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/ 25
yer 2° 7 — atin ete _sixicx wah 4. jh
. Equation (4.23) extracts the frequency components of the sigital, and transformation usin,
ijnolysi equation (4.23) is also called analysis of the signal x(t). rue 2
thesis: Equation (4.22) combines the frequency components of the signal and so the inverse
syn ransformation using equation (4.22) is also called synthesis of the signal x(t).
Definition of Fourier Transform (GTU, Jan‘ 16, 7 Marks)
x(t) = Continuous time signal
XG) = Fourier transform of x(t) = F{x(t)}
ourier transform: The Fourier transform of continuous time signal, x(t) is defined as,
te
XQ) = f x(e™ dt
Let,
Also, X(jQ) is denoted as F{x(t)} where "F" is the symbol used to denote the Fourier transform
operation.
=
+ FEO} = XGQ) =f xe at
Note: Sometimes the Fourier transform is expressed as a function of cyclic frequency F, rather than
radian frequency Q. The Fourier transform as a function of cyclic frequency F, is defined as,
XGR = fxme™ at
4.73 Conditions for Existence of Fourier Transform (irichlet’s Condition)
‘The Fourier transform of x(t) exists if it satisfies the following Dirichlet’s condition.
1. The x(t) should be absolutely integrable.
ie, J x(t) dt < 00
2. The x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima within any finite interval.
3. The x(t) can have a finite number of discontinuities within any interval.
sr Transform
ie
x) = F-XGH} = bf XG dO
where, F~lis the symbol used to denote the inverse Fourier transform operation.
The signals x(t) and X(jQ) are called Fourier transform pair and can be expressed as,
F
x0 == XG)
nglOt? When Fourier iransform is expressed as « function of eyelic frequency F. the inverse Fourier
M"sform is defined as, i
x() = F~'{XGP)} = f XGF)e?" dF :
= = 2
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner chapher 4 Fourier Series and Fourler Transform of Continuous Time Signals
Summa)
Table 4
of Properties of Fourier Transform
4.61
Let, F(x(} = XGQ) + FOx()} = X,GQ) ; F{x,} = X,60)
domain signal
Property Time Domain Signal Frequency Domain Signal
Linearity a x() +a, x0) a, X,GQ) + a, X,G0)
rime shifting x(tét,) #0 Xj)
rime scaling x(at) Bx)
Time reversal x(t) X52)
‘Conjugation xO X'GQ)
Frequency shifting x) xG(Q-2,))
Time differentiation 4 x(t) j.XGQ)
Time integration Jx@er X09) 5 5x()5Q)
= io
Frequency differentiation tx(t) if XGQ) -
‘Time convolution xilt)*x2(9 = f xi(t)xo(t—1)de X,62)X,G2)
= hate
[Frequency convolution xx, 7 f XP) XGA w= J [X10 +260]
(or Multiplication) * 2
XGQ)= x"Ga)
. [xG9)]=|x(-jm)]; 2x GQ) = 2x(-j)
Symmetry of real signals x(t) is real Re{X(jQ)} = Re{X(-jQ)}
Im{XG0)} = —1m{X(-jO)}
Real and even x(t) is real and even X@Q) is real and even
Real and odd x(1) is real and odd XG) is imaginary and odd
Duality If x(0=X,GQ) —_[ie., x,t) and X,(GQ) are similar functions)
nx, (JO) [i.e., X,GQ) and 2nx, (—jQ) are similar functions]
‘Area under a frequency
fx dQ = 2nx(0)
x@=xO|.
‘Area under a time Jr & = XO X)=XG) |,
domain signal ac)
Energy in time domain is, Energy in frequency domain is,
vgs i Lf.
Parseval’s relation c= fimof a bed Jixom 0
Prot a= 2b fixgof an
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner * series and Fourier Transform ati
Fourier Transform
Table 4.6: Fourier Series Vs
Fourier Series Fourier Transform
urier Ser
1, Defined only for periodic signals.
nonperiodic signals.
1. Defined for both periodic and
2. The spectrum is discrete, 2. The spectrum is continuous,
3. Magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum 3. Magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum
are plotted by taking "magnitude/phase" are plotted by taking "magnitude/phase"
ofa signal versus harmonic order "n". ofa signal versus frequency "Q",
4, Parseval's relation of Fourier series is. | 4, Parseval's relation of Fourier transform is
used to calculate power spectral density used to calculate energy spectral density
of a periodic signal x(t). of the signal x(t).
