R.M.K.

Engineering college

20ec702 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION &

networks

UNIT – 3 &4 Problems

 Problems
1. A DH InGaAsP LED emitting at a peak
wavelength of 1300 nm has radiative
recombination of 30 ns and non-radiative
recombination rate of 100 ns. The drive current
is 40 mA. Calculate the
a) Bulk recombination lifetime
b) Internal Quantum efficiency
c) Internal power generated in this LED
 Problems
• Solution :
Given :
a) τr = 30 ns
b) τnr = 100 ns
c) λ = 1300 nm
d) I = 40 mA
To Find:
a) τ
b) ηint
c) Pint
 Problems
• τ

• (30 x 100)/ (30 + 100)

• τ=23 ns
• ηint = τ/ τr
• 23/30 = 0.767
• Pint = I /q x ηint x hc/λ = 29μW
 Problems
2. A lens coupled surface emitting LED
launched 190 μW of optical power into a
Multimode SI fiber when a forward current
of 25mA is flowing through the device.
Determine the overall power efficiency
when the corresponding forward voltage
across the device is 1.5V.
 Problems
• Solution :
Given :
• Optical power coupled to fiber Pc = 190 μW
• Device Voltage = 1.5 V
• Device Current = 25 mA

To Find:
• Overall power conversion efficiencyη
 Problems

• Overall power conversion

efficiency
• η = Pc/P
• = (190 x 10-6)/(25x10-3 x 1.5)
• = 5.1 x 10-3
 Problems
3. In a 100 ns pulse, 6 x 106 photons at a
wavelength of 1300 nm fall on InGaAs
photodetector. On the average , 5.4 x 106
electron-hole pairs are generated. Calculate
quantum efficiency.
• Solution :
Quantum efficiency η =( No. of e-hole pairs) /
(No. of photons incident)
 Problems

• η = 5.4 x 10 6 /6x 106

• = 0.9
• 90%
 Problems
• 4. A photodiode is constructed of GaAs which
has a bandgap energy of 1.43eV at 300K.
Calculate the cut-off wavelength.
• Solution:
• Given: Eg = 1.43 eV
• λc = 1.24 / Eg
• = 1.24 / 1.43
• = 0.867 μm
 Problems
• 5. The quantum efficiency of a RAPD is
80% for the detector of radiation at a
wavelength of 0.9 μm , When the incident
optical power is 0.5 μW. The output
current from the device(after avalanche
gain) is 11 μA. Determine the
multiplication factor of the photodiode
under these conditions.
 Problems
• Solution:
Given:
• η= 0.8
• λ = 0.9 μm
• I M = 11 μA
• Po = 0.5 μW
To find :
• M
 Problems
• Photocurrent Ip= R x Po
• Responsivity R = (η x q x λ) / hc
• Ip = 0.2898 μA
• Multiplication Factor M = IM / Ip
• M = 38
 Problems
6. The radiative and nonradiative
recombination lifetimes of the minority
carriers in the active region of a double-
heterojunction LED are 60 ns and 100 ns
respectively. Determine the total carrier
recombination lifetime and the power
internally generated within the device when
the peak emission wavelength is 0.87 μm at
a drive current of 40 mA.
 Problems
• Solution :
• The total carrier recombination lifetime is
given by

• τ =37.5 ns
 Problems
• To calculate the power internally
generated it is necessary to obtain the
internal quantum efficiency of the device.
Hence using Eq.

• ηint = 0.625
 Problems

• Thus Pint = 35.6 mW

 Problems
• 7. An InGaAs pin photodiode has the
following parameters at a wavelength of
1300nm, ID = 4 nA , η=0.9 , RL = 1 kΏ ,
IL is negligible. The incident optical
power is 300 nW and receiver bandwidth
is 20 MHz. Find the various noise terms
of the receiver.
 Problems
• Solution:
Given:
• η= 0.9
• λ = 1300 nm
• I D = 4 nA
• RL = 1 k Ώ
• Po = 300 nW
• BW = 20 MHz
 Problems
• Photocurrent Ip= R x Po
• Responsivity R = (η x q x λ) / hc
• Ip = 0.2825 μA
• < I Q> 2 = 2qIp x BM2 F(M) = 2qIpB
• < I Q> 2 = 1.808 x 10 -19

