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    ARIAN CABASAN - Quiz Discussion (Urea Cycle)

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    ariansofia1031
    The document summarizes two key biochemical processes: transamination and the urea cycle. It describes transamination as a three-step process where an amino acid is converted to a keto acid via removal of its amino group, transfer of this group to another keto acid, and regeneration of the original keto acid. This allows the body to produce non-essential amino acids. It then outlines the four steps of the urea cycle, where ammonia and carbon dioxide are converted into urea to facilitate excretion of nitrogenous waste from the body.

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    ARIAN CABASAN - Quiz Discussion (Urea Cycle)

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    ariansofia1031
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    The document summarizes two key biochemical processes: transamination and the urea cycle. It describes transamination as a three-step process where an amino acid is converted to a keto acid via removal of its amino group, transfer of this group to another keto acid, and regeneration of the original keto acid. This allows the body to produce non-essential amino acids. It then outlines the four steps of the urea cycle, where ammonia and carbon dioxide are converted into urea to facilitate excretion of nitrogenous waste from the body.

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    biochem urea

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    The document summarizes two key biochemical processes: transamination and the urea cycle. It describes transamination as a three-step process where an amino acid is converted to a keto acid via removal of its amino group, transfer of this group to another keto acid, and regeneration of the original keto acid. This allows the body to produce non-essential amino acids. It then outlines the four steps of the urea cycle, where ammonia and carbon dioxide are converted into urea to facilitate excretion of nitrogenous waste from the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    16 views3 pages

    ARIAN CABASAN - Quiz Discussion (Urea Cycle)

    Uploaded by

    ariansofia1031
    The document summarizes two key biochemical processes: transamination and the urea cycle. It describes transamination as a three-step process where an amino acid is converted to a keto acid via removal of its amino group, transfer of this group to another keto acid, and regeneration of the original keto acid. This allows the body to produce non-essential amino acids. It then outlines the four steps of the urea cycle, where ammonia and carbon dioxide are converted into urea to facilitate excretion of nitrogenous waste from the body.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Cabasan, Arian T.

    BSMT 2D

    ● Different Steps of Transamination

    Transamination is a vital biochemical process that allows the body to break down amino acids
    for energy and to produce other amino acids that the body doesn't get from food. Here are the
    steps:
    1. Amino Acid Deamination: First, an amino acid undergoes deamination. The amino group
    (-NH2) is removed from the amino acid, converting it into a keto acid. This step is
    facilitated by an enzyme known as an aminotransferase (or transaminase).
    2. Transfer of Amino Group: The removed amino group is then transferred to a keto acid
    (often alpha-ketoglutarate), a process facilitated by the same aminotransferase enzyme.
    This results in the formation of a new amino acid (often glutamate) and the original keto
    acid from the first amino acid.
    3. Regeneration of Keto Acid: The newly formed amino acid (e.g., glutamate) can then
    transfer its amino group to another keto acid in a similar process, regenerating the
    original keto acid (e.g., alpha-ketoglutarate) and forming a new amino acid.
    Through this process, the body can convert one type of amino acid into another, allowing it to
    produce non-essential amino acids that aren't obtained from the diet. It's also a crucial step in the
    breakdown of amino acids for energy.
    ● Steps of Urea Cycle

    Steps
    The urea cycle starts in the mitochondria of hepatocytes (liver cells) and the final step takes place
    in the cytoplasm. The final product formed is then transported to the kidney, where it is excreted
    out of the body.
    Entry into the Urea Cycle
    Ammonia and carbon monoxide are converted into carbamoyl phosphate in this rate limiting step
    by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I). Two ATP molecules are utilised in
    this step.
    Ammonia becomes the source of the first amine group in urea. The CPS I requires an obligate
    activator, namely, N-acetyl glutamate (NAG). NAG is formed by a reaction between glutamate
    and acetyl-CoA in the presence of NAG synthase.

    First Step
    In the first step, carbamoyl phosphate enters the urea cycle and combines with ornithine to form
    citrulline in the presence of enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). The citrulline formed is
    then transported out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm by ornithine translocase.

    Second Step
    Citrulline and aspartate undergo a condensation reaction to form argininosuccinate in the
    presence of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. Here, aspartate becomes the source of the
    second amine group on urea. This reaction utilizes one ATP molecule.
    Third Step
    Argininosuccinate is cleaved off to make arginine and fumarate in the presence of enzyme
    argininosuccinate lyase. The fumarate is used up in the production of NADH in the TCA cycle,
    and the arginine moves forward for the next step of the urea cycle.

    Fourth Step
    Arginine undergoes hydrolysis to yield urea and ornithine in the presence of arginase. Ornithine
    is transported back to the mitochondria, which is used up in the second step of the cycle to form
    citrulline by combining with carbamoyl phosphate.

    The overall reaction equation of the urea cycle is:

    NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 3 H2O → urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + AMP +


    PPi + H2O

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