4.8 Fourier Transform of some Important Signals (AU, May" 15,2 Mat)
4.8.1 Fourier Transform of Unit Impulse Signal (GTU, Jan‘ 16,1 Mai)
The impulse signal is defined as,
=0 and foe a =1
x0) = B(t) = ;
=0 ;t#0
By definition of Fourier transform,
XG = FOV = f OEM a= [ae a oem)
axe |g = 1xe = 1
F{5(t)
Theplotof the impulse signal and its magnitude spectrum are shown in Figs 46 and 4.7, respect
x(t)
XQ) i
x= 5(H) MOONY psc 1
«. 1
———__1
v . eo)
Fig 4.6: Impulse signal. Fig 4.7: Magnitude spectrum of
impulse signal.
4.8.2 Fourier Transform of Single.
led Exponential (aru, san’ 26,2808)
The single-sided exponential signal ig defined a,
S,
0 = ACU = AEH, 139
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4.63
py definition of Fourier transform,
va +00
xg = Fo} = fx dt = Preterm
Fe j
Fr (04 j0y ] +00
[ace a= a a
0
= [Ace _ Ae] __ a
* [=(a+jQ) —(a+jQ) atjQ
Flac ud}
iQ+a
(4.45)
The plot of the exponential signal and its magnitude spectrum are shown in Figs 4.8 and 4.9
respectively.
x() = Ae“ u(t)
t
Fig 4.9: Magnitude spectrum
of exponential signal,
483 Fourier Transform of Double-Sided Exponential Signal
The double-sided exponential signal is defined as,
x) = Ae" 5 forallt
ox() = Act 5 -oSts0
0
Fig 4.8: Exponential signal.
=Ac" 5 0StS+00
By definition of Fourier transform,
XGQ) = F{x(p} = fro™ at
. age
= facto as frcte™ at
= G
0 »
= fact ate face at
d d
Aer tian y=
A
* a4ja
(a+b)(a—b)
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ls
— ial signal and its magnitude ne
The plot of the double-sided exponential signa Pea a
Figs 4.10 and 4.11, respectively.
0 t
Fig 4.10: Double sided
exponential signal.
xo
Fig 4.11: Magnitude spectrum SF double
sided exponential signal,
4.8.4 Fourier Transform of a Constant (Fourier Transform of DC Signal)
Let, x(t)=A
where A is a constant
Le, A= LyAc™
x) = Ly Aes!
On taking Fourier transform of the above equation
50) = - =
XGQ) = F{x()} = FL, Ae’
= Ly Fle}
= Lt —20A
0 ea
we get,
If definition of Fourier tanfag?
directly applied, the o
not satisfy the condition,
J[lx0) dtO
-l ; t<0
The signum function can be expressed as a sum of two one-sided exponential signals taking limit
‘atends to 0 as shown below:
u(t)=1;t20
vs sgn() = Lt fe“ u(y - e* uc) =0;t<0
x() = sen) = Lt fe“ u(t) ~ eu] econ reso
=? =0;t>0
By definition of Fourier transform,
XG) = Fix} = fixe at
= Jule" u(t) — eu de at
- t= 0
ete dt fete ™ dt
he al etn gy —
eration ]= eft et
o [@-j2)
=O and e?=1
= oe oe a
18 * ja = ja
Sand (4.48)
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i crnpnitad. spectrum are shown in Figg Aisne
The plot of the signum function
Po
, 1; t>0
0)
aa t<0
Fig 4.14: Signum finction Fig 4.15: Magnitude spectrum of signin feign
ig 4.14: Si ;
4.8.6 Fourier ‘Transform of Unit Step Signal (GTU, Jan 36, ‘ag
The unit step signal is defined as,
u()=1 ; t20
=0 ; t<0
If can be proved that,
sgn(t)=2u()-1 => u(t) = Ff +sgn()]
+x = u@) = FL +sen(0]
On taking Fourier transform of the above equation we get,
XGQ) = Fx} = FLA +sen()]}
= {a} + Ff4 senco}
=F FCI} + 5 Ffsen()}
ei 1/2
3 [2n5(Q)] + aba = x5) +
The plot of the unit és 7
respectively, it step signal and its magnitude spectrum are shown in Figs 4.16 and 4.17
x(t)
X= U)=15 29
=O;t B= J2t
= f Pei dt = f e740 ap si ° 7A
-= = Puasa, «B= St JO
Dat 2a
_ foley
ae a
Fe +jOr= (verano FE
casts J2 dread oat=
2a a
[raele
Fig 4.26: Gaussian pulse. Fig 4.27: Magnitude spectrum
of Gaussian pulse.
