down
0090 021e ad 67 bsr decode ; decode key pressed
0091 0220 12 e3 bset 1,dflag ; set nineth bit to 1
0092 0222 a6 ff lda #$ff ; send start data
0093 0224 b7 e2 sta keyst3 ; to transmission routine
0094 0226 ad 71 bsr trnmit ; nine one's
0095 0228 b6 e1 sndagn lda keyst2 ; send key press message
0096 022a b7 e2 sta keyst3 ; byte
0097 022c 13 e3 bclr 1,dflag ; set nineth bit to 0
0098 022e ad 69 bsr trnmit
0099 0230 b6 00 lda porta ; check if key still pressed
0100 0232 a4 0f and #$0f ; end if no key pressed
0101 0234 26 0f bne endtrn
0102 0236 ad 16 bsr keyscn ; else check if same
0103 0238 b6 e0 lda keyst1 ; key pressed
0104 023a b1 e1 cmp keyst2
0105 023c 26 07 bne endtrn ; end if not
0106 023e ae c8 ldx #$c8 ; delay
0107 0240 5a tloop decx ; before next
0108 0241 26 fd bne tloop ; transmission
0109 0243 20 e3 bra sndagn
0110 0245 12 e3 endtrn bset 1,dflag ; send end message
0111 0247 a6 ff lda #$ff ; of nine ones
0112 0249 b7 e2 sta keyst3
0113 024b ad 4c bsr trnmit
0114 024d 80 rti ; re-enter stop mode
0115
0116 **************************************************************
0117 * WHEN A KEY IS PRESSED THE DEVICE COMES OUT OF STOP MODE *
0118 * THE KEYBOARD IS SCANNED TO SEE WHICH KEY IS PRESSED *
0119 **************************************************************
0120
0121 024e cd 02 fc keyscn jsr datwt ; wait for debounce
0122 0251 b6 00 lda porta ; check if key press
0123 0253 b7 e0 sta keyst1 ; store inputs
0124 0255 a4 0f and #$0f ; mask outputs
0125 0257 27 a7 beq start ; stop if no key pressed
0126 0259 ae ef ldx #$ef ; set one row low
0127 025b 9f nxtrow txa ; read ouput lines
0128 025c b4 e0 and keyst1 ; combine with inputs
0129 025e b7 e1 sta keyst2 ; store key code
0130 0260 bf 00 stx porta ; to find row which clears inputs
0131 0262 b6 00 lda porta ; check for inputs cleared
0132 0264 a4 0f and #$0f ; mask outputs
0133 0266 27 1c beq gotit ; zero in key-press row clears inputs
0134 0268 58 lslx ; check if last row
0135 0269 5c incx ; set lsb to 1
0136 026a 24 02 bcc tryb ; try portb output if not porta
0137 026c 20 ed bra nxtrow ; try next porta output row
0138
0139 026e b6 e0 tryb lda keyst1
0140 0270 b7 e1 sta keyst2
0141 0272 ae f0 ldx #$f0
0142 0274 bf 00 stx porta ; set all porta outputs high
0143 0276 11 01 bclr 0,portb ; set portb 0 output low
0144 0278 b6 00 lda porta ; check for inputs cleared
0145 027a a4 0f and #$0f ; mask outputs
0146 027c 27 06 beq gotit ; zero in key-press row clears inputs
0147 027e b6 e1 lda keyst2 ;
0148 0280 a4 3f and #$3f ; set individual code since last row
0149 0282 b7 e1 sta keyst2 ; store code
0150 0284 10 01 gotit bset 0,portb ; set portb column high again
0151 0286 81 rts
0152

