Factors affecting perception of residents of Delhi regarding Household Waste management

Nisha Bansal*, Akshat Srivastava*, Pratyush Pathak*,

Dr. Neha Shukla**

Dr. Bhavneet Kaur**

*Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Delhi, India

**Dr. Bhavneet Kaur, Dr. Neha Shukla; Associate Professor, Jagan Institute of Management

Studies, Rohini,

Delhi. Email: [email protected]@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Open dumping dominates household waste management in the majority of Delhi localities due to

lower capital, operational, and maintenance costs when compared to other disposal methods. In

comparison to another disposal method, the cost is lower. Waste is simply dumped and covered

with soil in a designated area. These traditional approaches are ineffective because they can

contaminate soil and groundwater, exposing the environment to multiple air, water, and soil

pollution issues.

Inadequate household solid waste management can harm public health by causing infection and

spreading noncommunicable diseases in the community and among workers. Pollutants from

dumps can enter the air, water, and soil, and can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the

skin, causing health problems. These pollutants may contain carcinogens, or cancer-causing

substances. Long-term exposure to these pollutants has been linked to an increased risk of

developing certain types of cancer.

1
The state of public health

The consequences of ineffective waste management can be severe. Physical effects include any

physical injury, including chemical and radiation injuries, and psychosocial effects, which have a

direct psychological and social impact on people.

Improper waste management can lead to environmental degradation, which can harm the health

and well-being of those who live nearby. This includes air and water pollution, soil

contamination, and disease spread. This can have serious consequences for the physical and

mental health of those who live nearby People who live in areas with poor waste management

may suffer. People who live in areas with poor waste management may face social stigma and

discrimination. This can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, and isolation, all of which can have

serious consequences for one's mental health.

Economic Impact consists of Improper waste management can cause economic losses by forcing

businesses and industries to close due to environmental contamination. This can result in job

losses and a decrease in economic activity, both of which can have a serious impact on the local

economy. Ergonomic effects caused by injuries affect the person's muscles, bones, tendons,

nerves, and tissues. Improperly disposed of furniture and other large items can cause back strain

when lifted and carried.

Dust and other particles from household waste can pollute the environment. Dust and other

particles from household dumping can cause respiratory issues when inhaled, biological effects

as a part of endogenic factors, are subsequently caused by biological vectors. This city generates

20 TPD of solid waste per day, of which 50-55 percent is organic, 11 percent is paper, 13.5% is

plastic and packaging, 6% is glass and metal, and the remainder is inert material.

2
When organic waste is dumped in landfills, it decomposes anaerobically (in the absence of

oxygen). Under anaerobic conditions, green waste decomposition produces harmful greenhouse

gases such as methane, which contribute significantly to global warming (El-Fadel and Massoud,

2000). Poor waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution, as well as having

a direct impact on many ecosystems and species. Landfills, the waste hierarchy's last resort, emit

methane, a powerful greenhouse gas linked to climate change. Not only does waste pollution

harm the health of our communities, living creatures, and ecosystems, but it also has a real and

significant economic impact.

This includes lower land values, decreased tourism, squandered resources, and increased clean-

up costs. Citizens are already one of the most significant parts that generate waste next to

industrial consumption. For more efficient municipal waste services, they must be more active in

waste management steps. They should take a role in somewhat of the disposal processes' actions

or at least now the proper disposal processes. Unintentional city invasion and extreme weather

are the primary causes of poor urban solid waste management systems in India. According to

residents of Delhi, other causes of poor waste management include a lack of social

awareness/community involvement, insufficient resources, particularly insufficient equipment,

and a lack of funding. Other causes of poor waste management include a lack of knowledge of

standards for trash management and segregation, a habit of public trashing, a lack of rigid

regulations that punish segregation, and the availability of collection services that accept mixed

garbage. As a result, sustainable waste management is an important tool for achieving a

sustainable consumption cycle in society.

Waste management has a significant impact on various sectors of society, particularly in terms of

the environment and health, but also in terms of various aspects of global sustainability.

3
Sustainable waste management entails reducing and avoiding the use of single-use plastic

products while also increasing the amount recycled, which is currently the case stands at just

8.5%.

KEYWORDS

Open dumping, Cancer-causing substances, Waste management, Environmental degradation,

Lack of social awareness, Greenhouse gases.

LITERATURE REVIEW-

Vanapalli et al(2020) studied on Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste

management during and post COVID-19 pandemic by using Research method Rakuten

intelligence on residents of countries like Vietnam, India, China, Italy and Germany and data is

taken from National Academics of Sciences and WHO by using these variables- Use of single

use plastic, innovation and technology, Environmental crisis, Plastic waste trade, National

lockdown and quarantine, Littering of plastic waste, Demographic factors and found National

lockdown and quarantine, Littering of plastic waste to be significant.

Bunch et al (2004) studied on SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DELHI – A SOCIAL

VULNERABILITY STUDY by using literature review, questionnaire survey and open-ended

interviews conducted to generate data on rag pickers in Delhi by using these variables-Type of

waste material, Price of waste, social background, Socio-economic Factors and occupational

health aspects, Poor working conditions, low returns, exploitation and harassment. occupational

4
health and found Poor working conditions, low returns, exploitation and harassment.