18.11 Fourier Transform of Exponentially Decaying Cosinusoidal Signal
The exponentially decaying cosinusoidal signal is defined as,
if
go cite
cos: +
x(Q) = Acr*cos ot u(t) = 4 (er (e+e) UO)
2
A (eet gro™) UO
On taking Fourier transform we get,
{xo} = FLAC em rere ha =A [ee (pp Fee" uO}
A
2
jrvmeect uo
+ my A
-4 feomre a year + 4
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner Co (4419 HO
A
2
FARO} =
foto ite at +
A gt i80
J
(a+ jy +
thar
- 4 Sram
= Alabama
1 A[__a+jQ54 jQ+a=)05+j0
Fs orral ~ Slatin atenaeey
= SLcaaal*4
iQ) |
a] _ af_2@+i9) ‘| Aj) _
. Shae om? . Ata? (a+jOy +9F
|
0 ma
2 Fle eos, u(o} = _AGO, rb a-W =F |
The plot ofthe exponentially decaying cosinusoidal signal and its magnitude spectrum are stom |
in Figs 4.28 and 4.29 respectively.
= ___atja
XA x()=Ac™eos,t u() X00) aE
IxGQy] |
Fig 4.28: Exponentially decaying Fig 4.29: Magnitude spectrum of exponentially
cosinusoidal signal, decaying cosinusoidal signal. |
48.12 Fourier Transform of Rectangular Pulse
The rectangular signal is defined as,
7
=0 3 otherwise
By definition of Fourier transform,
XG0) = Fix) = fr May
XQ) = rect (+) =1 fstst
+92
= fem at
-in |
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner _ pourlr Series andl Fourier Transform of Continnons Time Signals
cen oe ae a
oxo = [Sal =-ahle Pe |
alee :
=-al aj Multiply and divide by 2
in OT
— 2a aty .
[sn] = a
2
: sin OT.
~ ae Multiply and divide by T
=T sine (27
Tssine (ST) svns(A.52)
Ly) = aT
a Ffrea(p)} = T sine (2°)
The plot of the rectangular pulse and its magnitude spectrum are shown in Figs 4.30 and 4.31
respectively. : ‘AU, May’ 15, 2 Marks)
[xG0)|
x()
hy
=e
2 2
Fig 4.30: Rectangular pulse. Fig 4.31: Magnitude spectrum of rectangular pulse.
4813 Fourier Transform of Sine Signal
The sine pulse signal is defined as,
x(t) = T sine (Fs) ; where T=
Let, x,(t) =T sine (F ')
Let, x,()= reet( +)
On taking Fourier transform of x,(t) we get,
. ‘Using equation (4.52)
X60) = FExy(d) = F{reet()} = Tine G
9)
2. X4§Q) =T sine t 2
Here, x,(t) = X,G2) similar forms.
Let, X,G2) = F(x,(9}
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner 4.72
ier transform,
Now by duality property of Fourier tran
t
XG) =20x3(0) o =20(T) La
=2nvea(=")
= 2x ree( J?)
1 Fle} = FO}
oe F{Tsine Ft}=x,(50)
off 3)
[XGQ)]
ly
- ez a
Fig 4.32: Sine pulse.
Fig 4.33: Magnitude spectrum of
sine pulse, |
Fourier Transform of Shifted impulse
The shifted impulse is defined as,
x(t) = (t=)
On taking Fourier transform we get,
F{xO}=F((t-1))}
5(t— te) o™
= fo (t~t) eM a
=oF mer
(1) = 5-4) 4x09)
—__|
wt ——__L___,
fled impulse sign,
0 Q
18 4.35: Magnitude spectrum of impulse sight! |
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a foarte Series and Fourier Transform of Continuous Time Signals
00 er Transform of Standard Signals and their Magnitude Spectrum
4.73
x(t)
X(@Q) and Magnitude Spectrum
OF x(t) = (tte)
xg), XUM)=e7
4
Complex exponential signal
a
ly Qa
ifed impulse signal iq
shifted imp [Proof: Refer Section 4.8.14]
x(t=e
X(jO)=2n5(0-24)
xGO)H
2550-0)
o 2
(Proof: Refer Section 4.8.7]
x(t) = coset
x(t)
Cosinusoidal signal
XGQ) = n[B(Q - Q,) + (A +.2,)]
IxGQ),
+0) 80-0)
Oy 0 "a
[Proof: Refer Section 4.8.9]
XG0)-F15(0-2)-8(0+N,)]
x(=sin Qt xy
x)
1
4
‘Sinusnitdel signs =n.)
in
an [Proof: Refer Section 4.8.8]
x(0) =2nA 6(Q)
x(Q=A ico
= 2x 2)
a a
Constant a [Proof: Refer Section 4.8.4]
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Table 4.7: Continued.