AN463/D MOTOROLA
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0153 **************************************************************
0154 * THE DECODE ROUTINE USES TWO ARRAYS. IT COMPARES THE KEY *
0155 * VALUE WITH THE ARRAY KEYDAT AND WHEN A MATCH IS FOUND THE *
0156 * CORRESPONDING ELEMENT IN THE ARRAY TVDAT BECOMES THE *
0157 * TRANSMITTED CODE. *
0158 **************************************************************
0159
0160 0287 ae 18 decode ldx #$18 ; data array offset to zero
0161 0289 d6 03 02 nxtel lda keydat,x ; look at each element of array
0162 028c b1 e1 cmp keyst2 ; compare with key read
0163 028e 27 03 beq match ; decode if match
0164 0290 5a decx ; else try next element
0165 0291 26 f6 bne nxtel ; norm if no match found
0166 0293 d6 03 1a match lda tvdat,x ; get key code
0167 0296 b7 e1 sta keyst2 ; store code to transmit
0168 0298 81 rts
0169
0170 **************************************************************
0171 * THE TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL REQUIRES A PRE-BIT, A PRE-BIT *
0172 * PAUSE, A START BIT AND NINE DATA BITS, WHERE THE PRE-BIT *
0173 * AND THE START BIT ARE LOGIC '1'. *
0174 **************************************************************
0175
0176 0299 10 e3 trnmit bset 0,dflag ; initialise for first bit
0177 029b ad 32 bsr send1 ; send pre-bit
0178 029d cd 02 fc jsr datwt ; pre-bit pause
0179 02a0 cd 02 fc jsr datwt ; equalling four half data periods
0180 02a3 cd 02 fc jsr datwt ;
0181 02a6 cd 02 fc jsr datwt ;
0182 02a9 ad 24 bsr send1 ; send start bit
0183 02ab ae 08 ldx #$08 ; transmit 8 data bits
0184 02ad 34 e2 nxtbit lsr keyst3 ; get next bit
0185 02af 25 04 bcs data1 ; send 1 if carry set
0186 02b1 ad 28 bsr send0 ; send 0 if carry clear
0187 02b3 20 02 bra bitsnt
0188 02b5 ad 18 data1 bsr send1
0189 02b7 5a bitsnt decx ; countdown bits sent
0190 02b8 26 f3 bne nxtbit ; send next bit if count not zero
0191 02ba 03 e3 04 brclr 1,dflag,send00 ; if flag set
0192 02bd ad 10 bsr send1 ; send 1 as nineth bit
0193 02bf 20 02 bra endend ;
0194 02c1 ad 18 send00 bsr send0 ; else send 0
0195 02c3 ae 18 endend ldx #$18
0196 02c5 ad 35 loopw bsr datwt ; delay between successive
0197 02c7 ad 33 bsr datwt ; transmissions
0198 02c9 ad 31 bsr datwt
0199 02cb 5a decx
0200 02cc 26 f7 bne loopw
0201 02ce 81 rts
0202
0203
0204 **************************************************************
0205 * TO TRANSMIT A LOGIC '1' A 32kHz PULSE TRAIN FOR 512us IS *
0206 * FOLLOWED BY A 512us PAUSE. *
0207 **************************************************************
0208
0209 02cf 01 e3 04 send1 brclr 0,dflag,last0 ; check if last bit was zero
0210 02d2 a6 10 lda #$10 ; burst if last bit was 1
0211 02d4 ad 15 bsr burst ; 32kHz pulse for 512us
0212 02d6 ad 24 last0 bsr datwt ; wait 512us
0213 02d8 10 e3 bset 0,dflag ; set flag as 1 sent
0214 02da 81 rts
0215

MOTOROLA AN463/D
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0216 **************************************************************
0217 * TO TRANSMIT A LOGIC '0' A 512us PAUSE IS FOLLOWED BY A *
0218 * 32kHz PULSE TRAIN FOR 512us. IF A LOGIC '1' FOLLOWS A '0' *
0219 * THE 32kHz IS CONTINUED FOR 1024us TO AVOID A PROCESSING *
0220 * DELAY *
0221 **************************************************************
0222
0223 02db ad 1f send0 bsr datwt ; wait 512us
0224 02dd 00 e2 04 brset 0,keyst3,next1 ; check if next bit is 1
0225 02e0 a6 10 lda #$10 ; single burst if 1
0226 02e2 20 02 bra datset ; data set
0227 02e4 a6 20 next1 lda #$20 ; double burst required
0228 02e6 ad 03 datset bsr burst ; 32kHz pulse for 512us
0229 02e8 11 e3 bclr 0,dflag ; clear flag as 0 sent
0230 02ea 81 rts
0231
0232 **************************************************************
0233 * THE 32kHz PULSE TRAIN HAS A MARK TO SPACE RATIO OF 1 TO 3 *
0234 **************************************************************
0235
0236 02eb 13 01 burst bclr 1,portb ; portb 1 low
0237 02ed 21 fe brn *
0238 02ef 12 01 bset 1,portb ; portb 1 high
0239 02f1 21 fe brn *
0240 02f3 13 01 bclr 1,portb ; portb 1 low
0241 02f5 9d nop
0242 02f6 4a deca ; decrement count
0243 02f7 27 02 beq endbur ; end of burst ?
0244 02f9 20 f0 bra burst
0245 02fb 81 endbur rts
0246
0247
0248 02fc a6 52 datwt lda #$52 ; count
0249 02fe 4a loop deca ; to provide 512us delay
0250 02ff 26 fd bne loop ; after instruction times
0251 0301 81 rts
0252
0253 0302 31 f1 e1 d1 b1 71 keydat fcb $31,$f1,$e1,$d1,$b1,$71
0254 0308 32 f2 e2 d2 b2 72 fcb $32,$f2,$e2,$d2,$b2,$72
0255 030e 34 f4 e4 d4 b4 74 fcb $34,$f4,$e4,$d4,$b4,$74
0256 0314 38 f8 e8 d8 b8 78 fcb $38,$f8,$e8,$d8,$b8,$78
0257
0258 031a 11 3e 39 10 17 14 tvdat fcb $11,$3e,$39,$10,$17,$14
0259 0320 12 3d 3b 2c 18 15 fcb $12,$3d,$3b,$2c,$18,$15
0260 0326 13 3c 3a 2d 19 16 fcb $13,$3c,$3a,$2d,$19,$16
0261 032c 00 0d 0c 07 06 01 fcb $00,$0d,$0c,$07,$06,$01
0262
0263
0264 0332 80 softin rti
0265
0266 03fa org $3fa
0267
0268 03fa 02 18 fdb presd ; scan keybrd on int
0269 03fc 03 32 fdb softin ; software interrupt
0270 03fe 02 00 fdb start ; resett

AN463/D MOTOROLA
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