Occupational health and social backgrounds play a significant role in solid waste management to

be significant

Kamal and Tom (2020) studied on A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT OF

HOUSEHOLD by using 31 randomly selected samples from Uzhavoor Panchayath using a

structured schedule. Secondary data includes book, article journals etc. and studied these

variable-Dispose informed area/ agricultural land, Source of waste, Type of waste, Population,

Prevailing and seasonal weather conditions, topography, Separation distance from residents and

public facilities, Danger to public health, Waste and Effluent disposal system and found Type of

waste, disposed informed area and public health problems are significant variable. 43% of the

samples are adopting burning method. And 45% samples are using compost method significant

Vulpe et al (2022) studied on METHODS OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE COLLECTION by

using an online survey with 348 participants from Romanian region of Bacau, was conducted.

The online questionnaire included a set of over 40 questions. 271 responded at 90% confidence.

Multi way tables and homogeneity tests were used CHI square method by studying these

variables-Demographic factor, gender, age, education level. Demographic factors and

educational level of respondents are major factors for adoption of household waste management

methods.

Vijayalakshmi (2020) studied on MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES-A

CRITICAL VIEW by using vector data and remote sensing and GIS (aircrafts and satellites),

Online questionnaire by studying these variables-Recycling, composting, landfilling,

incineration, bioremediation, waste to energy and found Direct incineration method without

anaerobic digestion was more preferred sustainable approach and found to be significant.

5
Noonjiyil (2019) studied on ATTITUDE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

RURAL AREA by using Multistage sampling of 400 household tested collected by direct

interview using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS

software by studying these variable-Gender, Educational qualification, Occupation, Age,

Religion, Socio-demographic factor (location), Attitude and Economical status and found Gender

and attitude of respondents to be most significant factors.

Sarkodie et al (2020) studied on IMPACT OF COVID 19 PANDEMIC ON WASTE

MANAGEMENT by using desktop approach (descriptive) using peer-reviewed publications

by using these variables-Demographic factors, waste management approaches, gloves and face

mask, garbage waste, rat infestation and lockdown and found Demographic factors and

Lockdown are found to be most effective factors as these led to a decline in total waste

production to be significant

"Agarwal et al (2015) studied on WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA FOR

HUMAN WELL BEING by using Secondary research and Literature Review by studying

these variables-Waste management initiatives in India ,The role of the formal sector in waste

management Suggestions and recommendations for improving waste management and found

improving waste management in India based on a review of existing reports and

recommendations from key stakeholders and highlights the role of the formal sector in waste

management to be significant"

Panda et al(2020) studied on Waste Management: A Necessity by using secondary research,

which involves gathering and analyzing information from existing reports, studies, and other

sources by studying these variables- Waste management in low-income countries ,The impact of

improper waste management on various aspects such as infrastructure ,The cost of effective

6
waste management and found negative impacts of improper waste management in low-income

countries and emphasizes the need for efficient, sustainable, and socially supported integrated

systems in the management of waste more significant.

"Amasuomo and Baird (2016) studied on The Concept of Waste and Waste Management

by using descriptive approach that involves gathering information from existing sources such

as peer-reviewed publications by studying on these variables-Definition and subjectivity of waste

, Historical context of waste management, Importance of defining what constitutes waste and

found clear definition of waste through gathering information from peer-reviewed publications,

highlighting its subjective nature and dependence on the owner's labeling to be significant."

Shweta Choudhary (2019) studied on A Research Paper on Solid Waste Management by

using desktop approach (descriptive) using peer-reviewed publications such as journal articles,

environmental organization reports, and books by studying Solid waste management and its

effect on economic growth and industrialization ,The methodology of managing solid waste,

including generation, storage ,The dynamic relationship between human activities and the

environment and found solid waste management is impacted by a country's economic capital and

industrialization, and the relationship between human and the environment to be significant.

Kumar et al (2017) studied on Challenges and opportunities associated with waste

management in India by using quantitative online survey research methodology. The

research method used in this paper is a desk-based approach, which involves gathering

information from peer-reviewed publications such as journal articles, reports from environmental

organizations, and books by studying he challenges, barriers and opportunities associated with

improving waste management in , The opportunities for improving solid waste management in

India, The shortage of qualified engineers and environmental professionals to deliver improved

7
waste management and found The current solid. waste management (SWM) systems in India are

inefficient and have negative consequences, leading to the need for new, sustainable systems.

The informal sector plays a significant role and compliance with the rules set by the Ministry of

Environment and Forests is limited to be more significant.

"Bunch et al (2003) studied on SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DELHI – A SOCIAL

VULNERABILITY STUDY by using Descriptive Approach, Socio-economic profile study,

questionnaire survey, open-ended interviews by studying these variables- Socio-economic and

occupational health aspects of waste pickers in Delhi, Occupational health aspects of the rag

pickers in Delhi, Policies of the Delhi Government towards the role of waste pickers and found

Waste pickers in Delhi face poor conditions and exploitation, impacting the environment and

economy. The study recommends improving government policies to address these issues and

incorporate waste pickers' needs and health to be significant"

"Talyan et al (2007) studied on State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the

capital of India by using descriptive and evaluative study. The data was collected through a

review of existing policies, initiatives, and reports on the subject by studying Population growth

rate, Municipal solid waste generation, MSW management practices and their effectiveness "

Anwar and Faizan (2020) studied on Solid Waste Management in India Under Covid19

Pandemic: Challenges and Solutions by using Research done on various factors such as,

Healthcare centers, quarantine centers to identify the mode of infection through the waste

generated. It is Descriptive in nature. Existing data was also used in results by studying these

variables-Impacts of Coronavirus on Households, Domestic hazardous waste, need of proper

management, handling severe effects of Bio-medical waste and found Major solution to

Domestic Hazardous & focusing on the larger amount of waste generated from Biomedical & it's

8
waste Segregation such as to collect different type of wastes like solid, chemical waste, PPE,

Laboratory wastes, etc. in bins/bags with color code & non-chlorinated.

