TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Institute of Technology Cambodia
Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering
An Experiment Report
Topic: Second Order Filter
Date/Time of Experiment: Sunday 19 November 2023
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Place: Lab-J403
Reported By: Mr. CHHET SAVY
Due Date: Sunday 26 November 2023
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Submitted on Sunday 26 November 2023
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Topic: 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter and Hight-pass Filter
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
1. Objectives
- The student be able to understand passive Filter.
- The student be able to understand 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter.
- The student be able to understand 2nd Order Hight-pass Filter.
- The student be able to understand 2nd Order Band-pass Filter.
2. Description
a) Passive Filter
Passive filters are constructed from passive components such as resistors, capacitors,
and inductors, whereas passive components do not produce energy of their own. The passband
gain of the passive filter is not zero. It means that the signal decreases in intensity after passing
through a passive filter.
Figure 1
When we cascade passive filters to increase slope, it causes a further loss in the amplitude, a
phenomenon termed "interstage loading."*Interstage loading: the loss of signal amplitude
involved in coupling one stage to the next. Also, the load connected to the filter can change its
cut-off frequency. However, to reduce the loading effect we can make the impedance of each
following stage 10x the previous stages, so R2 = 10 R1 and c 2=1/10th of c 1.
b) 2nd Order Low-Pass Filter.
The above circuit uses two passive first-order low pass filters connected or “cascaded”
together to form a second-order or two-pole filter network. Therefore, we can see that a first-
order low pass filter can be converted into a second-order type by simply adding an additional
RC network to it and the more RC stages we add the higher becomes the order of the filter.
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Figure 2
If a number (n) of such RC stages are cascaded together, the resulting RC filter circuit would be
known as an “nth -order” filter with a roll-off slope of “n × −20dB/decade (- 6dB/octave)”.
Figure 2.1
c) 2 nd
Order Hight-pass Filter
The above circuit uses two first-order filter connected or cascade together to form a
2nd order or 2 pole high pass network. The resulting 2nd high pass filter circuit will have a slope
of +40dB/decade (+12dB/octave).
Figure 3
d) 2 nd
Order Band-pass Filter
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
The above circuit is cascading together a single Low-pass filter with a High-pass filter. The
Bandpass filter can be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies that lie within a particular band or
range of frequencies.
Figure 4
The Bode plot or Frequency response curve below shows the characteristics of the bandpass
filter. The point of maximum output gain is generally the geometric mean of the Analog Filter ITC-GEE-I3
01/2023 two -3dB value between the lower and upper cut-off points and is called the “Center Frequency
(𝑓𝑟)” or “Resonance Peak”.
Figure 4.1
Center Frequency Equation
f r= √ f L × f H
Where, 𝑓𝑟 is the center frequency.
f L is the lower -3dB cut-off frequency point.
f H is the upper -3dB cut-off frequency point.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the different between the 3dB frequencies.
𝐵𝑊 = f H − f L
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
High-pass Filter and Low-pass Filter stages
The upper and lower cut-off frequency points for a band pass filter can be found using the
same formula as that for both the low and high pass filters,
1
F c=
2 πRC
1
Therefore, the cut-off frequency of High-pass filter stage is F L = , and the cut-off
2 π R1 C 1
1
frequency of the low-pass filter stage is F H = .
2 π R2 C 2
3. Experiments
3.1. Experiment 1: second-order passive low-pass filter
3.1.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
Problem 1
Design a second-order passive low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency 5kHz, by given R2 = 10 R1
and C 2 = 1nF
a) Calculate the value of the resistors R , R , and capacitor C .
1 2 1
b) Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.1.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.1.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 1
a. Calculate the value of the resistors R1 , R 2, and capacitor C 1.
