Discussion 1

Questions are From End of Chapter 1 Problems

33. Classify each statement as an observation, a law, or a theory.

a) All matter is made of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.

b) When iron rusts in a closed container, the mass of the container and its contents does not
change.

c) In chemical reactions, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

d) When a match burns, heat is released.

34. Classify each statement as an observation, law, or theory.

a) Chlorine is a highly reactive gas.

b) If elements are listed in order of increasing mass of their atoms, their chemical reactivities follow
a repeating pattern.

c) Neon is an inert (or nonreactive) gas.

d) The reactivity of elements depends on the arrangement of their electrons.

35. A chemist decomposes several samples of carbon monoxide into carbon and oxygen and weighs the
resultant elements. The results are shown in the table.

a) Do you notice a pattern in these results?

Next, the chemist decomposes several samples of hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and oxygen.
The results are shown in the Table.

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 b) Do you notice a similarity between these results and those for carbon monoxide in part a?

c) Can you formulate a law from your observations in a and b?

d) Can you formulate a hypothesis that might explain your law in c?

37. Classify each substance as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure substance, classify it as an
element or a compound. If it is a mixture, classify it as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
a) sweat

b) carbon dioxide

c) aluminum

d) vegetable soup

38. Classify these substances as pure substances, compounds, or mixtures. If mixtures tell if they are
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
a) wine

b) beef stew

c) iron

d) carbon monoxide

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39. Complete the table.

40. Complete the table.

41. Determine whether each molecular diagram represents a pure substance or a mixture. If it represents a
pure substance, classify the substance as an element or a compound. If it represents a mixture, classify
the mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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42. Determine whether each molecular diagram represents a pure substance or a mixture. If it represents a
pure substance, classify the substance as an element or a compound. If it represents a mixture, classify
the mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

43. Classify each of the listed properties of isopropyl alcohol (also known as rubbing alcohol) as physical
or chemical.
a) colorless
b) flammable
c) liquid at room temperature
d) density = 0.79 g/mL
e) mixes with water

44. Classify the following as physical or chemical properties of ozone.

a) Bluish color

b) Pungent odor

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 c) Very reactive

d) Decomposes on exposure to UV light

e) Gas at room temperature

52. Convert each temperature.

a) 212 °F to °C

b) 22 °C to K

c) 0.00 K to °F

d) 2.735 K to °C

58. Use scientific notation to express each quantity with only base units (no prefix multipliers such as
milli, micro etc.)
a) 35 L

b) 225 Mm

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 c) 133 Tg

d) 1.5 cg

62. Express the quantity 556.2 × 10-12 s in each unit.

a) ms
We need to consult Table 1.2 to figure out what prefix multiplier m means. From Table
1.2 we learn:
1 millisecond = 1 ms = 10-3 s
Or 10-3 s = 1 ms
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Therefore, 1 s = 10−3 𝑚𝑠 = 103 ms

556.2 × 10-12 s = 556.2 × 10-12 × 103 ms

= 556.2 × 10-9 ms
= 5.562 × 10-7 ms
b) ns

c) ps

d) fs

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68. A supposedly gold nugget displaces 19.3 mL of water and has a mass of 371 g. Could the nugget be
gold?
This is a density question. But the question doesn’t give the density of gold. We are expected to find it
from a Table in the textbook.
Since the supposedly gold nugget displaces 19.3 mL of water, its volume = V =19.3 mL
Mass of the nugget = m = 371 g
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔 371 𝑔
We must remember density = d = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝐿 = 19.3 𝑚𝐿 = 19.2228 g/mL

From Table 1.3:

Density of gold = 19.3 g/mL
Since the calculated density is almost equal to the listed density, the nugget is gold.

