AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH (AIUB)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS LAB 1
Summer 2020-2021
Section: C7 , Group: 3

LAB REPORT ON

Supervised By
Kamrun Nahar Mukta

Submitted By
Name ID Contribution
1.Sadat Bin Zami 23-54410-3 20%
2.Syed Subeh Sadik Sholok 23-55782-3 20%
3.Anika Tanjim 23-54649-3 20%
4.Sumaiya Sharmin Sweety 23-54768-3 20%
5.Sheikh Siyam Rashid 23-54472-3 20%

Date of Submission: OCT-16-23

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page no.

TOPICS
I. Title Page 1
II. Table of Content 2
1. Theory 3
2. Apparatus 4
3. Procedure 4
4. Experimental Data 5
5. Analysis and Calculation 6,7
6. Result 9
7. Discussion 10
8. References 11

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Theory:
Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object projected into the air, influenced only by the force
of gravity and initial velocity. The object follows a curved path under the influence of these forces. It
can be analyzed in two dimensions, horizontal and vertical. At basic level approach, air resistance is
neglected and the motion of the objects thrown into the air near the earth’s surface is analyzed for its
trajectory, range, time of fight and maximum height etc. While analyzing the motion of a projectile
following key factors are considered:

 The speed and direction at which the projectile is launched.

 Independence of horizontal and vertical component of motion.
 The path followed by the projectile, is typically parabolic.
 The velocity of the projectile at the moment of impact.
 Projectile motion finds application in different real-world scenario. For example, javelin
throw, shot put, tennis, cricket, etc. in sports, bullet, mortar shell, etc. in engineering; and
study of objects in motion in science.
 The horizontal distance the projectile travels before hitting the ground.
 At the maximum height the vertical component of the velocity is zero. The time taken to
reach the maximum height is half the time of flight.
 The acceleration due to gravity, which acts in the downward 0direction and affects the vertical
motion of the projectile.

Consider a projectile being shot at an initial speed v0 and at angle of

θ0 . The basic concepts in kinematics like displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and the
equations of motion can be used to analyze the motion of the projectile.

Initial velocity = V0, and angle = θ 0

X – component of initial velocity v ox = v0xi^ ; and vox= v0 cos θ 0

Y−¿ component of initial velocity v ox = v0x ^j ; and v0x= v0 sin θ 0

Horizontal Motion

At any time t, the projectile’s horizontal displacement x is given by,

1 2
X= vox t + a xt
2

Where acceleration along x −axis , a x = 0

At any time t, the projectile’s

Horizontal velocity vx = vox

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Using vox = vocos θ we can write,

X = ( vo cos θ ) t ………………………….(1)

Vertical Motion

At any time t , the projectile’s vertical displacement is given by

1 2
Y= vox t + a yt
2

1
Y = ( vosin θ o ) t θ− gt ……………………….(2)
2

At any time t , the projectile’s vertical velocity

vy = vo sin θ o −¿ gt …………………………………(3)

And
2
v y = ( vo sin θ o)2 – 2 g y …………………………..(4)

Maximum Height (H)

At maximum height vy = 0. Then eq (4) gives the maximum height

(y = H) as,

2
v y sin θ
2

H= 0
……………………………………………………..(5)
2g

And eq (3) gives the time to reach the maximum height as

V o sin θ o
t= ………………………………………….(6)
g

Horizontal Range (R)

Eq (2) gives the time of flight as

2V o sin θ o
T= ………………………………………………..(7)
g
And the horizontal range is obtained as (X=R)

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 2
v y sin 2θ 0
R= ………………………………………………(8)
g

Angle of Launch (θ )

Analyzing Eq (6) and Eq (8) we can write the angle of launch from Measurement of H and R as,
−1 4H
θ=tan ………………………………………………….(9)
R

Collision
A collision is a situation in which two or more bodies quickly exert forces on one another. The
illustration below shows how a ball and a fixed, smooth surface collide.

A collision has three quantities namely momentum kinetic energy and impulse. Collision can be both
elastic and inelastic. Momentum and kinetic energy before and after collision can say whether it is
elastic or inelastic.

Analysis of momentum conservation

As momentum is a vector quanity the impulse is calculated for
For the X−component
Impulse, Jx = Change in momentum along x – direction,
∆ p x = pxf −¿ pxi ,
Similarly For the X−component
Impulse, Jy = Change in momentum along y −¿ direction,
∆ p y=¿ ¿ pyf −¿ pyi ,

Analysis of kinetic energy conservation

The kinetic energies before and after the collision are given by.

1 2
KEi = m vi
2

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 1 2
And , KEf = m vf
2
For an elastic collision the Kinetic energy is conserved, KEf = KEi
But for an inelastic collision, KEf should be less than KEi

Apparatus
 Marble
 Ramp
 Card board stand
 Clamp
 Recording paper
 Carbon paper
 Meter scale
 Weighing scale

Procedure
 The apparatus is set up as shown in the fig below. It was made sure that the end of the ramp
was in level with the table. A piece of recording paper was layed down on the floor and a
sheet of carbon paper is placed on top of it . Each bounce of the ball left a mark on the
recording paper.
 When the apparatus was fixed, the recording paper was not moved until data was collected
completely. However, the carbon paper was lifted at times to inspect the collision points. The
position O is located on the floor using the ball and a distance is measured from O to a
reference point on the recording paper. This allowed the paper to be moved after the data
collection process to a suitable location for the measurements of S1 and S2

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  To collect the data the ball is released from a point near the top of the ramp carefully to not
impart spin on the ball. This allowed the ball to roll down the ramp and bounce on the floor
with minimal spin. The procedure is repeated 10 times maintain the position of the ball from
where it is released.