Porathoor and Vincent (2020) studied on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Towards

Household Waste Management by Sample size consisted 125 Households were included from

panchayat of Thrissur of Kerala to done the Simple Random Sampling. A questionnaire was used

to obtain data on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Household Waste Management by

studying these variables-Environmental Protection, Social duty awareness, Rural area

households, perceptions & practices followed, Serious lack of awareness about E- waste and

found there's no awareness of waste management in rural areas of Kerala. About 18 % people

don't know the complications of improper waste management. 52 % People think that burning is

the effective method of waste disposal while 48 % don't. Suggested Awareness program about

waste management is greatly needed. Along with right attitude and perception to be significant

Reddy (2021) studied on Towers Of Trash: Dissecting India’s Solid Waste Management Crisis

by using Quantitative (India generating more than 1.50 lacs MT of solid waste Everyday ) And

Qualitative Data ( Reviewing the previous studies for understanding) Historical Method by

studying these variable-Ghazipur Landfill, Socio-economic, cultural, religious aspects relating

with Material wealth, luxury. Environmental justice focusing on castes, discrimination, laws,

political systems and found The Severity of Waste Management with The Example of Ghazipur

Landfill in New Delhi. Suggesting some major points to get help in Environmental Injustice to

be significant.

Khanna and Bhargava (2019) studied on Household Waste Management Policy and

Practices by using A Survey In 200 Households Across 12 Wards in Bengaluru. anova Test, F

Test Done for The Various Wastes Ejected by The Household Concerning Their Size Across The

9
Regions. Garrett's Ranking Method Is Also Used To Give Ranking by studying these variables-

Perception Towards The Policy And Practices Of Local Bodies, Behavior of Households,

Specific Geographical areas, Cleanliness Of Public Places And Waste Collection Processes and

found Proper facilities, regular support & awareness, Geographical bifurcation, Regular

collection of Segregated Waste from the households should get ensured by local bodies.

Technological development in waste management, Policymakers need to synchronize role of

household, technology & legal structure to save cities from getting converted to landfills to be

significant.

Hazra and Goel (2008) studied on these variables-Solid Waste Management in Kolkata by

using Field Surveys Were Carried Out in Area, Primary Data and Secondary Data Were Also

Used As Research Methods by studying SWM Budget, Registered And Unregistered Residents,

Manpower And Vehicle Availability, Equipment And Infrastructure and found Deficiencies In

The System Were Identified. With A Budget of More Than 70%, It Remains Insufficient for

Providing Adequate SWM Services to be significant.

Garcia and Patwardhan (2011) studied on methods of solid waste management by placing

approximately eleven cups of the Niu Brand Potting Soil in each two-gallon pot and put the

things under the dirt to decompose. After drenching the pots with water until water was leaking

out from the bottom, the pots were covered with Saran wrap all over the top. By cutting five

small holes in the wrap to allow for air circulation, each pot was placed in its location, under

constant sun or under constant shade. After that every day water was added to the pots to keep

the composting mixture moist, and gathered information on how they changed from day to day in

a composition notebook.

10
GAPS IN LR-

By- Charles Chacko Porathoor & Dr. Jose Vincent

The Research Paper studies the necessity of awareness among the people of proper waste

disposal and management & to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding

household waste disposal among people in the Kaiparambu panchayat of Kerala.

The study completed by selecting 125 households to done Simple Random Sampling, which was

later completed by a Questionnaire. The study cleared that there is no awareness of waste

management in rural areas of Kerala. And suggested Awareness programme about waste

management is greatly needed along with right attitude and perception.

But in my opinion, the author should have done research on the previously followed practices by

rural households in order to understand their present needs to meet the future aspects. The study

should have included the effects on the practices and situation after Covid highlighting the rural

areas more.

Towers Of Trash: Dissecting India’s Solid Waste Management Crisis –

By - Maya L. Reddy

As the name suggests, this study shows the severity of Waste Management while keeping the

focus of example at the Ghazipur Landfill in New Delhi. The Paper also suggests some measures

to get help in Environmental Justice.

By using both quantitative & qualitative data as research methods, author tried to complete her

study focusing on the major aspects of the study.

11
Meanwhile We feel that other than presenting the research study by famous quotes, author could

have been played in numbers i.e., in data to be more specific while concluding.

Household Waste Management Policy and Practices in Bengaluru –

By- Shivi Khanna & Akhil Bhargava

The paper highlights the perception towards the policy and practices of local bodies & their

behaviour towards the household waste management practices & surroundings cleanings.

Defining the real meaning of 3Rs i.e., Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The author has also used

methods such as, Anova Test, F test to be more specific in the outcomes.

Nonetheless, the gaps felt in the study was that comprehensive information on the solutions

given was much needed. Also, after doing in-depth research, no such solid solution given other

than awareness and government intervention.

Solid Waste Management in Kolkata –

By- Tumpa Hazra & Sudha Goel

The Research Paper was focused in identifying the deficiencies in the system. Finding the

adequate current Solid Waste Management Practices. The study was done by using Surveys

(field surveys), Primary & Secondary Data. It has also focused on the registered & unregistered

residents, manpower & vehicles, & many other factors influencing the SWM practices in

Kolkata.

12
The gap we felt in the study was there is \too much use of data, which can confuse the readers

easily. And no such concrete solution has been talked about on behalf of the authors to guide

readers through the problem.

WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA FOR HUMAN WELL BEING –

By - Dr. Raveesh Agarwal, Mona Chaudhary Jay veer Singh

The above study offers suggestions for improving waste management in India based on a review

of existing reports and certain recommendations. The study has also highlighted the role of the

formal sector in waste management. The authors have conducted a literature review to gather

information on the current practices and initiatives.

