ADAPTIVE BUILDING FACADE

TECHNOLOGIES AND BUILDING

MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING

PLASTIC, RUBBER AND WASTE RECYCLING

TECHNOLOGIES AND EXTERNAL BUILDING MOLD

AND FINISHING MATERIAL ART SYSTEM

OWNER: ZELALEM AND TEAM GROUP

PREPARED BY: JASPER CONSULTING

ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERING PLC.
INVESTMENT, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNICAL
SOULTION

OCT, 2020

PRPARED BY JASPER ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS PLC 1

ADAPTIVE FAÇADE BUILDING MATERIAL MANUFACATURING

Contents
Table .............................................................................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................1
2. Mission Statement................................................................................................................................................1
3. Project Location ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Description of the Project ....................................................................................................................................9
5. Project Duration ...................................................................................................................................................9
6. Project Beneficiaries .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. Project Activities................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
8. Components of the Project ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
9. Strategic and Market Analysis ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Economic Outlook ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Competitive Analysis ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Weaknesses .......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Opportunities ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Threats .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
10. Marketing Objectives ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
11. Marketing Strategies .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
12. Capital Investment ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Design and consultancy Costs ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Construction Costs .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Summary..................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
13. Source of Investment costs ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Break down of Investment costs for civil work. ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transaction Time for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr current rate 37.55 eth.birr. ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Break down of Investment costs for civil work two. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transaction Time for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Break down of Investment costs for civil work super structure . ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transaction Time for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr ...................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Break down of Investment costs for civil work super structure. ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transaction Time for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr with bank rate .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Break down of Investment costs for civil work super structure. ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Transaction Time for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr with bank rate 35 birr .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Break down of Investment costs for civil work super structure. ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Total Transaction for Investment ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Dollar amount ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Amount in Eth.birr with bank rate 37.55 birr ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Eth .Birr amount ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Investment period, loan and project duration ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Conclusion .................................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Project Plan and 3D views .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Table
Table 1. 1 Costs and types of design activities ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 1. 2: Costs of construction ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 1. 3: The sum of Design, consultancy and Construction costs ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 1. Introduction
Abstract

There is a growing interest in Adaptive Facade Technologies to counter overheating problems and
well-being concerns in smart and high-performance buildings. However, traditional literature
review studies do not necessarily provide deep insights into the future trends of adaptive facade
technologies.

To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel conceptual framework and technological
classification for adaptive facades in the future. Our research methodology includes a literature
review expert interviews and content analysis. In-depth interviews with money international
adaptive facade experts were conducted with a focus on the European context. The results
categorize the adaptive facade technologies under four promising families and present a conceptual
framework that identifies human-centered design, smart building operating systems, service-driven
solutions, circularity, and materials as the main drivers of the facade technological advancements.
Overall, this methodology yields new and rich qualitative knowledge related to adaptive facades;
however, it has certain limitations, such as being time-consuming. The research provides insights
on future delivery processes and the future structural trends of adaptive facades. The new
categorization and framework articulate the multi-functionality and performance requirements of
facade technologies including smartness, automation, comfort, and well-being.

2. Mission Statement
Pretty Plastic aims to produce facade claddings out of up cycled plastic waste that look great, are
safe in use, easy to apply and last forever. From trash to tile! Pretty Plastic contributes to a circular
economy where waste does not exist and raw materials are used over and over again.

PRPARED BY JASPER ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS PLC 1

ADAPTIVE FAÇADE BUILDING MATERIAL MANUFACATURING

From trash to tile.

Circular Economy is the buzz phrase in construction industry. In a linear economy, we make use of
raw materials that we dismiss as waste at the end of their useful life. It is only relatively recently
that the irresponsible risk of this model has become clear. It is apparent now that our earth is not an
inexhaustible source of fuel and raw materials, and only has a limited ability as ecosystem to defend
itself against human intervention. In a circular economy, there is no waste and raw materials are
used over and over again. Energy and material cycles are closed and the damage to our earth’s
ecosystem is kept to a minimum.

No blueprint
More than half of the waste that our society produces is waste from construction and infrastructure.
In the case of the construction industry, the transition to a circular economy means a fundamental
transformation across the full breadth of the field of work: from project definition to design, to new
products and realization. There is no blueprint for construction design in a circular economy. There
are however a number of strategies that each have their specific quality. Bio based construction for
example has little negative impact on our environment. In this type of construction many products
are biodegradable and made from animal or plant materials, like wood, hemp, flax, bamboo or
coconut fibers.