• < I Q> = 1.34 x 10-9 A

 Problems
• < I D> 2 = 2qID x BM2 F(M)
• < I D> 2 = 2.56 x 10-20

• I D = 1.6 x 10 -10 A
• < I T> 2 = 4 KB BT / RL
• < I T> 2 = 3.23 x 10-16

• IT = 1.79 x 10 -8 A
Problems
 Problems
• Solution 10 V2
•  dB  log 10
The attenuation/km
L1  L2 V1
• = ( 10/2k-2m )log10(10.7/2.1)
• = ( 10/1.998 )log10(10.7/2.1)
• = 3.5dB/km
 Problems
9. An He–Ne laser operating at a wavelength of
0.63 μm was used with a solar cell cube to
measure the scattering loss in a multimode fiber
sample. With a constant optical output power the
reading from the solar cell cube was 6.14 nV.
The optical power measurement at the cube
without scattering was 153.38 μV. The length of
the fiber in the cube was 2.92 cm. Determine the
loss due to scattering in dB km−1 for the fiber at
a wavelength of 0.63 μm.
 Problems
Solution: The scattering loss in the fiber at a
wavelength of 0.63 μm may be obtained directly

= 6.0 dB/km
 Problems
10. Pulse dispersion measurements are taken over a 1.2
km length of partially graded multimode fiber. The 3 dB
widths of the optical input pulses are 300 ps, and the
corresponding 3 dB widths for the output pulses are
found to be 12.6 ns. Assuming the pulse shapes and fiber
impulse response are Gaussian calculate:
(a) the 3 dB pulse broadening for the fiber in ns km−1;
(b) the fiber bandwidth–length product.
Solution:
The 3 dB pulse broadening may be obtained using
Problems
 Problems
11. A trigonometrical measurement is performed in order
to determine the numerical aperture of a step index fiber.
The screen is positioned 10.0 cm from the fiber end face.
When illuminated from a wide-angled visible source the
measured output pattern size is 6.2 cm. Calculate the
approximate numerical aperture of the fiber.

Solution
NA = A/(A2+4D2)1/2
= 6.2/(38.44+400)1/2
= 0.30
 Problems
12. The shadow method is used for the on-line
measurement of the outer diameter of an
optical fiber. The apparatus employs a rotating
mirror with an angular velocity of 4 rad s−1
which is located 10 cm from the photo
detector. At a particular instant in time a
shadow pulse of width 300 μs is registered by
the photo detector. Determine the outer
diameter of the optical fiber in μm at this
instant in time
 Problems
Solution:
The shadow velocity may be obtained by

= 0.1 x 4 = 0.4 m/s

= 0.4 μm μs-1

Hence the fiber outer diameter do in μm is given by

= 300 μs x 0.4 μm μs-1

= 120 μm
 Problems
• 13. A GaAs Laser operating at 850 nm has a
500 μm length and a refractive index n = 3.7 .
What are the frequency and wavelength
spacing?
• Solution:
• Given:
• L = 500 μm
• n = 3.7
 Problems

• Frequency spacing
• Δv = c/2Ln
• Δv = 81 GHz
• Wavelength spacing
• Δλ = λ2 / 2Ln
• Δλ = 0.2 nm
 Problems
14. For Ga1-xAlxAs laser , x = 0.07. Calculate the
wavelength of the emitted radiation.
• Solution:
• Given: x = 0.07
• To Find:
• λc = 1.24 / Eg
• Eg = 1.424 + 1.266x + 0.266x2

• Eg = 1.5139 eV
• λc = 0.8191 μm
 Problems
15. Consider an LED that has a circular emitting
area of radius 35-mm and a Lambertian emission
pattern with 150 W/(cm2.sr) axial radiance.
Compare the optical powers coupled into two
step-index fibers, one of which has a core radius
of 25-mm with NA = 0.20 and the other has a
core radius of 50-mm with NA = 0.20.
 Problems
For the larger core fiber,
PLED,step = Ps(NA)2 = π2rs2B0(NA)2
=π 2(0.0035cm)2[150W/(cm2.sr)](0.20)2
= 0.725 mW
When the fiber end-face area is smaller than the
emitting surface area, the coupled power is less than
the above case by the ratio of the radii squared:
PLED,step = (a/rs)2Ps(NA)2
= (25mm/35mm)2(0.725mW)
= 0.37 mW
 Problems
16. A GaAs optical source with a
refractive index of 3.6 is coupled to a
silica fiber that has a refractive index
of 1.48.If the fiber end and the source
are in close physical contact. Find the
Fresnel reflection at the interface and
the power loss.
 Problems
Fresnel reflection R = [(n1-n)/(n1+n)]2
= [(3.60-1.48)/(3.60+1.48)]2
= 0.174
Pcoupled = (1-R)Pemitted
the power loss L in decibels is found from
L = -10.log[Pcoupled/Pemitted]
= -10.log(1-R) = -10log(0.826) = 0.83dB
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