While the topic of the research is very relatable, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the

existing waste management system. Need of evidence on the effectiveness of suggested

strategies by the authors.

The Concept of Waste and Waste Management –

By - Ebikapade Amasuomo & Jim Baird

The study argues for clear definition of waste through gathering information from peer-reviewed

publications. The author has also included the historical context of waste management & also

defined the factors that constitutes waste.

13
But as it mentions the importance of limiting or eliminating the harmful effects of wastes, it does

not provide a detailed analysis of the best possible ways to achieve the same. This is the lacking

factor in the study.

Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India –

By - Sunil Kumar, Stephen R. Smith, Geoff Fowler2, Costas Velis3, S. Jyoti Kumar4, Shahs

Arya1, Rena1, Rakesh Kumar1 and Christopher Cheeseman2

The author in the study talks about the current solid waste management (SWM) systems in India

& how they are inefficient. It also been added they have negative consequences which is leading

to the need for new & sustainable systems. Also talks about the rules set by the Ministry of

Environment and Forests.

The paper does not discuss the potential solutions or recommendations for addressing the listed

issues, instead of cultivating community awareness and changing attitudes towards waste

management practices. Hence, a more of comprehensive understanding is needed.

A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD –

By - Dr. Raja Kamal, Mr. Tinto Mom

The Research study talks about the waste pickers in Delhi, & how they face poor conditions and

exploitation impacting the environment and economy. The study also recommends the measures

to improve government policies to address the mentioned issues and incorporate waste pickers

14
needs and health. It studies the socio-economic profile, Questionnaire survey, & open-ended

interviews.

The paper proposed the certain solutions but the paper does not discuss the implications or

significance of the same. It also does not provide any recommendations for future research or

policy interventions in the same area.

State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India –

By - Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya a, T.R. Sreekrishnan B.

The Research paper studies the Municipal Solid Waste Management current practices and

their effectiveness. How population growth rate influences the whole scenario of MSWM

practices. In order to evaluate, the authors have evaluated existing policies & initiatives taken.

As the paper suggests that citizen-government partnerships are important for waste management,

but it does not provide any information about how such partnerships can be established or what

specific actions citizens and governments can be taken for this.

By- Charles Chacko Porathoor & Dr. Jose Vincent

The Research Paper studies the necessity of awareness among the people of proper waste

disposal and management & to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding

household waste disposal among people in the Kaiparambu panchayat of Kerala.

The study completed by selecting 125 households to done Simple Random Sampling, which was

later completed by a Questionnaire. The study cleared that there is no awareness of waste

15
management in rural areas of Kerala. And suggested Awareness programme about waste

management is greatly needed along with right attitude and perception.

But in my opinion, the author should have done research on the previously followed practices by

rural households in order to understand their present needs to meet the future aspects. The study

should have included the effects on the practices and situation after Covid highlighting the rural

areas more.

Towers Of Trash: Dissecting India’s Solid Waste Management Crisis –

By - Maya L. Reddy

As the name suggests, this study shows the severity of Waste Management while keeping the

focus of example at the Ghazipur Landfill in New Delhi. The Paper also suggests some measures

to get help in Environmental Justice.

By using both quantitative & qualitative data as research methods, author tried to complete her

study focusing on the major aspects of the study.

Meanwhile We feel that other than presenting the research study by famous quotes, author could

have been played in numbers i.e., in data to be more specific while concluding.

Household Waste Management Policy and Practices in Bengaluru –

By- Shivi Khanna & Akhil Bhargava

16
The paper highlights the perception towards the policy and practices of local bodies & their

behaviour towards the household waste management practices & surroundings cleanings.

Defining the real meaning of 3Rs i.e., Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The author has also used

methods such as, Anova Test, F test to be more specific in the outcomes.

Nonetheless, the gaps felt in the study was that comprehensive information on the solutions

given was much needed. Also, after doing in-depth research, no such solid solution given other

than awareness and government intervention.

Solid Waste Management in Kolkata –

By- Tumpa Hazra & Sudha Goel

The Research Paper was focused in identifying the deficiencies in the system. Finding the

adequate current Solid Waste Management Practices. The study was done by using Surveys

(field surveys), Primary & Secondary Data. It has also focused on the registered & unregistered

residents, manpower & vehicles, & many other factors influencing the SWM practices in

Kolkata.

The gap we felt in the study was there is \too much use of data, which can confuse the readers

easily. And no such concrete solution has been talked about on behalf of the authors to guide

readers through the problem.

WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA FOR HUMAN WELL BEING –

By - Dr. Raveesh Agarwal, Mona Chaudhary Jay veer Singh

17
The above study offers suggestions for improving waste management in India based on a review

of existing reports and certain recommendations. The study has also highlighted the role of the

formal sector in waste management. The authors have conducted a literature review to gather

information on the current practices and initiatives.

While the topic of the research is very relatable, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the

existing waste management system. Need of evidence on the effectiveness of suggested

strategies by the authors.

The Concept of Waste and Waste Management –

By - Ebikapade Amasuomo & Jim Baird

The study argues for clear definition of waste through gathering information from peer-reviewed

publications. The author has also included the historical context of waste management & also

defined the factors that constitutes waste.

But as it mentions the importance of limiting or eliminating the harmful effects of wastes, it does

not provide a detailed analysis of the best possible ways to achieve the same. This is the lacking

factor in the study.

Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India –

By - Sunil Kumar, Stephen R. Smith, Geoff Fowler2, Costas Velis3, S. Jyoti Kumar4, Shahs

Arya1, Rena1, Rakesh Kumar1 and Christopher Cheeseman2

18
The author in the study talks about the current solid waste management (SWM) systems in India

& how they are inefficient. It also been added they have negative consequences which is leading

to the need for new & sustainable systems. Also talks about the rules set by the Ministry of

Environment and Forests.

The paper does not discuss the potential solutions or recommendations for addressing the listed

issues, instead of cultivating community awareness and changing attitudes towards waste

management practices. Hence, a more of comprehensive understanding is needed.

A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD –

By - Dr. Raja Kamal, Mr. Tinto Mom

The Research study talks about the waste pickers in Delhi, & how they face poor conditions and

exploitation impacting the environment and economy. The study also recommends the measures

to improve government policies to address the mentioned issues and incorporate waste pickers

needs and health. It studies the socio-economic profile, Questionnaire survey, & open-ended

interviews.

The paper proposed the certain solutions but the paper does not discuss the implications or

significance of the same. It also does not provide any recommendations for future research or

policy interventions in the same area.

State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India –

19
 By - Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya a, T.R. Sreekrishnan B.

The Research paper studies the Municipal Solid Waste Management current practices and

their effectiveness. How population growth rate influences the whole scenario of MSWM

practices. In order to evaluate, the authors have evaluated existing policies & initiatives taken.

As the paper suggests that citizen-government partnerships are important for waste management,

but it does not provide any information about how such partnerships can be established or what

specific actions citizens and governments can be taken for this.

By- Charles Chacko Porathoor & Dr. Jose Vincent

The Research Paper studies the necessity of awareness among the people of proper waste

disposal and management & to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding

household waste disposal among people in the Kaiparambu panchayat of Kerala.

The study completed by selecting 125 households to done Simple Random Sampling, which was

later completed by a Questionnaire. The study cleared that there is no awareness of waste

management in rural areas of Kerala. And suggested Awareness programme about waste

management is greatly needed along with right attitude and perception.

But in my opinion, the author should have done research on the previously followed practices by

rural households in order to understand their present needs to meet the future aspects. The study

should have included the effects on the practices and situation after Covid highlighting the rural

areas more.

20
 Towers Of Trash: Dissecting India’s Solid Waste Management Crisis –

By - Maya L. Reddy

As the name suggests, this study shows the severity of Waste Management while keeping the

focus of example at the Ghazipur Landfill in New Delhi. The Paper also suggests some measures

to get help in Environmental Justice.

By using both quantitative & qualitative data as research methods, author tried to complete her

study focusing on the major aspects of the study.

Meanwhile We feel that other than presenting the research study by famous quotes, author could

have been played in numbers i.e., in data to be more specific while concluding.

Household Waste Management Policy and Practices in Bengaluru –

By- Shivi Khanna & Akhil Bhargava

The paper highlights the perception towards the policy and practices of local bodies & their

behaviour towards the household waste management practices & surroundings cleanings.

Defining the real meaning of 3Rs i.e., Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. The author has also used

methods such as, Anova Test, F test to be more specific in the outcomes.

Nonetheless, the gaps felt in the study was that comprehensive information on the solutions

given was much needed. Also, after doing in-depth research, no such solid solution given other

than awareness and government intervention.

21
 Solid Waste Management in Kolkata –

By- Tumpa Hazra & Sudha Goel

The Research Paper was focused in identifying the deficiencies in the system. Finding the

adequate current Solid Waste Management Practices. The study was done by using Surveys

(field surveys), Primary & Secondary Data. It has also focused on the registered & unregistered

residents, manpower & vehicles, & many other factors influencing the SWM practices in

Kolkata.

The gap we felt in the study was there is \too much use of data, which can confuse the readers

easily. And no such concrete solution has been talked about on behalf of the authors to guide

readers through the problem.

WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN INDIA FOR HUMAN WELL BEING –

By - Dr. Raveesh Agarwal, Mona Chaudhary Jay veer Singh

The above study offers suggestions for improving waste management in India based on a review

of existing reports and certain recommendations. The study has also highlighted the role of the

formal sector in waste management. The authors have conducted a literature review to gather

information on the current practices and initiatives.

While the topic of the research is very relatable, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the

existing waste management system. Need of evidence on the effectiveness of suggested

strategies by the authors.

The Concept of Waste and Waste Management –

By - Ebikapade Amasuomo & Jim Baird

22
The study argues for clear definition of waste through gathering information from peer-reviewed

publications. The author has also included the historical context of waste management & also

defined the factors that constitutes waste.

But as it mentions the importance of limiting or eliminating the harmful effects of wastes, it does

not provide a detailed analysis of the best possible ways to achieve the same. This is the lacking

factor in the study.

Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India –

By - Sunil Kumar, Stephen R. Smith, Geoff Fowler2, Costas Velis3, S. Jyoti Kumar4, Shahs

Arya1, Rena1, Rakesh Kumar1 and Christopher Cheeseman2

The author in the study talks about the current solid waste management (SWM) systems in India

& how they are inefficient. It also been added they have negative consequences which is leading

to the need for new & sustainable systems. Also talks about the rules set by the Ministry of

Environment and Forests.

The paper does not discuss the potential solutions or recommendations for addressing the listed

issues, instead of cultivating community awareness and changing attitudes towards waste

management practices. Hence, a more of comprehensive understanding is needed.

A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD –

By - Dr. Raja Kamal, Mr. Tinto Mom

The Research study talks about the waste pickers in Delhi, & how they face poor conditions and

exploitation impacting the environment and economy. The study also recommends the measures

23
to improve government policies to address the mentioned issues and incorporate waste pickers

needs and health. It studies the socio-economic profile, Questionnaire survey, & open-ended

interviews.