In constructions that can be disassembled re-use of materials is been made easy. Steel frames are
bolted and the use of glue is kept to a minimum. The promise for sustainability will only be fulfilled
in a distant future. In this strategy one could still use mint steel or freshly poured concrete.
Recycling will be for the next generation.

Recycled materials:
Applying recycled materials in constructions that can be disassembled is great for our environment
both forward and backward. Backward because no new raw materials are being used in the building
process. And forward since use of these same raw materials has been taken care of by intelligent
construction design. Taking responsibility of for both past and future contributes in a natural way to

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a circular economy. In cases where waste is transformed into new building products the gain is even
higher. Collecting waste and turning it into resource is true magic.

100% plastic waste

Facade claddings meet high technical demands. Every cladding has to be completely wind- and
waterproof. It has to protect against fire and last in extreme weather conditions. It doesn't come as a
surprise that the development of true sustainable facade materials has been proven difficult.
Recently, the company Pretty Plastic has developed a tile that consists entirely of recycled PVC
building material waste. Because only waste streams are being used in the production process every
tile is slightly different, which gives facades a natural look. The tiles are fully fireproof certified and
can be applied on any building. By both cleaning up waste streams and producing a cladding
material that can be endlessly recycled in the future, the Pretty Plastic tile truly contributes to a
circular economy: from trash to tile. Over and over again.

BUILDING THE CURRENT AND FUTURE

African cities have growth rates of up to 5% per year; which makes them the fastest growing
cities in the world today. Extrapolations show that the urban population in Africa currently
doubles every 10 to 15 years. The reason for this urban population growth is high migration
rates into African cities. This migration occurs on a broad scale because of two main factors.
Aggravated conditions for agricultural production in the global market combined with local mis-
management result in food shortages and difficult conditions for even subsistence farming.
Repeated local and regional conflicts deprive an ever-growing part of the rural population of
their means of existence and jeopardize their security. In the hope of better living conditions,
many people move into urban environments.

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Ethiopia will be confronted with a population increase of 110 million people over the next
15 years, along with increased demand for basics like food, water, safety, and shelter which are
not yet existent, or already over stressed urban settlements. The decades to come will certainly
be formative in the further long-term development of the country. Given this challenge, Ethio-
pia has to invent its own modes of 21st century urbanization, rather than relying on outdated
models from the so-called ‘developed world’. It must re-invent its indigenous building methods,
construction technologies, and material use. Ethiopia must also reduce its dependency on im-
ported materials, if there is any hope of an escape from its satellite status as a part of the global
economy.
The capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, represents an ideal situation where the urban phe-
nomena of growth, expansion, and densification can be experienced and investigated. This can
be accomplished firsthand through its geographic location, demographic development, and
most importantly, its unbelievable potential in people, ideas, and interaction
The questions of which building materials and techniques are appropriate
for the urban development of a country need to be considered, and Addis Ababa is an ideal
location for this. Newer developments in Addis Ababa show the contrary: it has been infected
with the so-called ‘Dubai Fever’ – the desire to copy or import an image of economic growth
and associate it with political power. Glass and steel towers are misunderstood as manifesta-
tions of a positive economic development and as the singular aesthetic outcomes of a modern
looking city.

The ‘Dubai Fever’, manifested and virally transmitted in seductive flashy high-gloss maga-
zines, has reached all African cities, among which Addis Ababa is one. In reality, though, the city
is anything but prepared for such a speculative boomtown urbanism, considering that more
than 60% of Addis Ababa’s population live below the poverty line. The copy/paste of architec-
tural strategies brings a myriad of serious problems. Instead of using locally available materials,
more than 80% of the construction materials in Ethiopia, including steel and glass, are
imported, mostly from Eastern Asia.