1 1
F c= => R 2=
2 π R2C2 2 π Fc C2
b. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis
Construct circuit on LTspice
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Figure 5
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
Figure 5.1
3.2. Experiment 2: second-order passive low-pass filter
3.2.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Problem 2
Design a second order passive low-pass filter with cut-off frequency 10kHz, by given R1 = 10kΩ
and C 1= 1nF.
a. Calculate the value of the resistors R2and capacitor C 2.
b. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.2.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.2.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 2
a. Calculate the value of the resistors R2and capacitor C 2
1 1
F c= => R 2=
2 π √ R 2 R1 C 1 C 2 2
(2 π F c ) R1 C1 C2
b. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis
Construct circuit on LTspice
Figure 6
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
3.3. Experiment 3: second-order passive high-pass filter
3.3.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
Problem 3
Design a second order passive high-pass filter with cut-off frequency 1kHz, by given C 2= 1nF.
c. Calculate the value of the resistors R1 , R 2and capacitor C 2.
d. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.3.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.3.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 3
c. Calculate the value of the resistors R1 , R 2and capacitor C 2
1 1
F c= => R 2=
2 π √ R 2 R1 C 1 C 2 2
(2 π F c ) R1 C1 C2
d. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis
Construct circuit on LTspice
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Figure 7
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
Figure 7.1
3.4. Experiment 4: second-order passive high-pass filter
3.4.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
Problem 4
Design a second order passive High-pass filter with cut-off frequency 10kHz.
e. Calculate the value of the resistors R1 , R 2and capacitorC 1 , C 2.
f. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.4.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.4.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 4
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
a. Calculate the value of the resistors R1 , R 2and capacitor C 2
Find C 1
Choose R =10 kΩ 1
1 1
F c= => C 1=
2 π C1 R 1 2 π Fc R1
Find R2
1
R 2= 2
(2 π F c ) R1 C1 C2
b. Plot the frequency response curve in LTspice using AC Analysis
Construct circuit on LTspice
Figure 8
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Figure 8.1
3.5. Experiment 5: second-order bandpass filter
3.5.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
Problem 5
A second-order bandpass filter is to be constructed using RC in allow range of frequencies to
pass above 1kHz and below 20kHz. where R1 = R2 = 10kΩ.
a. Calculate the value of the two capacitors.
b. Calculate the center frequency.
c. Calculate the Bandwidth.
d. Plot the frequency response in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.5.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.5.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 5
a. Calculate the value of the two capacitors.
1 1
f L= => C 1=
2 π C 1 R1 2 π f L R1
1 1
f H= => C 2=
2 π C2 R2 2 π f H R2
b. Calculate the center frequency.
f r= √ f L × f H
Where, f r is the resonant or center frequency.
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
f L is the lower -3dB cut-off frequency point.
Figure 9
f H is the upper -3db cut-off frequency point.
Figure 9.1
c. Calculate the Bandwidth.
BW= f H −f L
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
d. Plot the frequency response in LTspice using AC Analysis.
Construct circuit on LTspice
Figure 9.3
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
Figure 9.4
3.6. Experiment 6: second-order bandpass filter
3.6.1. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)
Problem 6
A second-order bandpass filter is to be constructed using RC in allow range of frequencies to
pass above 1kHz and below 30kHz. where R1 =10kΩ.
a. Calculate the value of the two capacitors and resistor R2.
b. Calculate the center frequency.
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
c. Calculate the Bandwidth.
d. Plot the frequency response in LTspice using AC Analysis.
3.6.2. List of Equipment
LTspice application on computer to construct and measure on circuit.
Hands calculation base on theory.
3.6.3. Procedure
Procedure on problem 6
a. Calculate the value of the two capacitors and resistor R2.
1 1
f L= => C 1=
2 π C 1 R1 2 π f L R1
1 1
f H= => C 2=
2 π C2 R2 2 π f H R2
Find R2
R2=R 1=¿ 10kΩ
b. Calculate the center frequency.
f r= √ f L × f H
Where, 𝑓𝑟 is the center frequency.
f L is the lower -3dB cut-off frequency point.
f H is the upper -3dB cut-off frequency point.
Calculate the Bandwidth.
BW= f H −f L
Figure 10
f H is the upper -3dB cut-off frequency point.
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
c. Calculate the Bandwidth.
BW= f H −f L
d. Plot the frequency response in LTspice using AC Analysis.
Construct circuit on LTspice
Figure 10.2
Run simulation and measure maximum stable Output Voltage
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
Figure 10.3
4. Experimental Results and Discussions
4.1. Results of Experiment 1
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
1
3 −9
=31830.09 Ω
2 π ×5 ×10 ×10
By R2 = 10 R1=> R1= 1 R 2=3183.009 Ω
10
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TP Analog Filter I3-GEE (2023-2024)
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