The paper proposed the certain solutions but the paper does not discuss the implications or

significance of the same. It also does not provide any recommendations for future research or

policy interventions in the same area.

State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India –

By - Vikash Talyan, R.P. Dahiya a, T.R. Sreekrishnan B.

The Research paper studies the Municipal Solid Waste Management current practices and

their effectiveness. How population growth rate influences the whole scenario of MSWM

practices. In order to evaluate, the authors have evaluated existing policies & initiatives taken.

As the paper suggests that citizen-government partnerships are important for waste management,

but it does not provide any information about how such partnerships can be established or what

specific actions citizens and governments can be taken for this.

Framework

Knowledge of solid waste management

Perception of Delhi
Effect on public health of improper waste residents on household
management waste management

24
Designing Waste management programs

Research Methodology-

To Better understand the impact on Delhi residents’ perception on household waste management,

a study has employed a quantitative online survey research methodology using questionnaires. It

is made up of 150 responses from Delhi residents on basis of their demographic’s variables and

perception. An online survey has been used to obtain a sample of the population by using

convenience sampling, with people willingly participated.

ANALYSIS

GENDER

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

FEMAL 57 60.6 60.6 60.6

MALE 37 39.4 39.4 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

OCCUPANTS

25
 Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid 1-3 8 8.5 8.5 8.5

4-6 33 35.1 35.1 43.6

>6 51 54.3 54.3 97.9

4.00 2 2.1 2.1 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

EDUCATION

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid HIGH 1 1.1 1.1 1.1

SCHOOL

BACHELOR 11 11.7 11.7 12.8

MASTERS 47 50.0 50.0 62.8

PHD 31 33.0 33.0 95.7

5.00 4 4.3 4.3 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

OCCUPATION

26
 Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid SELF 35 37.2 37.2 37.2

EMPLOYED

PRIVATE 14 14.9 14.9 52.1

SECTOR

HOUSEHOLD 25 26.6 26.6 78.7

CIVIL 10 10.6 10.6 89.4

SERVANT

5.00 10 10.6 10.6 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

INCOME

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid <10000 69 73.4 73.4 73.4

10001-30000 15 16.0 16.0 89.4

30001-50000 3 3.2 3.2 92.6

50001-70000 6 6.4 6.4 98.9

5.00 1 1.1 1.1 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

27
AGE

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid 18-25 87 92.6 92.6 92.6

26-30 2 2.1 2.1 94.7

31-35 5 5.3 5.3 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

REGION

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid HINDUIS 5 5.3 5.3 5.3

MUSLIM 40 42.6 42.6 47.9

CHRISTIA 20 21.3 21.3 69.1

SIKHISM 8 8.5 8.5 77.7

OTHERS 21 22.3 22.3 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

LOCALITY

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

28
Valid EAST DELHI 28 29.8 29.8 29.8

WEST DELHI 10 10.6 10.6 40.4

NORTH 38 40.4 40.4 80.9

DELHI

SOUTH 18 19.1 19.1 100.0

DELHI

Total 94 100.0 100.0

COOKING FREQUENCY

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid 1-2 times 10 10.6 10.6 10.6

3-4 times 30 31.9 31.9 42.6

daily 39 41.5 41.5 84.0

never 15 16.0 16.0 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

WASTE TYPE

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid food 44 46.8 46.8 46.8

bottles 17 18.1 18.1 64.9

29
 plastic 11 11.7 11.7 76.6

others 22 23.4 23.4 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

HOUSE TYPE

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid bunglaw 75 79.8 79.8 79.8

apartment 12 12.8 12.8 92.6

duplex 7 7.4 7.4 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

MOTIVATING ELEMENT

Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid cleanliness 15 16.0 16.0 16.0

fear of illness 38 40.4 40.4 56.4

odour 12 12.8 12.8 69.1

4.00 19 20.2 20.2 89.4

5.00 10 10.6 10.6 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITY

30
 Valid Cumulative

Frequency Percent Percent Percent

Valid district council 50 53.2 53.2 53.2

private waste 19 20.2 20.2 73.4

operator

community 25 26.6 26.6 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

DISEASE CAUSED

Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid typhoid 3 3.2 3.2 3.2

malaria 32 34.0 34.0 37.2

dengue 48 51.1 51.1 88.3

cholera 11 11.7 11.7 100.0

Total 94 100.0 100.0

31
 Correlations
EF_MEA AP_MEA CDO_MEA AHE_MEA WMS_MEA AADS_MEA
N N N N N N
EF_ Pearson Correlation 1 -.449** -.429** -.307** -.173 -.173
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .003 .096 .096
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
AP_ Pearson Correlation -.449** 1 .331** .143 .343** .343**
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .169 .001 .001
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
CDO_ Pearson Correlation -.429** .331** 1 .510** .351** .351**
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .000 .001 .001
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
AHE_ Pearson Correlation -.307** .143 .510** 1 .152 .152
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .169 .000 .145 .145
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
WMS_ Pearson Correlation -.173 .343** .351** .152 1 1.000**
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .096 .001 .001 .145 .000
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
AADS Pearson Correlation -.173 .343** .351** .152 1.000** 1
MEAN Sig. (2-tailed) .096 .001 .001 .145 .000
N 94 94 94 94 94 94
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