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. Investment capital, both foreign and domestic, know-how, entrepreneurship,

and the possibility of sustainable growth of local markets, all leave the country with-out becoming
links in a value chain process. In addition, big construction sites are usually led by foreign know-
how and leadership. Ethiopians are mostly seen in lower day-laborer ranks.
The glass towers symptomatic of ‘Dubai Fever’ have a big impact on the energy consumption
of the city and resultantly on the ecological footprint of the whole country.
Some picture in the city and other sample :-

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Description of the Classification of promising technologies manufacturing:-

The coming Ethiopia building industries the experts identified four major families of technologies
of adaptive facades that have promising opportunities for high market penetration by 2050.
During the early recruitment stages, we did not foresee this classification and we did not seek to
find experts representing the different adaptive facade families. Thus, general questions were
created for adaptive facades. However, the experts shared their strong agreement to categorize
adaptive facades under four main families with high potential market penetration for the coming
20 years. The classification was based on the experts' knowledge on the maturity level, market
presence, and market penetration (volume of sales) of each technology. Niche technologies or
technologies under development (even with high readiness level were excluded from the study
scope. As shown in Figure the four categories can be categorized under:

 Dynamic shadings
 chromogenic facades
 solar active facades
 AVFs

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Figure 3 shows examples of buildings that fall under one of the coming in Ethiopia listed
categories.

During our data and current Ethiopia construction industries process, several adaptive facade
technologies were identified: shutters, roller blinds, venetian blinds, CCF that are naturally
ventilated, electro chromic glazing, liquid crystal glazing, thermo chromic glazing, building

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integrated PV, double skin facade, green facade and roof, phase change materials, actively
ventilated CCF, and automated operable windows.

All these categories are listed in Table 1 according to the new classification.

There was a consensus among experts to create two categories for…

1 -DYNAMIC SHADING

2- CHROMOGENIC FACADES MATERIAL.

3- THERMAL- AND SOLAR-DRIVEN FACADE TECHNOLOGIES:-It was

discussed whether facades for which the main driving force is temperature difference (eg, phase
change materials) should be separated from those for which the main driving force is solar radiation
(eg, building integrated PV facades). However, for simplification, all thermal- and solar-driven
facade technologies are categorized under category 3 including passively operated double skin
facades.57

4- ACTIVE VENTILATIVE:-The fourth classification “active ventilative” is a new category of

facades that involves active ventilation. The term “ventilative” is inspired by the work of
International Energy Agency. Ventilate Cooling. The Ethiopian observation were helpful in
identifying the most promising facade technologies and provided a better overall understanding of
these adaptive facade technologies and their characteristics .

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TABLE 1. Adaptive facade technologies, categories, and characteristics

Application/purpo Building
Control Technology/materials
se type
Dynamic shadings
Obstruction of
sunlight, thermal
Often large wood or
insulation, security,
Shutter or PVC, aluminum,
summer comfort,
equivalent integrated blinds in the
cooling savings, Residential ceiled glazing
security, heat and
retention Manual,
nonresidentia
motorized or
Obstruction of l (schools,
automated (with
sunlight, thermal hospital,
different levels Cellular shades and
Roller blinds or insulation, summer offices,
of automation) fabrics (different types
equivalent comfort, privacy, public
and properties)
glare protection, buildings)
cooling savings
Tilting slats and glare
Venetian blinds or
See above control, aluminum and
equivalent
ceiled glazing
Sunlight
adjustment, daylight Venetian blinds:
Electric
CCF: natural control, summer Office aluminum
(motorized) or
ventilated comfort, glare buildings
magnetic
protection, privacy, Electrostatic: thin film
cooling savings
Chromogenic glazing
Solar gain and
daylight control,
Electrochromic reduce cooling
glazing needs, summer On demand
comfort, glare Residential Suspended particles,
(active),
reduction and organic and nonorganic
automated
nonresidentia coating, colloidal Nano
Create privacy (different levels
l (schools, crystal
spaces, projection of automation)
Liquid crystal hospital,
screen, and control
glazing offices,
(solar heat, visible
public
light)
buildings)
Solar gain and
Environmentall Thin film or interlayer
Thermo chromic daylight control,
y activated which changes its crystal
glazing reduce cooling
(passive) structure
needs, summer

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Application/purpo Building
Control Technology/materials
se type
comfort, glare
reduction
Solar active facades
Solar gain and
daylight control, Active control,
Two skins with a
reduce cooling environmentally
Double skin facade ventilated cavity (natural
needs, summer and activated,
or mechanical)
winter comfort, automated
glare reduction
Residential
Environmentall Different foliage layers
Green facade and and
See above y activated and functional substrates
roof nonresidentia
(passive) for plant growing
l buildings
Solar gain control,
reduce cooling Salt or paraffin materials,
Environmentall
Phase change needs, winter and micro or macro
y activated
materials summer comfort, encapsulated into
(passive)
heat and solar building components
energy store
AVF
On demand
(active),
CCF: active Office
See above automated
ventilated building
(different levels
of automation)

DYNAMIC SHADING FACADES

 Under the dynamic shading category, four adaptive facade technologies composed of
moveable parts are present, namely shutters, roller blinds, venetian blinds, and CCF
naturally activated, typically associated with a venetian blind integrated in the glazing.
 These moveable parts can be motorized or manually activated by occupants.
 All of these technologies obstruct sunlight. They aim to control daylight, participating in
thermal insulation, summer comfort, or cooling savings.