 From the recording paper, the average values of S1 and S2 are obtained. The circular region
that includes most of the points is determined. A circle is drawn around the region. The center
of the circle is taken from S1 and S2. The radius of the circle represented the uncertainty in
S1 and S2.

 The heights h and H are taken with a meter rule as accurately as possible.

 To measure H, a white cardboard is placed upright with the carbon paper on it in the midway
between A and B. The ball was released 10 times again. It allowed the ball to hit the
cardboard each time. H is measured from the average position of the marks.

 The marble mass was also measured.

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 Height Height Average Uncertainty Average Uncertainty Mass of
h H distance in Distance in Marble
S1 S1 S2 S2 m
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (gm)
53 15 33 5.5 72 10 5.7

Quality Straigth line (one Projectile (two dimensional) motion

dimensional) motion Horizontal Vertical
component component
Initial velocity u v 0 x =v 0 cos θ0 v 0 y =v 0 sin θ0
Acceleration a a x =0 a y =−g
Velocity at any point v=u+at v x =v 0 x v y =v 0 y −¿
2 2 2 2
v =u +2 as v y =v 0 −2 gy
Distance s=vt (constant x=v 0 x t 1 2
y=v 0 y t− g t
velocity) 2

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 1 2
s=ut+ a t
2

SN Quantities Corresponding Calculation Values With

Equations Units

√ √
1 Time for the ball to 2h 2∗0.53 0.3287s
leave the ramp and t= t=
g 9.81
hit the point A
2 Constant Horizontal s1 0.33❑ 1.00395m/s
v ix= v ix=
velocity of the ball t 0.3287
3 Vertical velocity just ¿ √ 2∗9.81∗0.33 3.22469m/s
before it strikes the
point A v iy= √ 2 gh
4 Velocity of the ball |v i|=√ v 2ix +v 2iy ¿ √ 1.003952 +3.224692 3.7734m/s
just before it strikes
the point A in vector
form
θi=tan
−1
( ) v iy
v ix

tan−1 ( 3.22469
1.00395 ) 72.70695°

5 Range of the projectile R=S 2−S1 =0.72-0.33 0.39m

after bounce
6 Angle of launch of the
projectile after bounce
θ f =tan−1 ( )
4H
R
tan−1 ( 4∗0.15
0.39 ) 56.976°

√ √
7 Speed of the projectile R∗g 0.39∗9.81 2.04607m/s
after bounce impact on vf =
sin 2θ f sin 2∗56.976 °
the ground
8 x-component of the v fx=v f cos θf 2.04607*cos 56.976 1.1151m/s
velocity of the projectile
after impact
9 y-component of the v fy =v f sin θ f 2.04607*sin 56.976 ° 1.7155
velocity of the projectile
after impact

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 SN Quantities Before collision After collision Comment

(impact) (impact)
1 −3 2 1 −3 2
1
Kinetic energy KE i= 5.7∗10 ∗3.37734 KE
=0.03251
f = 5.7∗10
J ∗2.04607 =0.01193 J
inelastic
2 2
1 2
K.E= 2 m v collision
−3 −3
2 pix =5.7225∗10 kgm/s pfx =6.3561∗10 kgm/s
x component of momentum not
p x =mv x
momentum, conserved
3 piy =0.01838 kgm/ s −3
pfy =9.7784∗10 kgm/s
y component of momentum not
p y =mv y
momentum, conserved
4
Analysis of impulse:
5 J x =Pfx −Pix 6.336 ×10 kgm/ s
−4

Horizontal impulse
that the floor gives
to the ball
6 J y =P fy −P iy −8.60 ×10 kgm/s
−3

Vertical impulse
that the floor gives
to the ball

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Discussion

In this experiment, we examined projectile motion and collisions. Our primary focus was on changes
in momentum along the x and y axes, alterations in kinetic energy, and the classification of the
collision type.

Change in momentum (ΔJx and ΔJy): Momentum in the x-direction remained nearly constant,
adhering to the law of momentum conservation. However, in the y-direction, ΔJy varied due to the
influence of gravity. As the projectile ascended, ΔJy decreased, then increased during descent.

Change in kinetic energy: Kinetic energy decreased during ascent and increased during descent in line
with velocity changes, demonstrating the conversion between kinetic and potential energy.

Type of collision and reasons: The collision with the ground was classified as inelastic. This was due
to kinetic energy loss as the solid projectile deformed upon impact with the solid surface.
Deformation and sound energy generation were observed, consistent with an inelastic collision.

In summary, this experiment elucidated momentum, energy changes, and collision type in projectile
motion. These insights are vital for fields like physics, engineering, and sports, offering fundamental
principles for analysis and design.

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