REGRESSION

32
Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of

Model R R Square Square the Estimate

1 .490a .240 .197 .98484

a. Predictors: (Constant), EF_MEAN, AADS_MEAN,

AHE_MEAN, AP_MEAN, CDO_MEAN

ANOVAa

Sum of

Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 26.956 5 5.391 5.558 .000b

Residual 85.352 88 .970

Total 112.309 93

a. Dependent Variable: IMPORTANCE WASTE MANAGEMENT

b. Predictors: (Constant), EF_MEAN, AADS_MEAN, AHE_MEAN,

AP_MEAN, CDO_MEAN

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients Coefficients

33
 B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 3.513 .783 4.489 .000

AP_MEAN -.053 .119 -.049 -.447 .656

CDO_MEA .391 .134 .351 2.912 .005

AHE_MEA -.004 .109 -.004 -.037 .971

AADS_ME -.006 .112 -.006 -.057 .955

AN

EF_MEAN -.275 .121 -.253 -2.269 .026

a. Dependent Variable: IMPORTANCE WASTE MANAGEMENT

CRONBACH ALPHA

Case Processing Summary

N %

Cases Valid 94 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 94 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all

variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

34
 Cronbach's

Alpha N of Items

.660 5

INTERPRETATION

Reliability is the measure of internal consistency of the constructs in the study. A construct is

reliable if the alpha (α) value is greater than 0.60 (Hair et al, 2013).

Construct reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha. The results revealed that the

Awareness disposal scale with two items (α = 0.302), the Contribution in disease occurrence

scale with two items (α = 0.608) were found reliable, Adverse Health Effect scale with two items

found reliable (α = 0.394) and Waste Management Strategies scale with two items found reliable

(α = 0.250), Dependent and Independent Variables scale with seven items was also found

reliable (α = 0.591) and Similarly All Independent Variables scale with five items was also found

reliable (α = 0.660). Since the Cronbach’s Alpha value is (α=0.660), it shows that my scale is

strongly reliable.

Reliability results are summarized in table 1.

Table 1. Reliability Statistics

Constructs No. of items Alpha (α)

 AWARENESS 2 .302

DISPOSAL 2 .608

 CONTRIBUTION IN

DISEASE OCCURANCE 2 .394

35
  ADVERSE HEALTH 2 .250

EFFECT

 WASTE 7 .591

MANAGEMENT

STRATEGIES 5 .660

 DEPENDANT AND

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

 INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

Correlation between Environment friendly and Contribution in disease occurrence is -0.429,

Correlation between Environment friendly and Waste management strategies is -0.173,

Correlation between Environment friendly and Adverse health effect is -0.307, Correlation

between Environment friendly and Availability of alternative disposal sites is -0.173, Correlation

between Environment friendly and Awareness disposal is -0.449, since correlation values are less

than 0.20, it shows that Environment friendly variable is weakly correlated with Waste

management strategies and Availability of alternative disposal sites and moderately correlated

with Adverse health effect, Contribution in disease occurrence and Awareness disposal.

Correlation between Contribution in disease occurrence and Environment friendly is -0.429,

Correlation between Contribution in disease occurrence and Waste management strategies is

0.351, Correlation between Contribution in disease occurrence and Availability of alternative

disposal sites is 0.351, Correlation between Contribution in disease occurrence and Awareness

36
disposal is 0.331, Correlation between Contribution in disease occurrence and Adverse health

effect is 0.510, since correlation values are between 0.20 and 0.60 it shows that Contribution in

disease occurrence variable is moderately correlated with all other variables.

Correlation between Waste management strategies and Environment friendly is -0.173,

Correlation between Waste management strategies and Contribution in disease occurrence is

0.351, Correlation between Waste management strategies and Adverse health effect is 0.152,

Correlation between Waste management strategies and Availability of alternative disposal sites

is 1, Correlation between Waste management strategies and Awareness disposal is 0.343, since

correlation values are less than 0.20, it shows that Waste management strategies is weakly

correlated with Environment friendly, Adverse health effect; correlation values are between 0.20

and 0.60, so Waste management strategies is moderately correlated with Contribution in disease

occurrence and Awareness disposal and when correlation value is greater than 0.60, it shows that

Waste management strategies variable is strongly correlated with Availability of alternative

disposal sites variable.

Correlation between Adverse health effect and Environment friendly is -0.307, Correlation

between Adverse health effect and Contribution in disease occurrence is 0.510, Correlation

between Adverse health effect and Waste management strategies is 0.152, Correlation between

Adverse health effect and Availability of alternative disposal sites is 0.152, Correlation between

Adverse health effect and Awareness disposal is 0.143, since correlation values are less than 0.20

it shows that Adverse health effect variable is weakly correlated with Waste management

strategies, Awareness disposal and Availability of alternative disposal sites variables and when

correlation values are between 0.20-0.60, it shows Adverse health effect variable is moderately

correlated with Environment friendly and Contribution in disease occurrence.

37
Correlation between Availability of alternative disposal sites and Environment friendly is -0.173,

Correlation between Availability of alternative disposal sites and Contribution in disease

occurrence is 0.351, Correlation between Availability of alternative disposal sites and Waste

management strategies is 1, Correlation between Availability of alternative disposal sites and

Adverse health effect is 0.152, Correlation between Availability of alternative disposal sites and

Awareness disposal is 0.343, since correlation values is less than 0.20, it shows that Availability

of alternative disposal sites variable is weakly correlated with Environment friendly and Adverse

health effect, when correlation values are between 0.20-0.60, it shows that Availability of

alternative disposal sites variable is moderately correlated with Contribution in disease

occurrence and Awareness disposal, when correlation value is greater than 0.60 it shows that

Availability of alternative disposal sites variable is strongly correlated with Waste management

strategies variable.