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Chromogenic facades

 Under the chromogenic facade category, three technologies including chemical aspects,
namely electro chromic glazing, liquid crystal glazing, and thermo chromic glazing, are
present.
 These technologies are not internal or external to the building but directly integrated in the
glazing. Their physical properties can change according to the level of voltage and power
changing the appearance of the glazing itself, making it more or less transparent.

Solar active facades

 Under the solar active facades, four technologies are present: building integrated PV, double
skin facades, green facades and roofs, and phase change materials.
 The first three are external technologies that are directly in contact with sunlight.
 Double skin facades and green facades and roofs obstruct sunlight; thus, they also achieve
sunlight control and summer and winter comfort goals.

Active Ventilative facades

 Under AVFs, two technologies are present: actively ventilated CCFs and automated
operable windows.
 These two technologies are based on ventilation. In the case of actively ventilated CCF, the
aim is to control the airflow inside the cavity, whereas in automated operable windows, the
aim is to control the air entering the building.

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THE COMING ETHIOPIAN BUILDING FAÇADE MATERIAL

MANUFACTURING…
CODING

The code reflects the priority of indoor environmental quality in relation to thermal, visual,
acoustic, and respiratory comfort. The second most important group of codes is related to adaptive
facades control. The flexible and interactive control and the use of sensors, controllers, and
actuators as part of the facade mechatronic systems were highlighted as the secondly most
mentioned term or domain during the professional’s discussions.

The variations between manual control and automated control (with the help of artificial
intelligence) were discussed intensively. Integrating the control systems and allowing users to
adjust their settings at different time intervals in the course of different events (daily or seasonally)
were considered as a concern for future adaptive facades operation.

The third most common code mentioned by the experts was related to occupants. Occupant's
acceptance and interaction with adaptive facades and their education and learning curve when it
comes to the use were raised too. The last group that emerged from the codes grouping of is the
project delivery and standardization aspect of adaptive facades. The idea of standardization, off-site
prefabricated facade elements, and service-driven facade solutions were highly mentioned.

Figure 4:-

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Next, Ethiopian and foreign building expert answers were coded using the qualitative data analysis,
Ethiopian building code and research software. Arch cad building, Revit and 3d max, Rhino
Atlas.ti...etc as explained earlier in Section 3.3.1 (see Figure 5). The coding requires immersion in
the transcripts whereby searching for common themes across transcripts for each theme that
emerged inductively.

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Figure 5 shows an example of coding the themes/concepts.

Analytical framework building material manufacturing international code

Once the main codes and major categories were identified and validated through peer examination,
an analytical framework was created. Figure 6 presents a graph that classifies the major technology
trends of adaptive facades under four categories in detail.

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Main concepts and future trends of adaptive facade technologies under four major categories:

Human-centered design: Human-centric design has no formal definition, but it intends to achieve
evidence-based facade solutions that balance the different comfort benefits for humans' health and
well-being. This includes the interaction and control of the facade solutions to meet users' needs.

Human-centered facade design that provides overriding and interaction features for facade system
adaptation in real time and based on users' needs is the new promising avenue of adaptive facade
systems.

Smart building operating (BOS) systems: Building operating system (BOS) is the cornerstone of
adaptive facades. A growing number of facade stakeholders understand that the operation of
adaptive facades must be supported by a digitalization and artificial intelligence approaches. BOS is
the core software platform for the smart facades because it facilitates and organizes the deployment
and use of IoT and digital applications in buildings.

The digitalization of working, living, and learning spaces is a structural trend that will provide an
additional layer of complexity that requires all facade stakeholders to increase the value of their
facade solutions.

Service-driven solutions: Service-driven facade solutions with tangible maintenance and

monitoring services are the only approach to address the complexity of digitalization and human-
centered design. Service-driven adaptive facade project delivery shift the performance
responsibility from owners to suppliers and manufactures.

The risks and uncertainties associated with adaptive facades' operation are pushing forward for a
service delivery-based process and transition that will be challenging for the facade industry and
construction industry.