74. Read each measurement to the correct number of significant figures. Laboratory glassware should
always be read from the bottom of the meniscus. Digital balances normally display mass to the correct
number of significant figures for the particular balance.

a) Like the question says we read from the bottom of the meniscus. We notice, the clear graduations
3 and 4 are divided into 10 small graduations. So, each of the small graduations must mean 0.1. We
count from the clear graduation 4. The lower meniscus is above the 4th small graduation. So, we
are certain the measurement is clearly 4.4 and something. The next decimal place is something we
estimate. I think the meniscus is slightly above the midpoint between 4.4 and 4.5. So, I would say
the value must be 4.46. We are only estimating the last digit.
b) Here we see the value 30 and below it are 6 and 8. The clearly marked graduations 6 and 8 are
divided into two graduations by a bigger mark. The bigger tick mark must be 7. The reading is
above graduation 7. I can see the reading is above the second smaller graduation of the total 5
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smaller graduations. Each of the smaller graduations must mean 5 = 0.2. So, the measurement must

be 27.4 + something. I think the reading is barely above the 27.4 graduation. I estimate it is to be
0.02 and so, the reading is 27.42.

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 c) Here what you see is what you write. No guesswork needed. 0.873 g.

78. How many significant figures are in each number?

a) 0.1111 s

b) 0.007 m

c) 108,700 km

d) 1.563300 × 1011 m

e) 30,800

82. Round each number to the three significant figures.

a) 79,845.82

b) 1.548937 × 107

c) 2.3499999995

d) 0.0000045389

86. Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.

a) 0.004 + 0.09879
0.004 +
0.09879
0.10279 = 0.103
b) 1239.3 + 9.73 + 3.42
239.3 +
9.73+
3.42
1252.45 = 1252.5
c) 2.4 – 1.777
2.4 -

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 1.777
0.623 = 0.6
d) 532 + 7.3 – 48.523
532 +
7.3
539.3 –
48.523
490.777 = 491
88. Calculate to the correct number of significant figures.
a) (24.6681 × 2.38) + 332.58

b) (85.3 – 21.489) ÷ 0.0059

c) (512 ÷ 986.7) + 5.44

d) [(28.7 × 105) ÷ 48.533] + 144.99

90. A flask containing 9.55 mL of a liquid weighs 157.2 g with the liquid in the flask and 148.4 g when
empty. Calculate the density of the liquid in g/mL to the correct number of significant figures.
V of liquid = 9.55 mL
m of liquid = 157.2 g – 148.4 g = 8.8 g
𝑚 8.8 𝑔
d= 𝑉
= 9.55 𝑚𝐿 = 1.08522727 g/mL = 1.1 g/mL

94. Perform each unit conversion.

a) 1.4 in to mm

b) 116 ft to cm

c) 1845 kg to lb

d) 815 yd to km

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96. A cyclist rides at an average speed of 18 mi per hour. If she wants to bike 212 km, how long (in hours)
must she ride?

Here we need to convert the speed to the km per hour.

From Table 1.3: 1 km = 0.6214 mi

1 𝑘𝑚
Speed = 18 mi per hour = 18 mi/hour × 0.6214 𝑚𝑖 = 28.9668491 km/hour

Distance to ride = 212 km

1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Time in hours needed = 212 km × speed km/hour = 212 km × 28.9668491 km = 7.31871111 hour

= 7.3 hours

104. An Ibuprofen suspension for infants contains 100 mg/5.0 mL suspension. The recommended dose is
10 mg/kg body weight. How many mL of this suspension should be given to an infant weighing 18 lb?

Let us first convert the weight of the infant in lb to kg.

453.59 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
Weight of the baby = 18 lb × 1 𝑙𝑏
× 103 𝑔 = 8.16462 kg

Ibuprofen dose = 10 mg/kg

10 𝑚𝑔
Ibuprofen needed for the baby weighing 8.16462 kg = 8.16462 kg × 1 𝑘𝑔
= 81.6462 mg

100 mg Ibuprofen = 5.0 mL suspension

5.0 𝑚𝐿
81.6462 mg Ibuprofen = 81.6462 mg × 100 𝑚𝑔 = 4.08231 mL = 4.1 mL

118. The density of iron is 7.86 g/cm3. What is the density in pounds per cubic inch?

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