O,
x(t) = sen(t) =U =
x(t)
ae
= —
is
1
Signum signal
x=wo=1 5 120
=0 5 1<0
;
Unit step signal
(XG)
o
[Proof: Refer Section 48,5)
x(a) = 2 8(Q)+L }
ja
PXxGQ))
[Proof: Refer Section 4.8.6]
x0)
Hho
| :
Decaying exponential signal
x(t)=te™u(t)
ye
Product of ramp and decaying exnc, decaying exponential signal
X(jQ)-——— mA
(Proof: Refer Section 4.8.2]
oS, 0)
[xXGQ)}
1
(Proof: Refer Example 4.16(d)]
Ma
|
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner ¥ ——orrmums same Signals
4.75
XG) and Magnitude Spectrum
[Proof: Refer Section 4.8.3]
arjQ
xt Soya +25
PxGQ)|
a0 2
[Proof: Refer Section 4.8.11]
r T in oT
x()=reet(4.)=1 ; -$STS sin ar
ere 2 2 at Tsine( SP)
= 05, other 2 (AU, May' 15, 2 Marks)
x(t)
I
1 wr
. 3 an7an an~“&e
Rectangular pulse ToT va
[Proof: Refer Section 4.8.12]
T
Triangular pulse
ar
2
x(Q) =
x6)
me
Qa
es
-£. -F 7 T
[Proof: Refer Example 4.19]
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner 4.76.
Table 4.7: Continued.
XGQ) and Magnitude Spectra,
x(t)
iQ
: XQ) = reet( =
sto = sin) (er
IxGQy]
Gaussian pulse
[Proof: Refer Section 4.7.10]
= 0) = 22 FR g(q_ 2a
x() = ¥ sa-n x69) T a( T )
IxGaQy|
x(t)
EZ =
a Fo Rae a
; T
Impulse train
[Proof: Refer Example 4.33]
la}
[4
From Table 4.7 the following observations are made:
1. The Fourier transform of a Gaussian pulse will be another Gaussian pulse.
2. The Fourier transform of an impulse train will be another impulse train.
: m ve = of rectangular pulse will be a sinc pulse and vice versa.
m ofa triengular putse will be a squared sinc pulse.
5. The Fourier
transform of a Constant will be an impulse and vice versa.
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner - Fourier Sertes and Fourter Transform of Continous Time Signals
a7
dard Fourier Transform Pairs
x) XqQ) Proof
50) 1 [Refer Section 4.8.1]
a(t) eM [Refer Section 4.8.14]
A 2nA6(Q) [Refer Section 4.8.4]
where, A is constant
u(t) 78(Q) + ja [Refer Section 4.8.6]
sen(t) & [Refer Section 4.8.5]
tu(t) a - [Refer Example 4.16c]
na = [Refer Example 4.16c]
i
Pu) a (Refer Example 4.16c]
where, m=1,2,3, wo Gey
u(t) ma [Refer Section 4.8.2]
“ = [Refer Example 4.16(d)
te*u(t) ja+o? o ipl (4)]
i 2Aa Refer Section 4.8.3]
Ae ro t
‘AeHo 2A 8(Q-24) [Refer Section 4.8.7]
sinQat E{6(0-2) ~ 8(2+0.)]| [Refer Section 4.8.8]
j
cost 7[5(Q—2) +3Q+0)] | [Refer Section 4.8.9]
(® scanned with OKEN Scanner Example 4.3
( ignal x(t) =e u(t)
\ Verity ‘arseval's theorem for the energy sign
Solution:
Given that, x(t) =e u(t)
Parseval's theorem J istoPat = x Lf pxonifan
0
LHS:
= jxwpar= f° le* wo? -f Je“*Pat
- fest -[egf" --4 weal
-fe at = [ep =-Hem-e) = §
(Rr aS
( scanned with OKEN Scanner Ghapler 4 - Fourier Series and Fourter Transform of Continuous Time Signals 4.93
BES:
& fiximPaa
XGQ) = F{x(t) = F{e-* u(y} =
Bi _.
jQ+3
= fixooyran - Ji wacs[en
. J Tae [se
- Sage
= Gear = ser) )]
= Zftantco—tan-'(-«e)] = 3/5 -(-§)]
= 33+) = 3" “0
RHS = esd Jnana « xed
re, LHS = RHS:
~ te
P J lx Pat = 2. f |xGa)Pan
—_Hence, Parseval's theorem is verified.
( scanned with OKEN Scanner rte series an ‘
vation (489) we can say thatthe frequency response HC) of an 71 continuous time
fom SH transfer funetion in frequency domain and s, the frequency response is also given
iss jer transform of output to the Fourier transform of input,
ell of the Fourier ne ——— P
i yonse, H(jQ)
cs Frequney responses RGM (4.68)