Circularity and materials: Resource-efficient facades and low environmental impact facades that
enhance the performance of adaptive facade will be associated with limiting the use of materials
and other finite resources.

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Thus, the facade industry is facing a serious demand to consider the incremental environmental
benefit of facade materials during the life cycle of its value chain. This will require different ways
of thinking regarding the materials ownership vs disposal and overall low environmental impact of
facade solutions. This will accelerate existing trends where clients and designers adopt
innovative technical solutions for lightweight adaptive facades.

Future trends of adaptive facades

Summarizes the future trends of adaptive facades that are concentrated around four structural trends namely:

 Human-centered design
 Smart building operating systems
 Service-driven solutions
 Circularity and materials

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DURABILITY ADAPTIVE BUILDING MATERIAL

Built in recent times (three or four years), a lot can’t be said about the durability of this building.
But since we know what shortens the life span of we can estimate the life span of this building.
1. Maintenance
2. Repairing
3. Protecting
4. Follow up
The above actions can elongate the life span of any buildings. One of the causes of damage to
the building is people. And people damage buildings when they lack some sort of necessity. If
most of the necessity is already presented people do not have a reason to damage a building
In order to mend any problem.

BUILDINGS FROM RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

Abstract: waste prevention and the use of waste as a resource is becoming increasingly important
for shaping not only environmental policy but also industrial and raw materials policy. Rapid
industrial development and disregard toward the environment have led to the generation of
excessive amounts of waste, which in turn has become one of the biggest issues of our time.
Recycling is the much needed solution for the lack of space for storing waste on the one hand and
the limited natural resources on the other hand. Over the past decade, many new recycling
procedures for all types of materials have been developed, while waste management has become a
growing concern worldwide. Recyclable materials such as plastics, glass, metal, and rubber can be
used in the Construction of buildings of various purposes. This paper presents several examples of
the use of said recyclables as building materials.
INTRODUCTION

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an
Alternative to “conventional” waste disposal that can save material and help reduce greenhouse gas
Emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the
consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing energy usage, air pollution (from
incineration), and water pollution (from landfilling). Recyclable materials include many kinds of
glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, and electronics.

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Large amounts of waste generated daily are a major environmental issue for both urban and
rural Areas. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these
impacts and it represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling
provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions, and the quantities of waste
requiring disposal.
Advances in technologies and systems for the Collection, sorting, and reprocessing of
recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling; therefore, it may be possible to
divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling. One of the ways to reuse plastic
bottles is their use as building materials for the construction of residential buildings.
In construction, recycled ELTs are being used as aggregate in concrete and additions to asphalts
used in roads. Since concrete with added rubber granulates (crumb rubber) is an excellent noise
and vibration absorber and has lower sensitivity to temperature change, recycled tyres are also used
in roof insulation, construction noise barriers, waterproof membranes, porous bitumen binders,
rubber piping, turfs for sports or children’s playgrounds, pavements, gardens, areas around
swimming pools, etc. Whole ELTs filled with earth are being used to build walls of residential
buildings.

The use of recycled glass as aggregate in concrete has become popular in modern times. This
greatly enhances the aesthetic appeal of the concrete. Recent research findings have shown that
concrete made with recycled glass aggregates exhibits better long term strength and better thermal
insulation due to the thermal properties of the glass aggregates.
Glass aggregate, a mix of colors crushed to a small size, is substituted for pea gravel or crushed
rock in many construction projects.
Recycled glass has the following applications: glassware manufacture, Glass asphalt (asphalt with
added crushed glass used for asphalt paving), manufacture of construction materials (glass bricks
and elements, insulation foams and panels, etc.), reflective road marking colors, glass wool,
moisture drainage for landscaping, decorative sand in restaurants, glass fibers, abrasives, etc.

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In put waste material for façade manufacturing and

Internal and external building material

1. Polymers, including synthetic rubber from any source

2. Car waste material, tyre, fiber, plastic, rubber products..etc
3. Recycled glass …bottles and jars ,Any house waste equipment
4. Office and home waste product
5. Sand and Fine Gravel …etc

GENERAL WASTE MATERIAL RECYCLING VIEW

The future and emerging technologies of adaptive facade systems can make a difference with the
overheating risks due to climate change and the reduction of energy demand for cooling in existing
and new buildings. The main concepts of adaptive facade systems and future trends presented in
this paper represent a consensus view of facade experts and technology developers from Ethiopian
professionals and foreign countries adaptive building material manufacturer and expertise .

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