Measures of Central
Tendency
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´A measure of central tendency is a
single value that attempts to describe a
set of data by identifying the central
position within that set of data.
´ As such, measures of central tendency
are sometimes called measures of
central location.
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Types of Central Measure
1.Mean (Arithmetic Average)
2.The Median
3.The Mode
4.The weighted mean
5.The geometric mean
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1. Arithmetic Mean
´The Mean is the arithmetic average of data
values
Advantages
• Easy to calculate.
• Easy to understand.
Disadvantages
• Effected by extreme values.
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2. The Median
The median is the number that divides the data
series into two equal parts.
Advantages
• Not Effected by extreme values.
Disadvantages
• Requires more effort to determine when
compared with mean.
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3.The Mode
The mode is defined as the most frequently
occurring category or score in the distribution
Advantages
• Can be used with categorical data.
Disadvantages
•Might not exist in some data sets.
•Might not be unique.
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4.The weighted mean
´This is the type of mean that consider an additional
factor
´It used when the values are not equally represented
5.The geometric mean
´This is mean is useful in finding the average change
of percentages, ratio or growth of rate over time
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1.Mean(Arithmetic Average)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
∑𝑋 ∑𝑥
𝜇= 𝑥̅ =
𝑁 𝑛
Where: Where:
N no. of population n no. of sample
9 Ungrouped data
Example(1)
You have the following data
35 45 30 35 40 25
Find:
a) Arithmetic Mean
b) Geometric mean
c) Median
d) Mode
10 solution
a) Arithmetic mean
∑"
𝑥̅ =
#
$%&'%&$(&$%&'(&)%
= = 35
*
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2.The Median (Md)
a. Order the data from smallest to largest
b. Select the midpoint of data (order of Md)
no. of (n) is odd no. of (n) is even
#&+ # #
+1
) ) )
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b) Median
1) Order the data from smallest to largest
25 , 30 , 35 , 35 , 40 , 45
2) n = 6 , so it is even
! #
order of Md between = =3
" "
! #
+1= +1=4
" "
$%&$%
3) Md = "
= 35
13 3- The Mode (Mo)
´The value that accurse most
often in the data set
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c) Mode
The value that accurse most often in the data set
so, Mode = 35
15 4. The geometric mean
!
𝑥' = 𝑥( ×𝑥" … . .×𝑥!
Where:
n no. of sample
x the values
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d) Geometric mean
!
𝑥' = 𝑥( ×𝑥" … . .×𝑥!
"
= 35×45×30×35×40×25
= 34.39
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Example(2)
You have the following data
6, 8, 11, 5, 9, 7, 100
Find:
a) Arithmetic Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
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solution
a) Arithmetic mean
∑" $%&%''%(%)%*%'++
𝑥̅ = #
= *
= 20.86
b) Mode
there is no mode
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c) Median
a. Order the data from smallest to largest
5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 11, 100
b. n = 7 , so it is odd
!&( )&(
so, order of Md = "
= "
=4
Md = 8
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Example(3)
You have the following data
11, 10, 10, 9, 9, 3, 9, 10, 3, 5
Find:
a) Arithmetic Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
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SOLUTION
a) Arithmetic mean
∑" ''%'+%'+%)%)%,%)%'+%,%(
𝑥̅ = #
= '+
= 7.9
b) Mode
Mo = 10, 9
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c) Median
1) Order the data from smallest to largest
3, 3, 5, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11
2) n = 10 , so it is even
# '+
order of Md between -
= - =5
# '+
-
+1= - +1 =6
)%)
3) Md = -
=9