Correlation between Awareness disposal and Environment friendly is -0.449, Correlation

between Awareness disposal and Waste management strategies is 0.343, Correlation between

Awareness disposal and Contribution in disease occurrence is 0.331, Correlation between

Awareness disposal and Availability of alternative disposal sites is 0.343, Correlation between

Awareness disposal and Adverse health effect is 0.143, since correlation values is less than 0.20,

it shows that Awareness disposal variable is weakly correlated with Adverse health effect; when

correlation values are between 0.20-0.60, it shows that Awareness disposal variable is

moderately correlated with all other variables.

Correlation of Environment friendly variable with Contribution in disease occurrence and

Awareness disposal is significant at 0.01 level.

38
Correlation of Contribution in disease occurrence variable with all the variables is significant at

0.01 level.

Correlation of Waste management strategies variable and Adverse health effect with all variables

except of Adverse health effect and Environment friendly is significant at 0.01 level.

Correlation of Awareness disposal variable with all variables except of Adverse health effect is

significant at 0.01 level.

Correlation of Availability of alternative disposal sites variable with all variables except of

Adverse health effect and Environment friendly is significant at 0.01 level.

24% of the variations in dependent variable is caused by the independent variable considered in

this paper.

If the value of predicted R^2 is less than 0.05 or 5%, it means that the value of adjusted R square

is significant.

The value of significance is measured by multiplying adjusted R^2 by 100. So, as our value of

significance is 0.197 or (0.197*100=19.7%), it shows that the value of adjusted R square is not

significant.

Regression analysis which was carried out in order to check the hypothysed model revealed that

overall model was significant (significance value is less than 0.05). Independent variables

considered accounted for variation in dependent variables is 0.240 or 24%. Environment

friendly, Contribution in disease occurrence, Awareness disposal, Waste management strategies,

39
Availability of alternative disposal sites and Adverse health effect (independent variable) was

found to have a significant impact on investment decisions in Importance of Waste Management

(dependent variable).

COEFFICIENT SIGNIFICANCE

IF Significance of Coefficient is >0.05, then the variable is significant; otherwise not significant.

So, Environment friendly and Contribution in disease occurrence variable are found to be

significant.

CRONBACH ALPHA

Alpha value (0.66) shows that my scale is strongly reliable.

HYPOTHESIS

Problem

Trash is building up quickly in landfills. There is very little landfill space in Delhi. We want to

find responsible ways of disposing of solid waste as well as finding the quickest way of

decomposing the waste.

Hypothesis

If there is constant change in temperature from the sun, the solid waste products should

decompose faster.

40
Null hypothesis (H0): - all determinant factors have no significant effect on solid waste

management practices.

Alternative hypothesis (H1): - all determinant factors have significant effect on solid waste

management practices.

An experiment was made on this hypothesis to find a better way to decompose the waste and to

protect the environment from the pollution caused by improper waste management. Belief of the

experiment was that higher temperature will lead to fast decomposition of solid waste products.

But it was found in the results of the experiment that those waste products which ones in high

temperature decomposed faster than those ones in shades. But still results were not conclusive

because of the presence of many other variables.

CONCLUSION

According to the survey, there is potential for improvement because just a small percentage of

respondents separate their garbage, with the number of respondents who do so being less than

those who do not. A large number of respondents agree to the fact that there is a need of proper

waste management system in their residential areas. Food scraps that could be composted and

recyclable plastics that were primarily disposed of together, rather than separately, made up the

majority of the solid waste produced at home. The regional solid waste management organization

should prioritize using this organic waste by expanding the scope of the community's

participation in the composting programme. Without the need for a sizable investment by the

local authority, the expansion of small-scale community-based trash composting can serve as a

viable starting point in expediting this programme.

41
The main element of solid waste generated at home was substantially compostable food waste

and recyclable plastic, which was substantially disposed of unsorted. The original operation of

solid waste should concentrate on the disposal of these organic wastes on a larger scale in the

composting program. The growth of small- scale community- grounded waste composting can be

a possible starting point to accelerate the program without taking large investments from the

megacity. In the delved area, the institution has organized suitable tips, but there are also tips

placed in unhappy places. utmost of the repliers was also apprehensive that indecorous waste

operation can beget conditions. Age, earning status of responders, Motivation of cleanliness and

house type were set up to be the group that sorted their waste the most, suggesting that repliers in

this order could be targeted for farther action. This study suggests that governments especially

District council is highly responsible for designing waste sorting programs and to clean

residential areas acclimated to the requirements of the target group to insure high community

participation. Marketing should emphasize the positive perception and station towards waste

sorting at home and the negative station of non-participants. This study can give Delhi

authorities with birth information for the future perpetration of waste sorting conditioning in

homes. This study also suggests a focus on community participation in waste sorting at source,

waste reduction and recycling as a habit and way of life. Besides the fact that most of the

household waste is carried to allocated bin by the paid collectors or own self by respondents,

many residents neither agree nor disagree on the awareness of proper waste management. The

megacity can encourage this exertion by establishing waste banks and recycling points on a

larger scale. Both top-down and nethermost-up approaches should work hand in hand to achieve

success in sustainable solid waste operation. still, admitting the limitations of the present study, a

more detailed and comprehensive study should cover a wider field, completely integrating waste

42
sorting programs and health goods. Combining the questionnaire with statistical analysis is a

springboard to expand the exploration by involving the community in factual waste sorting. This

can be done by initiating cooperation between the original government, the community leader

and the residers itself as a airman study. In addition, the results of this study give a starting point

and pave the way for other experimenters and policy makers to conduct more detailed

studies in this arena.

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